储层物性影响因素及注水开发后的变化——以辽东湾坳陷Z油田为例

为摸清研究区储层长期注水开发后物性定量变化规律,以辽东湾坳陷Z油田东二下段三角洲前缘储层密闭取心为研究对象,综合利用岩矿分析、扫描电镜、X衍射、扫描伽马、常规物性、测井水淹解释等资料,从储层物性影响因素入手,系统研究了不同成因类型、不同渗透率储层水驱前后渗透率的变化规律,量化了不同水淹程度储层渗透率的变化幅度。研究结果表明:研究区储层物性的主要影响因素是黏土矿物和孔喉结构,二者与储层原始物性的大小息息相关,且在注水开发后两因素均发生了明显变化并导致渗透率的改变;黏土矿物含量与储层原始渗透率呈负相关的幂函数关系,黏土矿物含量越大,储层原始渗透率越低;孔喉大小与储层原始渗透率呈正相关关系,孔喉半径平均值、孔喉半径中值越大,储层原始渗透率越高;随着注水冲刷程度的加强,黏土矿物含量逐渐降低,而孔喉半径分布趋向于均匀化,且有增大趋势。黏土矿物和孔喉结构两者的变化导致储层渗透率随着水淹程度的加强整体上呈现增大的趋势,渗透率分布主值区向右移动,高值渗透率比例增加,低值渗透率比例减小。此外,笔者归纳总结了砂体成因类型相同、岩心扫描伽马值相近、渗透率级别相同的储层岩样在低、中、强水淹程度相对于未水淹岩心的渗透率变化量,详细分析了渗透率不同变化的原因及其对剩余油分布的影响。该研究为油田中后期剩余油精细描述提供了新思路,对油田高含水期深入挖潜、高效开发具有指导作用。     

渤海海域歧南断阶带侏罗系优质储层影响因素

歧南断阶带侏罗系储层内部结构复杂,具有强储层非均质性,储层发育特征及影响因素一直制约着该区勘探。通过对岩石类型、储层物性特征、储集空间类型及孔隙结构的分析证实,研究区侏罗系为一套富含火山碎屑物质的近源沉积,发育多套煤层;储层物性以中孔低渗为主,发育低渗背景下的优质储层,孔隙结构分析表明不同孔隙结构储层在孔隙度方面相差不大,渗透率相差较大;储集空间以溶蚀形成的次生孔为主,多为长石及火山物质溶蚀;有利的沉积因素,多期次多类型的溶蚀作用是本区形成优质储层的主要因素,研究区煤系地层的存在有效地增加了有机酸浓度,在促进溶蚀作用进行的同时,减少了碳酸盐矿物的胶结;此外储层中大量发育的火山碎屑物质在酸性流体下易于溶蚀,增强了储集物性,但其也降低了岩石抗压能力,对储层物性的影响具有双面性。     

东海陆架盆地N气田花港组储层特征及分类评价

东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷古近系花港组储层为典型的低孔、低渗储层。基于大量岩心物性、粒度、薄片、压汞等资料,对N气田目的层储层岩性、物性和孔隙结构特征进行精细评价。结果表明:N气田花港组储层岩性以细砂岩为主,矿物成分构成稳定,以石英为主,黏土含量低,岩性较纯;随着埋藏变深,孔隙变差,粒间孔减少,溶蚀孔增加,孔喉半径减小,连通性变差;局部发育砂砾岩,且渗透率大于细砂岩一个数量级以上,可作为甜点储层开发。基于实验和试油资料统计结果,建立了一套适用于花港组储层的综合分类评价标准,包含孔隙度、渗透率、饱和度和地质特征4类储层重要参数,分类结果特征鲜明,分类依据科学可靠,为该区域低孔、低渗储层勘探开发提供依据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地环江油田延长组长8段致密储层特征及主控因素分析

