东天山自然铜矿成矿地质特征与成矿潜力分析

东天山自然铜主要赋存于上石炭统土古土布拉克组溢流相玄武岩及凝灰岩夹层中。岩石地球化学表明:该区岩石分为钙碱性系列和拉斑玄武岩两个系列,稀土总量较高,属轻稀土富集型,无Eu异常。REE分布模式具典型拉斑玄武岩稀土元素分布特征,微量元素暗示玄武岩岩浆物质来源具多样性。源区判别图解显示,东天山玄武岩属大陆板内玄武岩或陆拉张带玄武岩,形成于后碰撞拉伸作用下,为岩石圈地幔部分熔融与壳源物质发生同化混染的产物。东天山自然铜形成于贫硫、弱氧化环境,与美国基维诺和峨眉山地区的自然铜为不同成因类型。玄武岩型自然铜在东天山具很好找矿前景。     

大陆溢流玄武岩成矿体系与基韦诺（Keweenaw）型铜矿床

美洲基韦诺裂谷与峨眉山大陆溢流玄武岩是全球仅有的两个具完整成矿体系的暗色岩系。基韦诺裂谷位于三个不同块体的拼接住上，周边存在明显的岩石圈结构不连续界面。滇黔边界大规模的自然铜矿化与超大型基韦诺铜矿(储量5000万吨)有很大的相似性。年代学与地球化学资料表明成矿往往只与玄武岩喷发结束拖尾阶段的岩浆分异有关。高孔隙度的火山角砾岩、熔结凝灰岩、砾岩与砂岩提供了热液活动和铜沉淀空间。Fe^2 向Fe^3 转化和有机质存在为自然铜形成提供了还原条件。地质和地球化学证据均支持同生热液成矿的观点。     

川南滇北含自然铜杏仁状玄武岩的矿物组合与成因

峨眉山玄武岩铜矿与基韦诺超大型铜矿相似,杏仁状玄武岩中的自然铜矿石就是该类型铜矿床中的主要组成部分之一,本文称其为"杏仁体式"自然铜矿床。通过矿石矿物标型特征、矿物组合特征以及固溶体分离结构特征等分析研究,认为川南滇北"杏仁体式"自然铜矿为火山热液矿床,形成于低温还原环境,成矿作用发生在岩浆作用结束期及间歇期热液阶段,成矿经历过热液蚀变改造。铜矿物生成顺序为:自然铜→斑铜矿、辉铜矿、黄铜矿→赤铜矿、黑铜矿、孔雀石等。玄武岩中广泛分布的沥青与自然铜同时形成,并为自然铜及铜的硫化物的形成提供了强还原环境。沥青形成温度和斑铜矿-辉铜矿的固溶体分解温度将自然铜形成温度区间限定为290~225℃。     

地球化学急变带与地幔柱资源系统

地幔柱产生大面积软流圈上涌，沿深断裂形成岩浆房，导致大规模溢流玄武岩裂隙式喷发。良好的地幔柱成矿系统常出现在岩石圈不连续界面和三叉拼接裂谷，表现为地球化学急变带。地幔柱资源系统包括以下几方面：(1)地幔柱岩浆分异成矿系统，从封闭到开放环境的岩浆分异形成了富钛、富镁和低钛三个岩浆端员，构成了Cu—Ni(PGE)硫化物、Fe—Ti—V氧化物和Cu—Ag自然金属三个成矿体系；(2)地幔柱同生火山热液成矿系统，包括赤铁矿—阳起石—硅化氧化铜，沥青化—绿泥石—浊沸石化自然铜和碳酸盐化硫化物三个成矿体系；(3)地幔柱同构造盆地油气系统，巨量岩浆的快速成溢流导致地壳的快速沉降，形成同构造热盆地，具有油气前景；(4)地幔柱火山岩、硅质岩和富有机质砂页岩组合为优势生态体系提供了地质环境。     

滇-黔边境鲁甸沿河铜矿床的发现与峨眉山大火成岩省找矿新思路

滇-黔边境鲁甸沿河铜矿床矿化受二叠纪玄武岩最上部古火山口相角砾凝灰岩-气孔状熔岩和上覆宣威组碳泥质层控制。矿石矿物主要为自然铜、氧化铜与辉铜矿。自然铜呈板片状、网脉状、浸染状产出。矿化与阳起石化、沥青化、硅化和沸石化密切相关。在峨眉山大火成岩省寻找沿河式铜矿应关注以下重要问题：①地球化学急变带所确定的岩石圈不连续界面控制了峨眉山玄武岩裂隙式喷发；②古火山口相从苦橄质到安山质高分异岩浆喷发；③火山口环境联系下的贫硫、贫酸根同生热液活动；④富有机质地层中有机-无机相互作用所产生的强还原性环境；⑤脆韧性断裂带的发育导致矿体的进一步富化。     

