近56a贵阳市暴雨气候特征分析

利用贵阳市国家地面气象观测站1963—2018年逐日降水资料,分析近56 a贵阳市暴雨气候特征。结果表明:贵阳市暴雨以一般性暴雨最为频繁（占86.7%）,区域暴雨与局地暴雨发生频次相当;该市暴雨开始于3月,结束于11月,集中于6月中旬—7月中旬;暴雨贡献率及暴雨日数整体呈现出增多趋势,年降水量中暴雨平均贡献率为17.7%;年暴雨日数与年降水量的年际变化趋势较为密切,即暴雨日数较多年,年降水量较多,暴雨日数较少年,年降水量较少;近56 a贵阳暴雨日数序列存在准2~4 a的振荡周期;暴雨频次时间序列在世纪60年代初到80年代中后期、21世纪00年代初到10年代初为较少期,20世纪80年代末期到90年代初、21世纪10年代中期至今为较多期。     

泰安市近50a暴雨时空变化特征研究

利用山东省泰安市1961—2010年6个国家级气象观测站及2008—2010年86个区域站日降水量资料,采用小波分析、Mann-Kendall突变检验、滑动t检验与Yamamoto检验等方法,统计分析了近50a泰安市暴雨次数和暴雨量的时空变化特征。结论如下：泰安市单站暴雨发生最频繁,但区域性暴雨、大范围暴雨对该市暴雨次数和暴雨总量的多寡起主要影响;暴雨次数与暴雨总量以泰山为中心向西、南和东南递减;泰安市近50a年均暴雨量普遍存在27～28a和9～11a的周期振荡,以及80年代以后的16～17a的周期振荡;近50a泰安市暴雨量整体呈缓慢上升趋势,暴雨量极端偏多偏少事件所占概率较少,且在统计时段无明显突变发生。     

江苏水稻障碍型冷害时空变化特征及敏感性分析

利用江苏35站1961—2014年的气象观测数据和水稻产量数据,基于ArcGis软件统计分析了水稻关键生育期内低温冷害的时空变化特征和敏感性。结果表明：（1）低温冷害总次数呈现“北多南少”的总体特征,20世纪70年代发生的冷害次数最多,21世纪00年代为第二高值期;（2）全省低温冷害持续天数主要是3～6 d,其中持续3 d的比重最大,平均占50%左右,淮北存在6 d以上的低温冷害过程,但比重基本不足10%,淮北遭遇低温冷害的时间要早于淮南,淮南基本上都是在9月上旬才会发生;（3）低温冷害总体发生几率存在“北大南小”的特征,年代际波动明显,20世纪70年代的发生几率最大,21世纪00年代次之,20世纪80—90年代最小;（4）江苏西北部低温冷害强度最强,21世纪00年代低温冷害强度最强,20世纪70年代次之,20世纪80—90年代最弱;（5）江苏中部是水稻对低温冷害的高敏感地区。     

青河1961—2008年霜冻的气候特征和变化规律分析

通过分析1961-2008年青河初（终）霜冻和无霜冻期序列,探讨了它们的变化趋势,结果表明：青河近48a来初霜冻以5d／10a的速度推迟,终霜冻以4d／10a的速度提前,无霜冻期以9d／10a的速度延长。初（终）霜冻、无霜冻期在20世纪80年代初发生了转折。20世纪60-70年代,初霜冻提前,终霜冻推迟,无霜冻期缩短;80年代以后初霜冻推迟、终霜冻提前,无霜冻期延长。这种变化趋势与气候变暖一致。     

六枝近45a暴雨天气的气候特征分析

利用六枝1961--2005年近45a逐日降水资料,采用线性倾向估计等统计方法,对六枝暴雨天气的分布情况及其影响系统等进行了分析,结果表明：六枝近45a来暴雨日数呈上升趋势,其线性增长率为0．15d/10a。20世纪70—80年代初、21世纪以来为暴雨日数偏少时期,20世纪60年代、80年代中期—90年代末为暴雨日数偏多的时期,暴雨量月际变化与暴雨日数基本一致,主要集中在5—9月。六枝近45a来暴雨量在20世纪80年代以前偏少,80—90年代末暴雨降水量相对偏多,进入21世纪以来暴雨降水量偏少。六枝主要暴雨形势有副高边缘型、南支槽、冷锋低槽型。     