为揭示鄂尔多斯盆地环江油田延长组长8段致密砂岩储层特征及控制因素,通过岩心、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、X衍射等资料研究了储层的岩石学特征、成岩作用、孔隙和物性特征,并讨论了致密砂岩的成因机理。结果表明:长8段岩石类型主要为长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩,储集空间主要为粒间孔(包括残余粒间孔与粒间溶孔)、溶孔(长石溶孔与岩屑溶孔),储层孔隙度平均为9.6%;渗透率平均为0.67×10~(-3)μm~2。为典型的低孔——超低孔、超低渗的致密储层。储层物性受控于多种因素,其中沉积条件是不同砂岩物性差异的基础,沉积后持续快速的埋藏和较多的塑形颗粒共同导致强烈的压实和孔隙的大量损失,硅质和钙质胶结则充填压实剩余孔隙,加之伊利石对孔吼的堵塞,最终形成致密砂岩。     

涠洲A油田水淹储层参数变化规律及机理研究

涠洲A油田经过多年注水开发,目前油田综合含水率已达70%,开展水淹过程储层动态变化研究,对于油田后期开发具有重要意义。通过开展一系列储层微观实验,对比同种岩石相水淹前后储层参数特征,结合地质背景开展机理分析,得到以下两点认识:(1)水淹导致储层物性明显变差,孔喉结构非均质性变强,粒内溶孔和铸模孔含量增多,泥质含量降低,黏土矿物含量及类型发生改变;(2)水淹过程中储层物性变化的主控因素为硫酸钡晶体的生成和析出,其次为黏土矿物的水化、膨胀、分散、迁移。注入水与地层水不匹配,导致硫酸钡晶体结晶析出形成沉淀,并堵塞喉道。     

珠江口盆地陆丰凹陷古近系储层特征及优质储层主控因素

随着珠江口盆地勘探层系由浅层转向深层,古近系已成为陆丰凹陷油气“增储上产”的重要层系,但储层尚存在非均质性较强、产能释放难度大等问题,严重制约油气勘探进程。综合运用陆丰凹陷36口古近系钻井的铸体薄片、扫描电镜、物性分析、X衍射等分析化验数据,对文昌组和恩平组开展储层特征、成岩作用和优质储层主控因素研究。结果表明,陆丰凹陷古近系储层具有高石英、低长石和低岩屑含量的特征,文昌组主要发育岩屑石英砂岩,为特低-低孔隙度、超低-低渗透率储层,平均孔隙度为11.15%,平均渗透率10.93×10^-3μm²;恩平组主要发育长石石英砂岩,为低-中孔隙度、特低-中渗透率储层,平均孔隙度为15.23%,平均渗透率为139.53×10^-3μm²;储层孔隙类型以原生粒间孔为主,其次为粒间溶孔和粒内溶孔,但文昌组溶蚀孔占比高。古近系储层主要处于中成岩阶段A期,压实作用对减孔起决定性作用,胶结作用降低储层物性,溶蚀作用进一步改善储层物性。陆丰凹陷古近系优质储层形成条件包括：(1)母岩区石英含量高,搬运距离较远,高成分和结构成熟...     

南海北部湾盆地迈陈凹陷中南部古近系储层特征与控制因素——以区域探井Y井为例

北部湾盆地迈陈凹陷中南部Y井井壁取心分析、岩屑样品的薄片鉴定结果及地球物理测井综合评价表明,其钻遇的不同层位层段的储层类型主要以含泥质较高的砂岩、粉砂岩及泥质粉砂岩为主,少量砾岩,多属于近—中物源快速沉积充填、储集物性偏差的储集层类型,且成岩程度偏低(处在早成岩A或B期或中成岩A期),总体上属于岩性较细、泥质含量偏高、孔渗参数偏低的中孔中渗和低孔低渗及低孔特低渗型砂岩储层类型。其中,钻遇的渐新统涠洲组砂岩储层总体上偏细且泥质含量较高,砂岩有效孔隙度和渗透率偏低,属于储集物性较差储层;始新统流沙港组二段砂岩属于差—较好储层,储层孔隙类型以粒间孔为主,其次为粒间溶孔,还发育有少量或微量长石溶孔和粒内溶孔,具有一定的孔渗性;古新统长流组砂岩孔隙类型以粒间孔、粒间溶孔为主,发育少量长石溶孔及粒内溶孔,储层致密储集物性偏差。总之,本区储层发育主要受控于碎屑物物源供给远近与沉积相及成岩作用,但总体上储层成岩程度较低,加之溶蚀作用及胶结作用普遍,故严重影响了储层储集物性。     

