国外海洋捕捞业生产率研究进展

<正>生产率分析是探求经济增长源泉的主要工具,也是确定增长质量的主要方法,对生产率及其相关指标的核算是制定各部门经济发展政策的基础。海洋捕捞业是我国海洋经济的支柱产业之一,但自20世纪90年代以来,由于捕捞强度超过渔业生物资源补充能力,加之由工业发展带来的海域污染日趋严重,造成我国近海渔业资源严重衰退,进而导致渔汛消失、渔民失业、跨国界渔业纠纷等系列严重问题。因而对海洋捕捞业生产率的研究,具有与其他行     

我国主要海洋捕捞政策对浙江省海洋捕捞业的影响探究

随着海洋渔业资源的不断衰退，为了保护渔业资源、推动海洋渔业的可持续发展，自20世纪70年代后期，我国出台了许多海洋捕捞相关政策。文章从投入控制制度、产出控制制度和技术控制制度3个角度出发，以捕捞许可制度、捕捞限额管理和伏季休渔制度等政策为重点，通过整理1980—2017年浙江省渔业经济的相关资料，从海洋捕捞渔船数量和功率、海洋捕捞产量、渔业劳动力数量变化3个方面，深入分析浙江省海洋捕捞现状，提出了完善现有的海洋捕捞政策、加强渔业执法管理力量、加强普法宣传、建立渔业资源调查与评估体系、帮助捕捞从业人员转产转业等对策建议，以期为我国海洋捕捞管理部门提供决策参考。     

大力发展远洋捕捞业 振兴海洋经济

随着近海渔业资源不断的枯竭,深海捕捞已成为发展趋势。文章阐述了发展远洋捕捞的重大意义,对我国远洋捕捞业现状、政策及发展趋势进行分析,并提出我国远洋捕捞业存在的问题。     

世界海洋捕捞业发展概况、趋势及对我国的启示

由于海洋渔业资源的衰退,目前世界海洋捕捞业进入"零增长"的徘徊期。当前世界海洋捕捞业呈现以下发展趋势:海洋渔业资源争夺日益激烈,海洋捕捞业管理制度日益严格,世界海洋捕捞业产业转移趋势日趋明显,海洋捕捞业技术装备要求越来越高,国际社会越来越重视海洋捕捞业可持续发展。面对世界海洋捕捞业的发展趋势,我国应当继续发展资源养护型海洋渔业,从生态系统角度考虑海洋捕捞业管理措施,积极稳妥发展远洋渔业,参与国际渔业资源的开发,重视海洋捕捞业装备技术水平的提高。     

国内外海洋捕捞总量增长因素比较分析

为了控制过度捕捞现象,防止海洋渔业资源不断衰退,中国农业部在2016年12月底发布的《全国渔业发展第十三个五年规划》中提出一系列以控制海洋捕捞总量为核心的制度。在此背景下文章从生产因素、政策因素、科技因素、产业结构因素等多层面,对影响国内外海洋捕捞总量增长因素的研究成果以及与该领域相关的研究方法进行归纳综述;通过国内外比较分析发现影响海洋捕捞总量增长的主要因素有渔船数量、功率以及作业方式、渔民数量、资源存量、渔业政策、科技等;研究方法对比分析发现,全要素生产率分析法是该领域最科学的研究方法。     

海洋开发中沿海渔民转产转业问题研究

近年来我国海洋渔业资源恶化的状况日益严重,强大的捕捞能力与脆弱的渔业资源间矛盾日益增大,大量的海洋渔民面临转产转业的压力.对此,必须引起高度重视,要大力推进渔业传统产业向新兴产业转化,积极发展海洋休闲渔业;要通过政策引导合理开发利用海洋渔业资源,顺利实现渔民的转产转业和渔业现代化.     

