地下水埋深与“四水”转化参数关系探讨

阐述了“四水”转化的地表径流系数、降水入渗补给系数、降水入渗的土壤水资源系数和水资源系数随地下水埋深变化而变化的各自特点及各参数之间的相互关系,阐明了地下水埋深变化导致各参数变化以及各参数之间相互变化关系的内在原因。从“四水”转化的角度阐明了土壤水资源概念及其内涵。     

乌鲁木齐河流域"三水"转化分析

为了能够使水资源得到更加合理的开发利用,“三水”转化成为当前研究的热点。本文通过对乌鲁木齐河流域“三水”转化特征的分析,结合对“三水”转化量的估算,得出在整个流域内“三水”资源经历了多次转化,其中在径流区内转化率最高,为充分利用水资源提供科学依据。     

大气水—地表水—土壤水—地下水相互转化关系的试验研究

本文重点研究了有作物条件下不同供水农田的“四水”相互转化,突出了有作物条件下降水入渗、潜水蒸发的差异性,土壤水在农业生态环境中的重要性,为水资源多目标开发,探索新路子。     

洛惠渠灌区农业水资源调控问题初析

基于对洛惠渠灌区农业水资源自然一人工复合循环转化系统分析,辨证地论述了人为水事活动对“四水”转化及其农业生态环境的影响,进而指出实行地表水与地下水的联合运用、强化农业水资源的地下蓄调是洛惠渠灌区农业水资源综合调节、合理配置的有效途径。     

环境同位素在水循环研究中的应用

环境同位素广泛存在于自然界水体中,在降水、地表水、地下水、土壤水和植物体内相互转化的水循环过程中,同位素的分馏效应导致不同水体具有不同的同位素含量。利用不同水体同位素含量之间的差异,可研究它们之间的相互转化方式及转化量。介绍了环境同位素在大气降水和降水-地表水-地下水“三水”之间转化中的研究进展,并阐述了其在水循环应用中存在的问题及应用前景。     

对黄淮海平原水资源开发利用的一些看法

历史上黄淮海平原旱涝碱咸相随,长期影响农业的发展,积盐和脱盐、咸和淡、它们之间相互对立而又统一于一个“水”之上,要加快农业步伐,必须首先从“水”字着眼,综合治理旱涝碱咸,而水资源状况如何,又是综合治理的基础。黄淮海平原水资源状况究竟如何?看法很不一致。我认为黄淮海平原水资源是比较丰富的,开发利用潜力的很大。     

关于土壤水资源评价方法的商榷

本文介绍了有关土壤水资源的一般概念,对目前采用的评价方法进行了修正,并根据“四水”转化关系,提出了由降雨转化成土壤水调节量的计算方法。     

酒泉盆地水资源转化研究

甘肃河西地区人类的生存发展对水资源的依赖性很高,且对水资源影响频繁,本地区"降水～地表水～土壤水～地下水"之间的水量转化关系复杂,难以直接观测到各种水的量及变化规律。由于观测资料缺乏,水资源转化规律及模型的研究一直是一个难题。选取观测资料(1982-2005年)相对完备且具有代表性的酒泉盆地,从盆地水资源系统转化机理和转化规律入手,利用水均衡的观点,提出酒泉盆地水资源转化关系模型,分析得出水资源使用状况,并对地下水的开采使用情况提出了建议。     

有效利用与保护坎儿井的措施研究

阐述吐鲁番极端封闭盆地的气候特征、地形地貌特征、水文特性及水文地质特征.利用水均衡法分析研究区间入流、区间出流和区间消耗之间的平衡关系,可看出盆地的水资源的相互转化关系.以此量为基础,可采用以加拿大阿尔特省WRMM为基础的水资源配置模型,制定以坎儿井水源为优先的供需水平衡方案,按照该方案制定的各种规则进行模拟,获得比较合理的水源工程布置,进而达到有效利用与保护坎儿井的目的.     

地上水地下水联合运用实现灌区多目标综合治理

中国北方水资源短缺,实行地上水地下水联合运用是合理开发利用水资源与综合治理旱涝碱咸的基本途径。本文介绍地上水地下水联合运用,关键在于调控地下水理深在适宜的动态,以浅层地下水的地层空间作为调节“四水”（降水、土壤水、地下水、地上水）的地下水库,最大限度地把天然降雨转化为可利用的水资源,使地表径流充分拦蓄利用,增强防涝淋盐和淡化地下水质的作用,达到灌区多目标综合治理。     

Field Measurement of Suction, Water Content, and Water Permeability

This paper presents a review of techniques for field measurement of suction, water content, and water hydraulic conductivity (permeability). Main problems in the use of field tensiometers are addressed and hints on how to improve tensiometer performance are given. Advantages and limitations of instruments for indirect measurement of suction including electrical conductivity sensors, thermal conductivity sensors, dielectric permittivity sensors, filter paper, and psychrometer are discussed. Techniques for water content measurement based on dielectric methods are then presented. These include time and amplitude domain reflectometry and capacitance. Finally, a brief overview of methods for measurement of water permeability in the field is presented.     