乌石A砂砾岩油藏储层特征及综合评价

南海西部海域低渗原油地质储量大,有效动用率低,其中乌石A油田主要是砂砾岩储层,目前针对此类油藏的储层特征及综合评价研究较少,需要对乌石A油田的储层微观孔隙结构特征进行研究,明确其开发难易程度和开发潜力。选取乌石A油田具有代表性的岩样,开展了包括恒速压汞、核磁共振、非线性测试、黏土矿物分析、润湿性等多种物理模拟实验,系统地研究了乌石A油田的微观孔喉结构特征,建立了六元参数储层评价方法,对该油藏进行了综合评价。研究表明:乌石A低渗砂砾岩油田渗透率1×10~(-3)μm~2的储层综合分类系数5,属于三类储层,开发难度大;渗透在(1～30)×10~(-3)μm~2的储层综合分类系数8,属于二类储层,开发难度较大;渗透率30×10~(-3)μm~2的储层综合分类系数8,属于一类储层,开发难度小。     

琼东南盆地松涛凸起低阻油藏特征及储层下限

综合利用常规测井、核磁共振测井、电阻率成像测井及地层测试数据，并结合岩芯实验分析结果对琼东南盆地松涛凸起区低阻油藏的储层特征进行精细表征，从宏观及微观等多方面深入分析了低阻油藏的成因及主控因素并定量确定低阻油藏的储层下限。结果表明，低阻油藏岩性以细砂岩为主，含少量粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩及生屑砂岩，孔隙度及渗透率值变化较大，电阻率增大系数<1.5。研究区沉积环境主要为滨岸相环境，细粒物质含量偏高，较小的粒间孔隙及较差的孔隙结构造成地层中束缚水含量偏高，是造成研究区储层电阻率偏低的重要因素，泥浆侵入、导电矿物及黏土矿物附加导电性等对储层电阻率影响较小。在此基础上对低阻油藏储层下限进行了定量分析，确定了研究区低阻油藏储层孔喉半径、孔隙度、渗透率、电阻率、含油饱和度及泥质含量的下限值。此研究为琼东南盆地松涛凸起区低阻油藏的识别及勘探评价提供了理论基础，加速了研究区低阻油藏的开发进程。     

鄂尔多斯盆地王窑地区上三叠统长6油层成岩作用研究

通过多项测试方法，对安塞油田王窑地区长6油层含油砂体的岩石学、成岩作用、储集物性和孔隙发育特征进行分析和研究。结果表明，该区储集砂体为成分成熟度较低的长石砂岩；主要自生矿物为绿泥石、浊沸石、方解石、石英、钾长石、伊利石和钠长石等；储层次生孔隙发育，主要孔隙类型为粒间孔隙、骨架颗粒溶孔和浊沸石溶孔。孔隙结构具有小孔、细喉的特点；储层成岩演化阶段处于晚成岩A亚期；储层性质明显地受到沉积微相和成岩作用的影响。沉积物粒度较粗、厚度较大的河道砂和河口砂坝砂的储集物性明显优于各种粒度较细、厚度较薄的席状砂体。     

利用交会面积法预测百色盆地致密碎屑岩储层初始产量

百色盆地东部坳陷中央凹陷带那读组为陆相碎屑岩沉积地层,其储集层具有岩石结构复杂、物性条件差、低孔低渗、非均质性极强等特点,使用传统方法预测其初始产量比较困难。因此从基础资料入手,分析储层特征,并通过研究储层流体性质的响应特征,提出了运用含油指示参数OID与反映孔隙结构的参数m的交会面积方法来预测初始产量。该方法由于综合了影响该地区储层产量的孔隙度、泥质含量、厚度、含油饱和度、渗透率等关键参数,预测精度和直观性有很大的提高,较好实现对那读组致密储层产量的快速预测,实际应用效果十分显著。     

