联合InSAR与坡向约束的露天矿边坡三维形变监测

针对目前多轨道InSAR融合方法监测的南北向形变误差大,难以科学地识别露天矿边坡滑坡隐患的问题,本文提出了联合InSAR与坡向约束的露天矿边坡三维形变监测方法。首先,将露天矿边坡水平位移主要沿着坡向的先验信息作为约束条件。然后,根据SAR卫星形变投影关系,建立了附加约束条件的露天矿三维形变观测模型,并据此求解三维形变。最后,选用辽宁省阜新市新邱矿区作为研究区域,实现了仅基于升降轨InSAR数据的露天矿边坡三维形变监测。结果表明：本文方法解算的三维形变精度约为1.2 cm,仅占最大形变值的5.6%。本文方法有助于改善目前InSAR露天矿山三维形变监测精度不高的情况,提升露天矿山边坡滑坡隐患识别能力。     

联合地震位错模型和InSAR数据构建2017年九寨沟Mw 6.5地震同震三维形变场

利用哨兵（Sentinel）-1A卫星升、降轨影像,在地震位错模型约束下获取了2017年九寨沟Mw 6.5地震的高质量三维形变场。首先,利用合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术（interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR）提取九寨沟地震升、降轨同震形变场;然后,通过“两步法”反演获取该地震发震断层的几何参数和分布式滑动模型,以此为约束,采用方差分量估计算法联合解算九寨沟地震三维形变场。结果表明,九寨沟地震同震三维形变场以水平位移为主,垂向形变较弱;南北向形变呈拉张趋势,断层上盘向南、下盘向北滑动,最大位移分别为－19.81 cm和14.38 cm;东西向形变不对称性明显,断层上盘西北部向东水平运动,最大位移为18.37 cm,下盘东南部向西运动,最大位移不足8 cm。将南北、东西向形变与6个全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）台站观测数据进行比较,两者一致性较好且均方根误差较小,分别为1.44 cm和1.77 cm,表明联合升、降轨InSAR观测和地震位错模型约束构建同震三维形变场方法具有较高可行性,显著降低了大地测量数据不足、InSAR观测对南北向形变不敏感等问题的影响。     

升降轨InSAR与GPS数据集成反演西安形变场

根据InSAR观测量对南北向形变不敏感的特点,将内插GPS数据得到的南北向形变场信息和InSAR监测数据进行集成和融合解算,提取三维形变场。该方法有效避免了因直接忽略南北向形变而带来的精度影响问题,较好地改善了垂向形变场的反演精度。以西安市作为研究区域,融合EnviSat ASAR、ALOS PALSAR及GPS数据,反演西安市2009—2010年在东西向和垂向的绝对的年平均形变速率场(形变场),并与11个水准监测结果进行比对,发现融合反演法不仅能提供三维形变场,而且反演的垂向精度明显优于忽略南北向形变后的反演形变结果,从而对西安市地表形变有更深入的认识。     

矿区地表形变PPP监测自适应滤波算法及其应用

矿区地表易发生开裂、移动、塌陷等灾害,对矿区人文及生态环境造成巨大破坏。因此,针对矿区地表的监测研究意义重大。然而,常规的监测数据解算方法精度依赖于先验模型参数的准确性,若模型参数不准确,则解算精度难以满足监测需求。鉴于此,本文提出了基于PPP的矿区地表形变监测自适应滤波算法,并利用矿区工程数据进行试验,验证了算法的优越性。结果表明,本文算法能有效地控制动态模型参数偏差的影响,提高监测数据解算的稳定性,相比传统滤波算法,能够有效提高解算精度。     