山东与广东海洋强省建设政策比较——基于文本分析

海洋是新发展阶段实现高质量发展的战略要地,在国民经济发展中的地位作用日益突出。文章运用文本分析法,对山东、广东政府部门在2010—2020年间颁布的海洋强省建设方面政策文件进行分析,从颁布主体、政策类型、文种类型、关键词与语义网络4个维度进行统计分析比较。研究结果表明：从颁布主体来看,山东省更强调部门间合作协调配合,广东更强调政策执行的权威性;从政策类型来看,山东更加强调对海域海岛的规范监督以及产业规范和财政资金运用,广东则更强调功能区的划分和海洋生态保护;从文种类型来看,两省结构类似,但山东更多偏向管理办法;从关键词与语义网络来看,山东侧重于推动海洋渔业建设、资源开发等,广东更侧重生态保护和资源利用。最后得出山东海洋强省建设的4点政策启示。     

可持续发展视阈下我国海洋伏季休渔制度研究

海洋伏季休渔制度是一项重要的渔业资源养护管理制度。该制度自1995年实施以来取得了良好的效果,同时在国际上也产生了积极的影响。作为渔业管理领域中最为重要的制度之一,海洋伏季休渔制度目前只是一项渔业政策和措施,并没有上升到国家的法律和法规层面,该制度的效力远不能从根本上解决我国海洋渔业资源养护和可持续发展的问题。因此,文章对海洋伏季休渔制度的具体内容进行了深度分析,从法律与政策的关系出发,通过探讨国家立法、执法以及渔民守法等方面存在的问题,指出海洋伏季休渔制度作为一项渔业政策向法律和法规转变的必要性和条件,建议推动伏休政策的立法转变、加强渔业执法监督体制和加强政府对渔民的扶持政策。旨在进一步促进实施该制度,为海洋渔业资源的可持续发展服务。     

基于可持续发展视角的渔民对海洋渔业资源利用的评价研究——以福建省惠安县渔民为例

长期高强度的捕捞、不科学的捕捞方式、海洋环境污染等问题导致我国海洋渔业资源的再生能力受到严重破坏,渔民作为发展渔业经济和利用海洋资源的主体,其意识和行为都与渔业的可持续发展紧密相关。文章通过对福建省惠安县渔民进行问卷调查,对2014年惠安县渔民文化程度、收入状况以及对海洋渔业各方面的了解程度和行为态度进行分析,初步探究渔民对海洋渔业资源的认知度和对海洋渔业政策的认可度及其影响渔民评价因素。最后对转变渔民利用海洋资源的行为和观念提出相应政策建议,有助于实现海洋资源的可持续利用。     

我国"蓝色粮仓"关联产业发展现状、问题及对策分析

"蓝色粮仓"是包含海产品生产、加工及海洋水产资源环境养护等众多关联产业的集合体,是保障我国粮食和营养安全、推进海洋强国战略和国家生态文明建设的重大举措。然而,"蓝色粮仓"关联产业粗放式的发展模式给近海渔业资源及生态环境造成了不同程度的损害,制约了我国"蓝色粮仓"的可持续发展。文章系统地分析了我国"蓝色粮仓"关联产业的发展现状与存在资源衰退状况严重、近海捕捞难以维持、养殖环境问题突出、水产品安全问题凸显等问题,并提出了控制近海捕捞产量,推进捕捞业转型升级、优化海水养殖模式,提高生态和经济效益、加强水产品精深加工,提高产业价值链、加强渔业资源保育工作、完善各项保障措施等对策,以求为我国"蓝色粮仓"建设决策提供参考依据。     

Selecting and assessing social objectives for Australian fisheries management

This paper details Australian research that developed tools to assist fisheries managers and government agencies in engaging with the social dimension of industry and community welfare in fisheries management. These tools are in the form of objectives and indicators. These highlight the social dimensions and the effects of management plans and policy implementation on fishing industries and associated communities, while also taking into account the primacy of ecological imperatives. The deployment of these objectives and indicators initially provides a benchmark and, over the life of a management plan, can subsequently be used to identify trends in effects on a variety of social and economic elements that may be objectives in the management of a fishery. It is acknowledged that the degree to which factors can be monitored will be dependent upon resources of management agencies, however these frameworks provide a method for effectively monitoring and measuring change in the social dimension of fisheries management.Essentially, the work discussed in this paper provides fisheries management with the means to both track and begin to understand the effects of government policy and management plans on the social dimension of the fishing industry and its associated communities. Such tools allow the consideration of these elements, within an evidence base, into policy arrangements, and consequently provide an invaluable contribution to the ability to address resilience and sustainability of fishing industries and associated communities.     

