Surface velocity monitoring of Skamri Glacier from 2018 to 2021 based on Landsat-8 images北大核心CSCD

Skamri Glacier is the largest glacier in China, and it is a surge-type glacier. The study on the charac⁃ teristics of glacial movement is of great significance for early warning of glacial disasters caused by glacier surge. In this paper, 20 pairs of Landsat-8 images from 2018 to 2021 were selected to extract the surface veloci⁃ ty of Skamri Glacier using optical image feature tracking method, analyze the uncertainty of velocity, and ana⁃ lyze the temporal and spatial changes characteristics of velocity of the glacier. The results show that there are ob⁃ vious spatial differences in the surface velocity of Skamri Glacier. During the period from January 2018 to June 2019, the velocity of the south tributary of Skamri Glacier is much greater than that of its north tributary（west）, while during the period from June 2019 to November 2021, it presents completely opposite spatial characteris⁃ tics, which is mainly due to the sudden increase of the velocity of the north tributary（west）in June 2019. Ac⁃ cording to the results of velocity changes from 2018 to 2021, it is found that the north tributary（west）surges in June 2019 and is still in the surge period until November 2021. The north tributary（west）glacier terminus will advance about 320 m towards the main glacier from August 2020 to September 2021;The velocity of the south tributary has been very large during the study period, and the maximum velocity reaches 441 m·a-1;The veloci⁃ ty of the north tributary（east）of Skamri Glacier increased sharply in July 2021, and the tributary may surge;The velocity of the main glacier of Skamri Glacier increased significantly after the confluence of the south tribu⁃ tary and the surge of the two north tributaries. In addition, there are temporal and spatial differences in the eleva⁃ tion distribution of the maximum velocity of the main glacier and its tributaries in this area. © 2022 Science Press (China). All rights reserved.     

Response of Glacier and Lake Covariations to Climate Change in Mapam Yumco Basin on Tibetan Plateau during 1974–2003

The study of spatial and temporal covariances of glaciers and lakes would help us to understand the impact of climate change within a basin in Tibet. This study focuses on glacier and lake variations in the Mapam Yumco(玛旁雍错)Basin (covering 7 786.44 km2)by Integrationg series of spatial data from topographic maps and digital satellite images at four different times 1974, 1990, 1999,and 2003. The results indicate that (1) decreased lakes, retreated glaciers, enlarged lakes and advanced glaciers co-exist in the basin during the last 30 years; (2) glacier recession was accelerated in recent years due to the warmer climate; (3) lake areas in the basin are both reduced and enlarged by an accelerated speed with more water supplies from speeding melt glaciers or frozen ground in the last three decades.     

Glacier variations in the Caucasus Mountains from 1960 to 2020北大核心CSCD

Glacial meltwater is an important freshwater resource in the Caucasus and is important for regional irrigation and hydroelectricity generation. This paper analyses the spatial and temporal patterns of glacier change in the Caucasus Mountains from 1960 to 2020 based on Landsat images, coherence images from Sentinel-1 image pairs, GLIMS glacier inventory and WGMS glacier mass balance data. The results of the study show that in 2020 there were 1912 glaciers in the Caucasus Mountains, with a total area of（1 087. 36±66. 44）km2. The total glacier area shrank by（587. 36±98. 66）km2（35. 07±5. 89%）between 1960 and 2020, with an average annual shrinkage rate of（0. 58±0. 10%）·a-1. The area shrinkage rates of Caucasian glaciers for 1960-1986, 1986-2000 and 2000-2020 are（0. 44±0. 20%）·a-1, （0. 66±0. 77%）·a-1 and（0. 96±0. 31%）·a-1, respectively, indicating that Caucasian glaciers in a state of accelerated retreat over the last 60 years. Analysis of mass balance information shows that both the Djankuat and Garabashi glaciers in the Caucasus have been in a strong negative equilibrium for nearly 60 years, with a significant acceleration of mass deficit after 2000. Analysis of climate data suggests that the strong warming is the main reason for the accelerated retreat of glaciers in the Caucasus mountains in recent decades. © 2022 The authors.     