InSAR联合矢量倾角分段函数模型计算矿区地表下沉量

针对单轨合成孔径雷达(InSAR)仅能获取沿雷达视线(LOS)向形变和概率积分法(PIM)难以预计沉陷盆地边缘区域下沉量的问题,该文提出了一种由单轨InSAR监测的LOS形变联合移动矢量倾角模型计算矿区地表下沉量的方法。该方法首先在分析下沉盆地地表移动矢量倾角变化特征的基础上,建立主断面上地表点移动矢量倾角的分段函数模型,再结合主断面地表点的LOS向与地表移动矢量的矢量夹角与倾角的函数关系,实现由LOS向形变计算矿区地表下沉量。以马泰壕井田和上湾煤矿的两个工作面为研究对象,采用Sentinel-1A数据和水准实测数据对该方法的可行性和精度进行了验证;结果表明,在沉陷盆地边缘区域,该方法计算的地表下沉量与实测值吻合,两个矿区的监测精度均方根误差(RMSE)都约为5 mm,高于InSAR监测精度的19 mm,监测精度分别提高了74%和71%。     

地震破裂模型约束的中国阿里地震三维形变场

利用环境卫星（Environmental Satellite,Envisat）的升、降轨数据在地震破裂模型约束下获取2007年阿里地震的高质量同震地表三维形变场。首先,对合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）影像进行差分干涉处理,得到地震造成的视线向同震地表形变场;然后,以地震破裂模型为约束条件,采用赫尔默特方差分量估计法来解算阿里地震的高质量地表三维同震形变场。结果表明,震中区域最大下沉达约4.7 cm,东西向位移较小,南北向呈挤压趋势。总体上,三维形变的特征表明阿里地震是一个以正倾滑为主兼少量右旋走滑运动的地震事件。     

短基线集InSAR形变模型的不适定问题解算方法研究

SBAS InSAR技术广泛应用于大尺度长时间序列的矿区、城市、地震等不同类型地表形变监测。但在利用该技术进行监测地表形变中发现,其形变模型的解算存在着病态和秩亏两类不适定问题,严重影响着形变信息反演的精度和可靠性。本文以SBAS InSAR技术为基础,针对其形变模型最小二乘解算中的病态问题,提出了基于Liu估计的有偏迭代估计法和Tikhonov正则化方法;针对秩亏时奇异值分解反演形变量和形变速率不稳定的问题,改进了Landweber迭代法,并将其应用到秩亏的SBAS InSAR形变模型解算中,反演出更准确的形变信息。     

多视线向D-InSAR三维地表形变解算中GPS约束定权

提出了一种基于GPS约束的多视线向三维地表形变解算定权的方法。该方法以同期高精度GPS形变观测量对多视线向D-In SAR形变观测量进行精度评价,顾及轨道、地形和噪声等系统误差对多视线向D-In SAR形变量影响的特点,通过建立跟像元位置和高程有关的联合拟合模型,实现逐像元精度评价,完成多视线向D-In SAR三维地表形变解算模型中定权。本文以2009年意大利拉奎拉地区地震为研究区,对该定权方法的可行性和精度进行了验证。结果表明,本文提出的GPS约束定权的多视线向D-In SAR三维形变解算方法可以获取可靠的解算结果。     

利用基于抗差垂直向方差分量估计的GPS-InSAR数据融合方法反演三维形变场

GPS-InSAR数据融合解算三维形变场模型易受观测值粗差影响,且基于方差分量估计的定权方法不具备抵御粗差能力,计算效率低下。鉴于此,本文提出了一种基于抗差垂直向方差分量估计的GPS-InSAR融合解算模型,利用方差分量估计方法及抗差估计理论,通过对观测值最优化分类并进行选权迭代,精确分配权重,进而有效计算三维形变场。试验结果表明,该方法能有效抵御观测值粗差不利影响,提高三维形变场反演精度,提升逐点式计算的三维形变场效率。     