Reservoir characteristics and their effects on hydrocarbon accumulation in lacustrine turbidites in the Jiyang Super-depression,Bohai Bay Basin,China

A great difference exists between the hydrocarbon charging characteristics of different Tertiary lacustrine turbidites in the Jiyang Super-depression of the Bohai Bay Basin, east China. Based on wireline log data, core observation and thin-section analyses, this study presents detailed reservoir property data and their controlling effects from several case studies and discusses the geological factors that govern the hydrocarbon accumulation in turbidite reservoirs. The lacustrine fluxoturbidite bodies investigated are typically distributed in an area of 0.5–10 km², with a thickness of 5–20 m. The sandstones of the Tertiary turbidites in the Jiyang Super-depression have been strongly altered diagenetically by mechanical compaction, cementation and mineral dissolution. The effect of compaction caused the porosity to decrease drastically with the burial depths, especially during the early diagenesis when the porosity was reduced by over 15%. The effect of cementation and mineral dissolution during the late-stage diagenesis is dominated by carbonate cementation in sandstones. High carbonate cement content is usually associated with low porosity and permeability. Carbonate dissolution (secondary porosity zone) and primary calcite dissolution is believed to be related to thermal maturation of organic matter and clay mineral reactions in the surrounding shales and mudstone. Two stages of carbonate cementation were identified: the precipitation from pore-water during sedimentation and secondary precipitation in sandstones from the organic acid-dissolved carbonate minerals from source rocks. Petrophysical properties have controlled hydrocarbon accumulation in turbidite sandstones: high porosity and permeability sandstones have high oil saturation and are excellent producing reservoirs. It is also noticed that interstitial matter content affects the oil-bearing property to some degree. There are three essential elements for high oil-bearing turbidite reservoirs: excellent pore types, low carbonate cement (<5%) and good petrophysical properties with average porosity >15% and average permeability >10 mD.     

Quantitative impact of diagenesis on reservoir quality of the Triassic Chang 6 tight oil sandstones,Zhenjing area,Ordos Basin,China

The Upper Triassic Chang 6 sandstone, an important exploration target in the Ordos Basin, is a typical tight oil reservoir. Reservoir quality is a critical factor for tight oil exploration. Based on thin sections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), stable isotopes, and fluid inclusions, the diagenetic processes and their impact on the reservoir quality of the Chang 6 sandstones in the Zhenjing area were quantitatively analysed. The initial porosity of the Chang 6 sandstones is 39.2%, as calculated from point counting and grain size analysis. Mechanical and chemical compaction are the dominant processes for the destruction of pore spaces, leading to a porosity reduction of 14.2%–20.2% during progressive burial. The porosity continually decreased from 4.3% to 12.4% due to carbonate cementation, quartz overgrowth and clay mineral precipitation. Diagenetic processes were influenced by grain size, sorting and mineral compositions. Evaluation of petrographic observations indicates that different extents of compaction and calcite cementation are responsible for the formation of high-porosity and low-porosity reservoirs. Secondary porosity formed due to the burial dissolution of feldspar, rock fragments and laumontite in the Chang 6 sandstones. However, in a relatively closed geochemical system, products of dissolution cannot be transported away over a long distance. As a result, they precipitated in nearby pores and pore throats. In addition, quantitative calculations showed that the dissolution and associated precipitation of products of dissolution were nearly balanced. Consequently, the total porosity of the Chang 6 sandstones increased slightly due to burial dissolution, but the permeability decreased significantly because of the occlusion of pore throats by the dissolution-associated precipitation of authigenic minerals. Therefore, the limited increase in net-porosity from dissolution, combined with intense compaction and cementation, account for the low permeability and strong heterogeneity in the Chang 6 sandstones in the Zhenjing area.     

