现代成矿理论的某些进展

本文简要分析了成矿理论的发展趋势,重点对１０种现代成矿理论作了简要的介绍,它们是：同生成矿理论、浅生成矿理论、微生物成矿理论、边缘成矿理论、纬度分带成矿学说、软硬酸碱成矿理论、建造分析成矿理论、浅成低温热液贵金属成矿理论、成岩作用促使沉积成矿理论和砂金成矿的细菌结晶机制。笔者认为成矿理论的研究应注意综合性、多因素和适用性,还强调成矿理论随着地质科学不断发展而逐步丰富和完善。     

试论新疆成矿体系与时空演化模式

文章探讨了成矿体系的内涵,在以往研究成果和编制1∶1 500 000中国新疆维吾尔自治区矿床成矿系列图的基础上,根据先时间、后空间、再成因的总体思路,完善了新疆前寒武纪、早古生代、晚古生代、中生代、新生代五个时段成矿体系,初步构建了各时段成矿体系的时空演化模式,总结出5个时段成矿体系的特点是:前寒武纪为基底陆壳的形成与发展各具特色的成矿体系;早古生代板块体制早期发育具中亚成矿域特色的成矿体系;晚古生代板块体制晚期发育具中亚成矿域特色的成矿体系;中生代新疆北部发育板内西域成矿特色的成矿体系和新疆南部发育特提斯成矿域特色的成矿体系;新生代发育板内西域成矿特色的大陆成矿体系。     

成矿系列的缺位问题及其在成矿预测中的应用

文章在燕山地区找矿实践中,应用矿床的成矿系列概念和分析方法开展了成矿预测研究,提出了成矿系列缺位概念,其含义是指在一定的区域内,依据矿床的成矿系列概念,经对该区地质演化历史、矿床形成地质环境、成矿作用、成矿物质、矿床时空分布规律、成矿系列模式、成矿体系的系统研究后,确定的成矿体系中各个序次的成矿系列在空间、时代、矿床类型、成矿元素(矿种)等方面应当存在而尚未被发现的部分。并把成矿系列缺位分出4个类别,即成矿系列空间缺位、成矿系列时代缺位、矿床类型缺位、矿床成矿元素(矿种)缺位。对运用成矿系列缺位概念进行成矿预测时应重点研究的内容进行了初步探讨,列举了成矿系列缺位预测成功范例。     

成矿体系研究和应用新进展

在探索成矿规律和找矿实践中,从岩浆热液成矿、成矿构造体系和成矿系列等研究,提出了"成矿体系"的概念,分别赋予不同定义并用于找矿实践,取得了一定成果。但对成矿体系源于何时、出于何处、原意为何等问题却较少追究,也存在一些争议。文章就成矿体系的概念,从岩浆热液成矿到岩浆-热液-成矿体系、成矿构造体系到成矿体系和成矿系列构筑成矿体系的由来,综合概括,提出成矿体系的新定义,揭示其新特点,并对断裂网络+成矿体系、成矿结构体系和成矿系列缺位的思路和方法进行成矿预测、资源潜力评价和矿产勘查取得的新成果及新进展,作简要论述,以供借鉴。     

地洼学说成矿理论的研究与应用

本文简述了地洼成矿理论的基本要点。结合国内外研究实例,对构造-成矿类型及模式,多因复成成矿的标志,“原地洼区”成矿等作了、阐述;并着重强调了构造动力成矿学研究的重要性,提出地壳演化与成岩成矿元素演化的一体性、顺序性、周期性和方向性等是构造动力成矿学研究中的重要课题。综述了近年地洼成矿理论的应用实例。     