海洋生态产品政策的经济效应: 提升供给效率与实现共同富裕——基于中国沿海省份的数据分析

为探讨海洋生态产品政策工具的经济效应, 尤其是对提升其供给效率与实现共同富裕的叠加影响, 本文在设计理论分析框架的基础上, 基于中国沿海省、自治区、直辖市2009—2019年的数据分析, 利用计量方法研究了共同富裕、海洋生态产品供给效率、海洋生态产品政策之间的作用机制和影响机理。结果显示: 海洋生态产品政策可显著提升中国海洋生态产品供给效率, 促进共同富裕; 海洋生态产品政策在各区域的经济效应显著度呈东海-环渤海-南海依次递减的情况; 产业结构、人均受教育年限、人口总数、人均存款、人均贷款、人均财政支出、人均财政收入、少数民族地区情况等因素均会对海洋生态产品政策的经济效应产生影响。提出建议: 明确优化提升海洋生态产品供给效率和促进实现共同富裕的政策目标; 研究有利于优化提升海洋生态产品供给效率和促进实现共同富裕的政策工具; 做好区域海洋生态产品政策的构建与完善工作。     

Priority questions to shape the marine and coastal policy research agenda in the United Kingdom

United Kingdom (UK) and European Union policy is rapidly developing to meet international targets for the sustainable use and protection of the marine environment. To inform this process, research needs to keep pace with these changes and research questions must be focused on providing robust scientific evidence. Thirty four priority research questions within six broad themes were identified by delegates who attended the 1st marine and coastal policy Forum, hosted by the Centre for Marine and Coastal Policy Research at Plymouth University in June 2011. The priority questions formed through this research are timely and reflect the pace and change of marine policy in the UK in response to international, European and national policy drivers. Within the data theme, the majority of questions seek to find improved procedures to manage and use data effectively. Questions related to governance focus on how existing policies should be implemented. The marine conservation questions focus entirely upon implementation and monitoring of existing policy. Questions related to ecosystem services focus on research to support the conceptual links between ecosystem services, ecosystem function, and marine management. Questions relating to marine citizenship are fundamental questions about the nature of societal engagement with the sea. Finally, the marine planning questions focus upon understanding the general approaches to be taken to marine planning rather than its detailed implementation. The questions that have emerged from this process vary in scale, approach and focus. They identify the interdisciplinary science that is currently needed to enable the UK to work towards delivering its European and international commitments to achieve the sustainable use and protection of the marine environment.     

Challenges in cross-sectoral marine protection in Europe

Marine environment protection in Europe faces a number of challenges. One is the coordination of relevant sectoral policies — such as agricultural and fisheries policies — with regard to marine protection objectives. The question in the following is on how marine protection issues can be more closely integrated in sectoral policies under the conditions prevailing at present. In particular the strength and weaknesses of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) as the key instrument for marine environment protection in Europe are analyzed in this context. In particular, the MSFD does not adequately address all sectors and policies which are relevant to marine environment protection. One possible means of giving the MSFD greater influences on other policies of relevance to marine waters is to integrate the objectives established under the MSFD in the European maritime policy. The aim should be to require the further development of sectoral policies to take unrestricted account of the objectives of the MSFD implementation process. But also other instruments of marine policy such as maritime spatial planning and marine protected areas are crucial to advance the protection of European seas.     

基于产业结构优化的我国海洋渔业发展

为促进我国海洋渔业的可持续发展,文章基于面板数据回归模型,分析海洋渔业产业结构的优化。研究结果表明:我国海洋渔业发展趋势较好,但受政策和资源等因素的制约,亟须优化产业结构;海洋渔业产业结构优化与海水养殖与海洋捕捞的增加值之比存在正相关关系,与海水养殖与海洋渔业的从业人员数量之比存在负相关关系;应提高海水养殖增加值,促进养殖企业形成最佳规模,同时重视先进科技的支撑作用。     