呼伦贝尔市雷暴的时空分布特征及类型分析

利用呼伦贝尔市地区8个气象观测站1971—2000年的雷暴观测资料,统计分析了雷暴的时空分布特征并总结呼伦贝尔市雷暴的一般天气类型。结果显示:呼伦贝尔市雷暴日数的空间分布呈现出大兴安岭山地多、平原低地次之、草原地带较少的特点;各站的雷暴年际变化较大,有很强的季节性特点,集中出现在4—10月,夏季6—8月的雷暴次数占80%以上,发生雷暴的峰值时段在14—17时,雷暴日数具有较强年代际变化,呈明显的波动下降的特点;呼伦贝尔市雷暴天气有4种基本天气类型。     

湛江市1951～2011年暴雨气候的变化特征

根据湛江市1951～2011年降水资料,利用线性趋势分析、小波分析、Mann-Kendan检验等方法,研究了湛江市暴雨的气候变化特征。结果表明,湛江暴雨日数具有双峰型特点,6月为次峰,8月或9月为主峰。年暴雨日数、年暴雨量、年暴雨强度和暴雨贡献率的多年平均值分别为7.6 d、669.7 mm、87.0 mm/d和39.0%,变化速率分别为0.035 d/年、4.6 mm/年、0.24 mm/年d.-1和0.002%/年,年暴雨量、年暴雨强度变化趋势显著,而暴雨日数、暴雨贡献率变化趋势不显著。20世纪50年代末到60年代中期为少雨期,60年代中到90年代末为多雨期,90年代末至今为少雨阶段。年暴雨日数、年暴雨量和暴雨贡献率分别在1957、1961和1961年发生了突变性增加,但暴雨强度未发生突变。年暴雨日数、年暴雨量、年暴雨强度和暴雨贡献率分别存在9、11、7和4年的主要准周期。     

泰安市灰霾天气的气候特征分析

利用泰安市1971—2009年观测资料,对泰安市灰霾天气的气候特征进行了分析,发现：泰安市灰霾天气具有明显的季节性特征,灰霾天气主要发生在冬半年,秋冬两季占全年灰霾日数的80.7%;灰霾日数1月最多,7,8月无灰霾日;20世纪80年代末期到90年代中期灰霾天气出现较多;20世纪70年代初到90年代末,泰安市灰霾日数与日照时数、降水量呈反相关关系,灰霾天气多,则日照时数少,降水日数多,则灰霾天气少;低云量与灰霾日数呈正相关关系。进入21世纪,灰霾日数的减少更多是因为环境整治的效果。     

1971—2015年呼和浩特地区暴雨时空变化特征分析

利用1971—2015年呼和浩特地区6个国家气象观测站逐日降水资料,采用线性拟合、T检验、Mann-kendall秩次相关检验、滑动平均等统计方法,分析该地区暴雨时空演变趋势。结果表明:近45a呼和浩特地区暴雨空间分布具有中部多、南北少、年际变化程度自北向南减小的特点,暴雨集中发生在7月中旬到8月下旬且7月中旬出现跃增,20世纪70年代暴雨出现最多、21世纪前10a最少,暴雨日数在20世纪70年代初突增、70年代末突减。     

保定暴雨气候特征及其变化趋势

利用1974-2012年保定19个气象台站逐日降水资料,采用线性趋势分析、Morlet小波变换、Mann-Kendall法和功率谱等方法,对保定市暴雨发生站次数的时间和空间分布特征及变化进行分析。结果表明：保定地区暴雨年平均发生站次数北多南少,暴雨主要集中在东北部;汛期（6-8月）是暴雨出现的主要时段,最集中的时段则出现在主汛期（7-8月）;暴雨站次数从5月中旬开始呈现缓慢增加趋势,6月下旬猛增,7月下旬达到最高值;近39 a来,年暴雨发生站次数整体呈下降趋势,尤其是8月下降趋势最为明显。保定主汛期暴雨发生站次数在20世纪80年代中期存在着由少到多的突变,90年代末期存在着由多到少的突变     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on