基于遥感信息模型的花岗岩成矿专属性研究——以南岭地区热液型铀、钨矿为例

根据花岗岩热液成矿原理,利用遥感信息模型,初步提出花岗岩成矿专属性因子团指标体系,建立了南岭地区产铀、钨花岗岩成矿专属性信息模型。在以上基础上,对产铀、钨花岗岩成矿专属性信息模型地理指数和地理系数进行了分析,建立了成矿专属性判别标准,对待判岩体进行了预测,结果与实际地质情况基本相吻合,同时在地质成矿研究中得到实际应用。这些都表明文中所建立的成矿专属性信息模型具客观性和可操作性,实现了对成矿专属性的定量化评价．为进一步判别成矿岩体提供了科学依据。     

祁连成矿省成矿系列概论

借鉴已有的中国矿床成矿系列和亚系列,在祁连成矿省划分的4个Ⅲ级成矿带基础上,对该成矿省内的成矿系列进行了深化研究,相对于含矿或成矿建造将成矿系列划分为同生、准同生和后生等类别。在祁连成矿省初步确定出24个成矿系列族,并进一步划分为47个成矿系列。加里东期是该区重要的成矿期,且主要形成与中基性火山岩同生的Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn-Au成矿系列。     

成矿构造研究法在危机矿山找矿中的几个应用实例

综述了成矿构造研究方法的本质及在区域成矿学、成矿定位机制研究、成矿动力学等方面研究的进展,并以江西洋鸡山金矿、湖南沅陵沈家垭金矿和江西东乡铜矿的成矿与找矿预测为例,阐述了成矿构造研究方法所取得的新成果,从成矿构造学的角度,深刻理解成矿构造研究法在成矿规律研究和找矿预测中的重要性。     

质疑殷墟古玉“和田”说及其辨析

从地质学的视角出发,结合多年研究我国新石器时代古玉来源与殷商时代古玉的承袭关系,并对比了当时中原与新疆地区古玉的开采应用水平,认为"古玉石之路"是不存在的;殷墟古玉是承袭了新石器时代晚期古玉来源,仍属于"就地取材"或"近地取材"。     

全国整装勘查区成矿系统研究与矿产勘查新进展

全国先后共设置了141个整装勘查区,分布在26个重点成矿区带,位于古亚洲、滨太平洋、特提斯三大成矿域。整装勘查区成矿条件优越,矿产资源丰富,矿床类型复杂多样。运用成矿系统理论,对全国典型整装勘查区开展了研究与梳理,按构造动力体制划分出3类成矿系统,按照成矿机制划分出4类成矿系统,并划分（厘定）出24个成矿系统亚系统。根据上述成矿系统研究成果,重新划分出14个成矿系列、34个矿床式,建立了典型矿床的结构模型,在此基础上构建了15个成矿系统空间结构模型。归纳总结整装勘查区成矿系统,建立成矿系统空间结构模型,运用缺位找矿思维,调整整装勘查区区域矿产勘查工作部署,开展新矿种、新类型、新区域、新层位勘查找矿,取得了重要进展与成果,丰富了成矿系统和勘查区找矿预测理论。     

Holocene landscape evolution and its impact on the neolithic and bronze age sites in the Shangqiu area,Northern China

The Shangqiu area, situated on the alluvial plain of the lower Yellow River, is traditionally considered the center of the predynastic and early Shang culture. Archaeologic remains dating to predynastic and dynastic Shang periods, however, have remained elusive. The current pattern of Neolithic and Bronze Age sites is characterized by their upland settings; and it has been often assumed that the area had the same landscape from the Neolithic through recent historic time. The potential impact of geomorphic processes on these early sites has been hardly considered in developing archaeologic models of temporal and spatial distribution of these sites. This article first presents a reconstruction of the Holocene floodplain history in the archaeologically significant area. On the basis of stratigraphy and sedimentology, a Holocene landscape evolution model is constructed to explore the interrelationship between evolving landscape and archaeologic record of the Neolithic and Bronze Age. The prolonged landscape stability from very late Pleistocene or early Holocene to 2000 yr B. P. provided potential Neolithic and Bronze Age human occupation with a favorable physical environment. After 2000 yr B. P., the hydrologic regime changed and the floodplain experienced 2-3 m of gradual vertical accretion during the following millennium. In response to the dramatic change of hydro-logic regime after the early 12th century A. D., a new floodplain formed by dominantly overbank deposition, and the old floodplain surfaces are covered by as much as ten meters of the younger alluvium. As a result, a pronounced effect has been imposed on the preservation, visibility, and discovery of the Neolithic and Bronze Age sites, including those sites of predynastic and early Shang phases. Thus, much difficulty has been imparted to our understanding of the configuration of these early archaeologic sites. This study demonstrates the usefulness of landscape reconstruction in developing settlement models of Neolithic and Bronze age sites in the area.     