贵州盘县地区峨眉山玄武岩铜矿的成矿地质条件

以峨眉山玄武岩底部与中二叠统茅口组灰岩接触界面上赋存的黄见坑-哈树富铜矿带为例，论述了这一新类型玄武岩铜矿的成矿地质条件及峨眉山玄武岩浆喷-溢对Cu(Au、Pb、zn、Pt、Pd、Sb、F等)元素的富集和后期热液改造成矿作用，以扩大找矿思路。     

我国首例与俄罗斯Noril'sk-Talnakh类似的岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床——四川丹巴杨柳坪矿床

与大陆溢流玄武岩有关的Cu-Ni-(PGE)硫化物矿床,是指形成于与大陆溢流玄武岩同源的镁铁-超镁铁侵入体中的岩浆硫化物矿床,是目前镍和铂族元素最重要的来源之一.典型代表是与俄罗斯西伯利亚暗色岩有关的Noril'sk-Talnakh矿床,其镍储量世界第一,铂族元素储量仅次于南非Bushveld[1].研究表明底部成矿的Noril'sk和Talnakh岩席是岩浆通道,大量硫不饱合的玄武岩浆随着玄武岩浆分离结晶,尤其是围岩硫的混入而逐渐达到硫饱和,从而使Cu、Ni和PGE这些具有很高硫化物熔体/硅酸盐熔体分配系数的元素进入硫化物熔体,并从玄武岩质岩浆中分离出来形成巨大的矿体,残余岩浆喷出形成玄武岩或形成新的不含矿岩体[2].     

地幔柱成矿体系的基本特点——以峨眉大火成岩省为例

1 地幔柱及基成矿作用特点 地幔柱活动是固体地球各圈层间大规模物质交换一相互作用和大陆垂向增生的重要机制,可能导致岩石圈大规模隆升、伸展、甚至大陆裂解.由于地幔柱来源深、温度高,其上涌可以导致其自身、软流圈和岩石圈地幔广泛的减压部分熔融.短时间内产生巨量玄武岩浆,连续的玄武岩浆补给为大规模岩浆成矿作用提供必要的物质条件;强烈的岩浆活动还会启动地壳内部大规模热液循环,为地壳成矿物质的活化-迁移-热液成矿创造有力的环境条件和驱动力;巨量的溢流玄武岩本身具有很高的Cu、Ni、PGE(铂族元素)等元素背景值,为后期的热液活动成矿提供了物质基础.因此,地幔柱成矿主要包含岩浆成矿系列(Ni-Cu-(PGE)硫化物矿床、铬铁矿床、钛磁铁矿床、Nb-Ta-REE矿床),热液成矿系列和后期热液成矿系列(最典型的是自然铜矿床).有关的矿床是全球Ni和PGE的主要来源,Fe、Cu、Ti、REE、Nb等元素的重要来源.     

川南普格玄武岩中沥青质杏仁体的矿物学与成因

川南普格玄武岩顶部发育了一系列杏仁体,沥青、绿泥石、石英、自然铜等矿物以各种产状出现在杏仁体中。系统的矿物学研究表明：杏仁体中的绿泥石为辉绿泥石,形成于中—高温富有机质成矿热液环境;沥青属于石油沥青,有机质来源于下伏地层的中二叠统阳新组（P2 y）生物碎屑灰岩;绿泥石、沥青、石英及自然铜等矿物是玄武岩成岩后的构造应力与晚期基性火山活动共同作用形成的含有机质成矿热液演化的结果,其形成过程为：玄武质岩浆末期（基性岩浆作用末期）→含铜的火山热液(火山热液作用）→构造应力→含有机质的成矿热液→绿泥石→第一世代沥青→乳白色石英→烟灰色石英、第二世代沥青、自然铜→辉铜矿→葡萄石。玄武岩中含沥青的杏仁体、晶洞以及构造破碎带可以作为该地区的铜矿化的重要找矿标志。     

滇-黔相邻地区峨眉山玄武岩型自然铜-辉铜矿矿床的成矿规律及成矿前景分析

滇-黔相邻地区鲁甸-威宁-带产于峨眉山玄武岩中的自然铜矿床(点)经过几十年尤其是近5年来的研究,在成矿理论方面取得了重要进展,但在找矿勘探方面一直难以突破.文章重点讨论了与成矿规律和成矿远景有关的一些地质和地球化学问题,认为矿化受夹层和断裂双重控制,发现许多地质和地球化学特征不支持火山-岩浆热液成矿,成矿以后期热液作用为主.与基伟诺型矿床相比.有限的玄武岩体积、陆相地表喷发等因素对形成大矿是不利的,而峨眉山玄武岩分布区内玄武岩厚度巨大、构造应力集中、深部存在隐伏岩浆侵入活动三位一体的地区有可能找到中型规模以上的矿床.     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with