结合SAR和光学数据检索凯库拉Mw 7.8地震三维形变

地震的同震形变监测对于地震形变特征解释以及直观了解断层的几何特征具有重要意义。对于有地表破裂的大地震,GNSS(global navigation satellite system)技术空间分辨率较低,InSAR(interferometric synthetic aperture radar)技术由于大的形变梯度会发生相位失相干,均无法获得详细的断层周围形变。基于亚像素互相关技术的光学影像相关和像素偏移追踪能够很好地解决这些问题。以2016年凯库拉Mw 7.8级地震为例,使用哨兵2号数据获取东西向和南北向形变,使用哨兵1号数据获取距离向和方位向形变。为确定获取三维形变场的哨兵2号光学数据与哨兵1号SAR数据的最佳组合,将这些形变种类进行组合,并使用最小二乘方法计算三维形变。结果表明,OIC+POT＿As＿Des的组合最适合获取凯库拉地震三维形变,各种观测数据类型的结合能够较好地控制三维形变的效果和精度。对凯库拉地震的三维形变进行分析,结果表明,该地震在两个不同区域发生了巨大且复杂的地表位移,是一次右旋走滑为主带有逆冲的地震,垂直形变主要表现为抬升。研究成果可以为地表三维形变的研究提供...     

Deriving time-series three-dimensional displacements of mining areas from a single-geometry InSAR dataset

This paper presents a method for deriving time-series three-dimensional (3-D) displacements of mining areas from a single-geometry interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) dataset (hereafter referred to as the SGI-based method). This is mainly aimed at overcoming the limitation of the traditional multi-temporal InSAR techniques that require SAR data from at least three significantly different imaging geometries to fully retrieve time-series 3-D displacements of mining areas. The SGI-based method first generates the multi-temporal observations of the mining-induced vertical subsidence from the single-geometry InSAR data, using a previously developed method for retrieving 3-D mining-related displacements from a single InSAR pair (SIP). The weighted least-squares solutions of the time series of vertical subsidence are estimated from these generated multi-temporal observations of vertical subsidence. Finally, the time series of horizontal motions in the east and north directions are estimated using the proportional relationship between the horizontal motion and the subsidence gradient of the mining area, on the basis of the SGI-derived time series of vertical subsidence. Seven ascending ALOS PALSAR images from the Datong mining area of China were used to test the proposed SGI-based method. The results suggest that the SGI-based method is effective. The SGI-based method not only extends the SIP-based method to time-series 3-D displacement retrieval from a single-geometry InSAR dataset, but also limits the uncertainty propagation from InSAR-derived deformation to the estimated 3-D displacements.     

联合地震位错模型和ESISTEM方法提取地震同震三维形变场

高精度同震三维形变场对于研究地震变形模式、震源机制等具有重要意义。设计并实现了一种联合地震位错模型和扩展融合大地测量、卫星形变观测、应变张量估计(extended simultaneous and integrated strain tensor estimation from geodetic and satellite deformation measurements, ESISTEM)方法的新方法,以2021年Ms 6.4漾濞地震为例,利用哨兵1号A、B星(Sentinel-1A/B)升、降轨影像获得该地震的合成孔径雷达干涉测量形变场,利用地震位错模型正演得到的南北向形变分量进行约束,成功提取了该地震完整的同震三维形变场及应变场。结果表明,漾濞地震断层西南侧主要向西、向北运动,最大形变分别为4.8 cm、9.5 cm;东北侧主要向东、向南运动,最大形变分别为7.4 cm、4.6 cm;垂直向抬升、沉降的最大值分别为3.6 cm、3.4 cm;发震断层以右旋走滑运动为主,兼有少量正断分量;发震断层区域受到显著的膨胀、剪切和旋转作用。     

InSAR矿区地表三维形变监测与预计研究进展

首先,介绍了InSAR地表形变监测技术的基本原理和技术特点;然后,对当前InSAR矿区地表三维形变监测方法做了系统性分类,并探讨了各自的优缺点和适用范围;之后,综述了当前InSAR矿区地表三维形变预计方法的研究现状和进展;最后,归纳梳理了InSAR矿区三维形变监测预计在多源数据融合和沉降机理分析等方面的前沿问题。     

Integration of Range Split Spectrum Interferometry and conventional InSAR to monitor large gradient surface displacements