安徽省石台县沟汀新石器时代遗址的发现和初步研究

报道了安徽省石台县沟汀新石器时代遗址的发现，并对采集到的文化遗物作了分类与描述，遗物中打制石器、磨制石器和陶器共存，并含有独具特色的石网坠。石制品大部分（７６％）以砾石为原料制成，这类遗址在皖南地区尚属首次发现。这一发现，对研究我国南方新石器时代早期的古人类活动具有重要的参考价值。     

The evolution of settlement patterns in the eastern Oman from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age (6000–2000 BC)

The region of eastern Oman (called Ja’alan) is often compared to the Arabian deserts, which are typically arid and depopulated areas. Today, this geographical definition is correct: the geographic and climatic conditions (low precipitation, pronounced dryness, high evaporation) indicate an arid region, and the area is sparsely populated. Between the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age, the geographic and climatic conditions did not change much, and were slightly more humid than at present. Although the term “green Ja’alan” does not describe this area, we observe that the region was occupied by a quite substantial population. Since 1985, surveys and excavations have been carried out and more than 4000 archeological structures are now listed. The spatial distribution of these sites differs for each period, from Neolithic seasonal camps to oasian settlements of the Early Bronze Age.     

上海及其邻近地区新石器时代野生动物生活复原景观及其相关问题

作者在鉴定了上海几乎全部的新石器时代的脊椎动物化石的基础上,详细对比了浙江、江苏和山东同时代的动物群,重建了当时的野生生态自然景观,并讨论了一系列相关的学术问题。     

Using ichnofossils to characterize chert tools: A preliminary study from Southern Iberia

Characterizing raw material of stone tools used by Late Neolithic and Copper Age communities is important for interpreting access to available sources and establishing regional routes of distribution. Ichnological analysis may be used to help characterize lithic material and determine the source of artifacts. Here we report for the first time the existence of trace fossils in artifacts from the Late Neolithic and Copper Age of southern Spain. Ichnological analysis indicates a trace fossil assemblage consisting of relatively scarce small‐sized Chondrites and abundant Phycosiphon. A regional survey of natural outcrops and chert quarries indicates the presence of discrete trace fossils only in the samples from geological formations that are part of the Campo de Gibraltar Complex. Ichnological composition in these samples is similar to that discerned in the artifacts and suggests that this was the probable source of the chert used in tool manufacture. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

营口蛇纹石玉负离子释放功能及机理探讨

营口玉是传统岫岩玉中的特别类型,它的物理化学特征及成矿类型均与传统岫岩玉不同。采用ETS-2能量测试系统、偏光显微镜、电感耦合等离子质谱仪等现代测试技术手段对营口蛇纹石玉负离子释放量及机理进行了研究。结果表明:营口蛇纹石玉具有很好的负离子释放功能(840～933个/cm³),接近都市公园水平(1 000～2 000个/cm³),甚至高于环境矿物材料电气石。营口玉释放负离子的根本原因是玉石内部放射性微量元素导致空气分子及水分子电离而产生负离子。具有生物和化学活性的蛇纹石与玉石内具有放射性的微量元素共同作用使营口玉具有较好的负离子释放功能。     

Ice‐borne prehistoric finds in the Swiss Alps reflect Holocene glacier fluctuations