Characterization of shale pore system: A case study of Paleogene Xin'gouzui Formation in the Jianghan basin,China

The pore size classification (micropore <2 nm, mesopore 2–50 nm and macropore >50 nm) of IUPAC (1972) has been commonly used in chemical products and shale gas reservoirs; however, it may be insufficient for shale oil reservoirs. To establish a suitable pore size classification for shale oil reservoirs, the open pore systems of 142 Chinese shales (from Jianghan basin) were studied using mercury intrusion capillary pressure analyses. A quantitative evaluation method for I-micropores (0–25 nm in diameter), II-micropores (25–100 nm), mesopores (100–1000 nm) and macropores (>1000 nm) within shales was established from mercury intrusion curves. This method was verified using fractal geometry theory and argon-ion milling scanning electron microscopy images. Based on the combination of pore size distribution with permeability and average pore radius, six types (I-VI) shale open pore systems were analyzed. Moreover, six types open pore systems were graded as good, medium and poor reservoirs. The controlling factors of pore systems were also investigated according to shale compositions and scanning electron microscopy images. The results show that good reservoirs are composed of shales with type I, II and III pore systems characterized by dominant mesopores (mean 68.12 vol %), a few macropores (mean 7.20 vol %), large porosity (mean 16.83%), an average permeability of 0.823 mD and an average pore radius (r_a) of 88 nm. Type IV pore system shales are medium reservoirs, which have a low oil reservoir potential due to the developed II-micropores (mean 57.67 vol %) and a few of mesopores (mean 20.19 vol %). Poor reservoirs (composed of type V and VI pore systems) are inadequate reservoirs for shale oil due to the high percentage of I-micropores (mean 69.16 vol %), which is unfavorable for the flow of oil in shale. Pore size is controlled by shale compositions (including minerals and organic matter), and arrangement and morphology of mineral particles, resulting in the developments of shale pore systems. High content of siliceous mineral and dolomite with regular morphology are advantage for the development of macro- and mesopores, while high content of clay minerals results in a high content of micropores.     

南堡油田1号构造东一段储层酸敏分析

酸化也会产生某些不溶性物质堵塞孔喉,给储层带来新的损害,即产生酸敏反应。储层酸敏性分析可为储层酸化改造及酸液配方研究提供依据。南堡油田1号构造东一段34块岩心酸敏评价结果表明储层土酸酸敏程度为强—极强。酸敏流动评价实验结果与所用岩心的渗透率、黏土总含量、不同黏土矿物含量,测试流体的酸浓度等有关。渗透率高的岩心易发生酸敏损害,黏土含量高的岩心酸敏损害原因复杂。测试流体中HF酸浓度越高,酸敏损害程度越大。高浓度酸液对胶结物的过度溶失,破坏岩石结构,产生微粒,堵塞孔喉,造成渗透率的降低,是造成南堡油田1号构造东一段酸敏强的主要原因。酸敏地层采用合适的酸液浓度或体系,可以采取酸化达到增产目的。     

渤中凹陷A2—1构造东营组储层物性控制因素分析

根据岩石薄片、扫描电镜、物性和测井等资料,分析了渤中凹陷A2—1构造东营组砂岩储层品质控制因素,探讨了测试段产能差异的原因。通过分析认为：渤中凹陷古近系东营组储层物性主要受压实作用、沉积条件、碳酸盐胶结、溶蚀作用和黏土转化阶段控制。在负胶结物投点图上,犬部分砂岩都落在压实作用区间,显示了压实作用是减少孔隙的主要因素;沉积条件对储层物性的影响突出体现在粒度和泥质含量方面的影响,随着粒度变细、泥质含量增加,渗透率明显降低。储层中普遍含碳酸盐胶结物且含量较高,是DST2测试段渗透率低、产能差的重要原因之一。两测试段储层中溶蚀作用普遍存在,主要体现在对长石的溶蚀,DST2测试段是强超压的半封闭系统,溶出物不能有效带出系统而沉淀在孔隙和喉道中,对储层物性破坏较大。黏土转化阶段与渗透率的快速降低段有较好的对应关系,渗透率变差段主要出现在伊蒙混层有序混层带以下。     

Pore structure of Cambrian shales from the Sichuan Basin in China and implications to gas storage