Incorrect unwrapping of dense interferometric fringes caused by large gradient displacements make it difficult to measure mining subsidence using conventional Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). This paper presents a Range Split Spectrum Interferometry assisted Phase Unwrapping (R-SSIaPU) method for the first time. The R-SSIaPU method takes advantage of (i) the capability of Range Split Spectrum Interferometry of measuring surface displacements with large spatial gradients, and (ii) the capability of conventional InSAR of being sensitive to surface displacements with limited spatial gradients. Both simulated and real experiments show that the R-SSIaPU method can monitor large gradient mining-induced surface movements with high precision. In the case of the Tangjiahui mine, the R-SSIaPU method agreed with GPS with differences of approximately 4.2 cm, whilst conventional InSAR deviated from GPS with differences of nearly 1 m. The R-SSIaPU method makes phase unwrapping less challenge, especially in the cases with large surface displacements. In addition to mining subsidence, it is believed that the R-SSIaPU method can be used to monitor surface displacements caused by landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and glacier movements.     

基于SBAS技术的金属矿山沉陷规律研究

D-InSAR技术已经发展成为一种重要的地表监测手段,在矿山监测方面已经有较多成功的案例。但是矿山地表沉陷是一个长周期的形变序列,D-InSAR技术由于失相关等因素影响无法获得长周期的时序形变,小基线技术削弱了失相关的影响,可以获得时序的地表形变。文中利用小基线技术分析金属矿山沉陷规律,以某大型锑金属矿山为研究背景,用过14期形变序列探索一定地质采矿条件下的金属矿山的开采沉陷规律。结果表明,金属矿山受重力作用较大,部分区域地表形变受复杂地质构造控制。     

Ground deformation associated with post-mining activity at the French–German border revealed by novel InSAR time series method

We present a novel methodology for integration of multiple InSAR data sets for computation of two dimensional time series of ground deformation. The proposed approach allows combination of SAR data acquired with different acquisition parameters, temporal and spatial sampling and resolution, wavelength and polarization. Produced time series have combined coverage, improved temporal resolution and lower noise level. We apply this methodology for mapping coal mining related ground subsidence and uplift in the Greater Region of Luxembourg along the French–German border. For this we processed 167 Synthetic Aperture Radar ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT images acquired between 1995 and 2009 from one ascending (track 29) and one descending (track 337) tracks and created over five hundred interferograms that were used for time series analysis. Derived vertical and east–west linear deformation rates show with remarkable precision a region of localized ground deformation located above and caused by mining and post-mining activities. Time series of ground deformation display temporal variability: reversal from subsidence to uplift and acceleration of subsidence in the vertical component, and horizontal motion toward the center of the subsidence on the east–west component. InSAR results are validated by leveling measurements collected by the French Geological Survey (BRGM) during 2006–2008. We determined that deformation rate changes are mainly caused by water level variations in the mines. Due to higher temporal and spatial resolution the proposed space-borne method detected a larger number of subsidence and uplift areas in comparison to leveling measurements restricted to annual monitoring of benchmark points along roads. We also identified one deformation region that is not precisely located above the mining sites. Comparison of InSAR measurements with the water levels measured in the mining pits suggest that part of the water that filled the galleries after termination of the dewatering systems may come from this region. Providing that enough SAR data is available, this method opens new opportunities for detecting and locating man-made and natural ground deformation signals with high temporal resolution and precision.     

有偏迭代估计在短基线集形变模型中的应用

进行SBAS技术时,选择的干涉对一般会出现一景影像和其他几景影像干涉的现象,导致构建的线性形变模型病态。在这种情况下,最小二乘法求解SBAS线性形变模型已不太适合。针对这一问题,本文结合Liu估计的有偏迭代法在求解病态线性模型时能够克服病态性对结果的影响,提出将此方法应用到求解SBAS线性形变模型中。以覆盖济宁地区的13景ENVISAT ASAR数据展开了SBAS技术在城市地面沉降监测中的应用实验,分别利用LS法、基于Liu估计的有偏迭代法解算形变模型。结果表明,基于Liu估计的有偏迭代法获得研究区的年平均沉降速率标准差比LS法获得的低1.4,且其求解的结果相较于LS法获得的结果更准确、稳定。