During the hot summer of 2003, reduction of an ice field in the Swiss Alps (Schnidejoch) uncovered spectacular archaeological hunting gear, fur, leather and woollen clothing and tools from four distinct windows of time: Neolithic Age (4900 to 4450 cal. yr BP), early Bronze Age (4100–3650 cal. yr BP), Roman Age (1st–3rd century AD), and Medieval times (8–9th century AD and 14–15th century AD). Transalpine routes connecting northern Italy with the northern Alps during these slots is consistent with late Holocene maximum glacier retreat. The age cohorts of the artefacts are separated which is indicative of glacier advances when the route was difficult and not used for transit. The preservation of Neolithic leather indicates permanent ice cover at that site from ca. 4900 cal. yr BP until AD 2003, implying that the ice cover was smaller in 2003 than at any time during the last 5000 years. Current glacier retreat is unprecedented since at least that time. This is highly significant regarding the interpretation of the recent warming and the rapid loss of ice in the Alps. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A 7000-year record of environmental change,including early farming impact,based on lake-sediment geochemistry and pollen data from County Sligo,western Ireland

Detailed, chronologically tightly constrained, lake-sediment-based geochemical and pollen records have enabled local changes in soil erosion, woodland cover and composition, and prehistoric farming impact to be reconstructed in considerable detail. The profile opens shortly after 7800 BC when tall canopy trees were well-established and presumably in equilibrium with their environment. A distinct perturbation that involved an increase in pine and birch, a decrease in oak and a minor opening-up of the woodland is regarded as the local expression of the 8.2 ka climate anomaly. Lack of response in the geochemical erosional indicators is interpreted as evidence for drier conditions. A short-lived, over-compensation in climate recovery followed the 8.2 ka event. Neolithic farming impact is clearly expressed in both the pollen and geochemical data. Both datasets indicate that Neolithic impact was concentrated in the early Neolithic (3715–3440 BC). In the interval 3000–2700 BC there appears to have been a break in farming activity. The pollen data suggest substantially increased farming impact (both arable and pastoral) in the Bronze Age, with maximum farming and woodland clearances taking place in the late Bronze Age (1155–935 BC). These developments are poorly expressed in the geochemical record, possibly due to within-lake changes.     

南阳独山玉的矿物学研究

南阳独山玉呈脉状产于河南省南阳市独山透闪石化辉长岩岩体内。笔者选择了各种代 表性样品(白玉、绿玉、白绿玉,棕黑色玉),对其进行了光薄片显微镜观察、探针、电镜、X光、红外等分析以及显微硬度测定。研究表明,独山玉在矿物成分上极为独特,以高钙、高铝、贫硅为特征,如:“纯”钙长石、黝帘石、珍珠云母等。除此之外,尚有一系列含铬矿物,如:铬绿帘石、含铬白云母—珍珠云母,含铬黑云母—金云母、铬蒙脱石、铬铁矿。这表明独山玉是在较特殊的地质环境下形成的,起交代作用的热液成分以钙为主,而铬对独山玉呈绿色、翠绿色有很大关系。     

Bronze Age at Lake Bourget (NW Alps, France): Vegetation, human impact and climatic change

Pollen analyses of three sediment cores performed on the archaeological lake dwellings of Chindrieux and Tresserve (Savoie, France), on the eastern shore of Lake Bourget, enable the reconstruction of vegetation history and human impact during the Bronze Age. Results show a good correlation between lake-level fluctuations and the evolution of anthropogenic indicators. The end of the Neolithic period and the early Bronze Age are characterised by a discreet occupation of the Lake Bourget surroundings, in spite of a warmer climatic condition. The middle Bronze Age, contemporaneous with wetter and cooler conditions, is related to a decrease in pollen of cultivated plants and weed. Farming activities reappear in the late Bronze Age and human impact increases suddenly at the very end of the late Bronze Age. Three anthropogenic phases are clearly visible: a short decrease in anthropogenic indicators and a high lake-level phase occur in the middle of this period of intense farming development. A new decrease in human impact appears at the beginning of the Iron Age.