The microstructure of black siliceous shale from the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, Sichuan Basin in China was investigated by the combination of field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and argon ion beam milling. The nanometer-to micrometer-scale pore systems of shales are an important control on gas storage and fluid migration. In this paper, the organic porosity in shale samples within oil and gas window has been investigated, and the formation mechanism and diagenetic evolution of nanopores have been researched.FE-SEM reveals five pore types that are classified as follows: organic nanopores, pores in clay minerals, nanopores of framework minerals, intragranular pores in microfossils, and microfractures. Numerous organic nanopores are observed in shales in the gas window, whereas microfractures can be seen within the organic matter of shales in the oil window. Microfractures in oil window shales could be attributed to pressure buildup in the organic matter when incompressible liquid hydrocarbon are generated, and the orientation of microfractures is probably parallel to the bedding and strength anisotropy of the formation. Pores in clay minerals are always associated with the framework of clay flakes, and develop around rigid mineral grains because the pressure shadows of mineral grains protect pores from collapse, and the increasing of silt content would lead to an increase in pressure shadows and improve porosity. Nanopores of rock framework are probably related to dissolution by acidic fluids from hydrocarbon generation, and the dissolution-related pores promote permeability of shales. Porosity in the low-TOC, low-thermal-maturity shales contrast greatly with those of high-TOC, high-thermal-maturity shales. While the high-TOC shales contain abundant organic microporosity, the inorganic pores can contribute a lot to the porosity of the low-TOC shales.     

聚合物驱组合段塞分注实验研究

萨尔图油田南二区东部140号断层以东地区葡11—4油层，以多段多韵律和正韵律沉积为主，平均孔隙度30．0％，平均空气渗透率1980×10^-3μm2。水驱结束时该油层平均含水92％，采出程度39．5％。计划对该区块实施聚合物驱开采。以往经验认为，组合段塞调整注聚技术能够有效改善流度控制作用。然而对组合注入情况下如何进一步提高驱油效果、注入井分注时机、层段注入强度对开发效果有何影响却很少探讨。通过室内驱油实验，在聚驱的组合段塞注入不同时机（水驱空白阶段、含水下降阶段、含水稳定阶段、含水回升阶段）下调整注入强度实施分注以及在含水回升分注基础上进一步调整注入强度，同时对比不分注实验，评价各方案驱油效果。实验表明：不实施分注时聚驱采收率在水驱基础上提高了19．07个百分点，而组合段塞注入时实施分注均能够在不分注基础上进一步提高驱油效果；空白水驱时实施分注采收率提高幅度最大，为26．55个百分点；随着分注时机的滞后采收率提高幅度增加值依次递减，分注时机越早越好。     

Influence of hydrocarbon injection on the compaction by pressure-solution of a carbonate rock: An experimental study under triaxial stresses

The preservation of good petrophysical properties (high porosity/high permeability) at great depth in carbonate rocks may lead to the existence of a deeply buried reservoir (DBR), a target of interest for the oil industry. One of the key processes controlling diagenesis of the burial environment is Pressure Solution Creep (PSC), an efficient compaction process responsible for the evolution of porosity and permeability in many carbonate reservoirs. In this experimental study, we examine the effect of i) the presence of oil in the pore space and ii) its timing of injection on the PSC process and the petrophysical properties of a carbonate rock. The experiments were performed using a flow-through high-pressure cell, allowing the simulation of the pressure/stresses and temperature conditions of a DBR. Multi-disciplinary data (mechanical, chemical, petrographical and petrophysical) demonstrate that, without oil in the pore space, the main diagenetic process is the PSC, a process reducing by three the initial porosity but having no influence on intrinsic water permeability. An early injection of oil prior to water circulation causes the inhibition of PSC by the coating of the grains, leading to the preservation of porosity. Conversely, a late injection of oil does not preserve initial porosity. The dataset obtained from these experiments show the importance of the timing of oil charging in a reservoir in the preservation of initial porosity at great depth by the inhibition of PSC. However, the coating of grains by hydrocarbons may also inhibit further diagenetic processes leading to a creation of secondary porosity at depth.