Fusion Kinetics, Water Pressure, Water Diffusion and Electrical Conductivity in Melting Rock, Interrelated

Natural granite and gabbro samples, with dimensions of the orderof 1 cm, were exposed up to 48 hours to water at a pressureof 2 kb and temperatures up to 1060 °C, in an internallyheated pressure vessel. Spatial and temporal nonequilibriummelt distributions were quantitatively studied in thin sectionsof the quenched samples. The main observations, in granite atabout 1020 °C, indicated that melting fronts were initiatedat grain boundaries exposed to water and advanced at initiallyhigh rates subject to rate limitation by water diffusion throughthe deepening melt. The melting slowed down sharply with a slightundersaturation due to exhaustion of free water in the inter-granularvoids. The experimental observations on melting rates and water diffusion,as a function of water concentration and temperature, are correlatedwith data derived from other studies. A new model is advancedfor water diffusion in granitic magma. It is demonstrated thatrate processes in silicate melts may be significantly acceleratedby water in differing patterns. Water diffusion in graniticmelt is rather insensitive to water concentration whereas meltingkinetics and fluidity are strongly enhanced by water but significantlydecoupled from each other, all in contradiction to standardkinetic theories. Melting kinetics is shown to be especiallycritical in physical experiments on melting rock, and some observationson electrical conductivity are accordingly re-interprete.     

黔西林泉片区表层岩溶带发育特征及供水

贵州省黔西县林泉片区属于深切河谷斜坡地带,区内地下水位受乌江期隆升作用埋深大,不利于地下水的开发利用;且区内缺水人口分散分布于河谷斜坡地带,不利于集中供水。所以对区内表层岩溶带发育及表层带岩溶水分布特征的研究,是解决区内缺水问题的关键。     

贵州省紫云县狗场地热水分析

紫云县地处贵州省南西部,区域上无岩浆活动,地表无温泉地热流体露头和无明显的其他地热显示,增加了地热勘查的难度。燕山期自东往西的构造应力作用下,产生了近南北向、北东向断层和近南北向褶皱的主体构造,以及碳酸盐岩—碎屑岩沉积建造为区内地热资源的产生提供了前提条件;采用基础地质结合物探方法研究优选出了层状热储较好的牛场坡背斜和带状热储F4小桥断裂结合的有利部位,施工了地热钻孔,取得了良好的地热水找矿成果。     

山西朔州市北邢家河饮用天然矿泉水

朔州市北邢家河村ＳＢ－２井，为第四系松散层孔隙承压水，井深７ｌｍ，水位埋深１０．０５ｍ。动水位埋深１７．８ｍ，涌水量５８．８５ｍ￣３／ｈ。经权威部门理化检测，省级评审确认该井水为低矿化度、锶、重碳酸钙·镁型饮用天然矿泉水，具良好的开发利用条件。     

Water quality in Lemoa, Guatemala

A variety of water supply sources are used in the rural Guatemalan Highlands. Formal municipal systems are rare, but villagers frequently form local water committees that construct spring-based supply systems. Recent work has indicated that groundwater may be a viable water supply source. The water quality from these two sources was characterized as well as water from other common sources including surface water and precipitation collection systems. Typically, all of the water sources contained unacceptable levels of coliform bacteria except for groundwater from a drilled well. Water monitoring indicated that not only did the water contain coliforms at the actual sources, but the infrastructure used to transmit the water to points of use may also be a source of coliforms. A cost comparison indicates that groundwater may be a cost-competitive, higher quality alternative to traditional spring-fed water systems.     

Water,restite and granite mineralisation

Dehydration (vapour absent) partial melting reactions in the Earth's crust produce a hydrous granitic melt phase, new anhydrous minerals that are mostly pyroxenes, and new plagioclase more calcic than the initial plagioclase. These solid phases of the melt reaction are restite. If the restite is carried to high levels in the crust as a component of the magma, cooling and crystallisation to granite will result in back reactions in which the H₂O in the melt phase is consumed and is not then available to form a hydrothermal solution. Even in magmas in which some restite has been removed there will be some back reaction and again less H₂O. Only fractional crystallisation will enrich the H₂O in the magma in sufficient amounts to form a substantial quantity of hydrothermal solution and possible mineralisation.     

浙江省火山岩地区温泉、矿泉水成因及综合开发利用

浙江省地处环太平洋火山带和中国东南沿海火山带,火山岩分布广泛。本文论述浙江省火山岩地区温泉、矿泉水的分布及其特征,分析火山岩岩性、岩石化学、构造性质及地貌因素对温泉、矿泉水形成的影响,提出火山岩地区温泉、矿泉水综合开发利用的意义,以及综合开发利用中应注意的问题。