海洋生物技术育种的安全性控制与海洋农牧化

海洋基因工程技术产业化前景广阔,市场潜力巨大,是当前世界海洋农牧化技术发展的主流。然而,从环境、生态、生物多样性、人体遗传与健康角度考虑,基因工程技术的发展过程中必须加强安全性控制。从国际经验来看,基因、转基因产品的产业化有较大的推广阻力。离不开市场化运营、政策引导和国家投资。与传统产品相比,在发展基因工程技术的同时,制定与国际接轨的基因技术产品发展政策、生产与控制规程以及相关标准势在必趋。     

Navigating the evolution of marine policy in Panama: Current policies and community responses in the Pearl Islands and Bocas del Toro Archipelagos of Panama

Recent changes in marine policy in Panama are closely related to sustained expansion of the Panamanian economy in the past ten years. Important drivers of economic growth such as the Panama Canal expansion, tourism, and real estate development directly involve marine and coastal areas. Therefore, maintaining the quality of these environments, as well as the sustainability of the human communities that depend on them, calls for the implementation of adequate management and planning policies. In light of a complex history of marine and coastal policy in Panama, current institutional restructuring processes, and a growing recognition of the importance of marine and coastal geographies, the authors aim to document the current status of, and community response to, marine and coastal policy in Panama, analyzed in terms of three important cross-cutting sectors: tourism, fishing, and conservation. To do so, the authors introduce two case studies: one in the Pearl Islands Archipelago and one in Bocas del Toro, each with varying degrees of participation or involvement in each sector, to illustrate the range of adaptations to change occurring in coastal communities. Based on an in-depth policy analysis and the case studies, the authors suggest that there are important administrative and structural gaps in the legislation and institutions that enforce them, as well as a lack of integration across institutions. In particular, the authors highlight the lack of clear marine and coastal property regimes as an obstacle to the implementation of integrative marine policies in Panama.     

Spatiotemporal modelling for policy analysis: Application to sustainable management of whale-watching activities

Anticipating the impacts of a new policy before implementation on a complex social–ecological system is a challenging task for managers and policymakers. This paper reports on the development and use of an agent-based model (ABM) dedicated to support marine park managers in their effort to devise policies to sustainably manage whale-watching activities. The ABM, called the Marine Mammal and Maritime Traffic Simulator (3MTSim), represents the spatiotemporal dynamics of marine mammals and navigation activities in and around the Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park in Canada. In the context of updating the current regulations on whale-watching in the Marine Park, 3MTSim was run to evaluate the merits of a proposed set of rules compared to the current regulations. To do so, a set of variables related to policies’ impacts on the three spheres of sustainable development, namely the impact on whales (Environment), on whale-watching companies (Economy), and tourist experience (Society) was analysed. 3MTSim's simulations highlighted that the proposed rules are expected to improve the situation regarding whale conservation and tourist experience with only marginal impact on the whale-watching industry. In the proposed regulations, one rule is expected to be very influential on whale-watching activities. This rule limits to 10 the number of whale-watching boats allowed to stand within 926 m of any boat in observation mode. Assuming efficient law enforcement, 3MTSim predicts a significant decrease in overall boat concentration around whales in the Marine Park, which is one of the management objectives benefiting both whales and tourists. Interestingly, 3MTSim reveals that this rule could indirectly force some boats to observe second-choice whales present in higher abundance rather than some more attractive species scarcer in the region. This highlights the following management tradeoffs: Reducing boat exposure for the humpback whale and endangered blue whale is likely to increase it for the more abundant fin whale listed as of special concern (Canada's Species at Risk Act) and minke whale. This work demonstrates the utility of ABMs to support policy analysis in the context of sustainable management in a Marine Park. ABMs developed in close relationship with end-users are unarguably a tool of choice to manage complex social–ecological systems since they provide insight into phenomena hard or impossible to measure in the real system. Despite the labour intensive nature of their implementation, this investment is worth the effort.     

EU marine policy on the move: The tension between fisheries and maritime policy

In the past decade, the European Commission has developed the Marine Strategy Directive and the Maritime Policy. Both policies aim at governing the marine environment; yet the two policies have a differing signature in policy formulation and implementation. From a fisher's perspective these policies present a change in institutional setting; major policy measures no longer descend from the EU Common Fisheries Policy alone, but increasingly are derived from general environmental policy developments. In this paper, the policy arrangement approach is used to analyse the differences between the two maritime policies, and the way in which they can affect fisheries management.