Foreword

China has 46 377 glaciers with a total area of 59 425 km2, which accounts for 11%-14.5% of the total area of mountain glaciers in the world. As one of the largest mountain ranges in Central Asia and Northwest China, the Tianshan contains 15 935 gla-ciers with a total area of 15 416 km2. These glaciers are a vital source of water for more than 100 million people and for wildlife ecosystems in this vast arid and semi-arid land. Urumqi Glacier No. 1, the best monitored glacier in China, is located at the h...     

Characteristics and influencing factors of runoff changes in the upper Shule River basin from 1954 to 2016北大核心CSCD

River runoff is an important water resource in the arid region of northwest China. Under the back⁃ ground of climate change,the exploration on change characteristics and influencing factors of river runoff is of great significance for understanding the law of river hydrological change. Based on the daily discharge of Chang⁃ mabao hydrological station,the observation materials from meteorological stations and radiosonde stations,and the first and second Chinese glacier inventory,the variation characteristics and possible influencing factors of runoff in the upper Shule River were systematically analyzed by using the linear trend,empirical mode decompo⁃ sition and hierarchical multiple regression. The results show that the annual runoff of the upper Shule River showed a significant increasing trend during 1954-2016,with a rate of 1. 00×108 m3·（10a）-1. Both runoff in flood period and non-flood period also showed a similar increasing trend. The runoff suddenly changed in 1999 and had two oscillation periods of about 15a and 7a,among them the 15a oscillation period was the most signifi⁃ cant. Both cumulative positive temperature and precipitation were the main climatic factors affecting the runoff in the upper Shule River,which can explain more than 80% of the runoff change. There was a significant posi⁃ tive correlation between the summer runoff in the upper Shule River and the height of 0 ℃ layer. It means that the height changes of 0 ℃ layer can be used to predict the runoff change of the river in flood period,which provides an important reference for evaluating the runoff change of glacial melt recharge rivers in the arid re⁃ gion of northwest China. From 1966 to 2006,the ice volume in the upper Shule River basin decreased by about 5. 77 km3,indicating that glacier changes play a crucial role in the change and regulation of runoff in the basin. © Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology 2022.     

Mass balance and morphological evolution of the Dokriani Glacier,central Himalaya,India during 1999–2014

Glaciological mass balance(MB)is considered the most direct,undelayed and unfiltered response of the glaciers to climatic perturbations.However,it may inherit errors associated with stake underrepresentation,averaging over the entire glacier and human bias.Therefore,proper validation of glaciological MB with geodetic MB is highly recommended by the World Glacier Monitoring Service(WGMS).The present study focuses on the Dokriani Glacier,central Himalaya which is one of the bench-mark glaciers in the region and has glaciological MB records from 1993 to 2013 with intermittent gaps.In the present study,firstly the glaciological MB series is extended to 2014 i.e.,field-based MB for one more year is computed and,to compare with it,the geodetic MB is computed for the 1999–2014 period using high resolution Cartosat-1 digital elevation model(DEM)and SRTM DEM.Finally,the study assesses the regional representation of the Dokriani Glacier in terms of MB and evaluates the influence of the MB regime on its morphological evolution.Results show that the average glaciological MB(-0.34±0.2 m water equivalent(w.e.)y-1)is more negative than the geodetic MB(-0.23±0.1 m w.e.y-1)for the 1999–2014 period.This is likely because of the partial representation of glacier margins in the glaciological MB,where melting is strikingly low owing to thick debris cover(>30 cm).In contrast,geodetic MB considers all marginal pixels leading to a comparatively low MB.A comparative assessment shows that the MB of Dokriani Glacier is less negative(possibly due to its huge accumulation area)than most other glacier-specific and regional MBs,restricting it to be a representative glacier in the region.Moreover,continuous negative MB has brought a peculiar change in the epiglacial morphology in the lower tongue of the glacier as differential debris thickness-induced differential melting has turned the glacier surface into a concave one.This concavity has led to development of a large(10–20 m deep)supraglacial channel which is expanding incessantly.The supraglacial channel is also connected with the snout wall and accelerates terminus disintegration.Given the total thickness of about 30–50 m in the lower glacier tongue,downwasting at its current pace,deepening/widening of supraglacial channel coupled with rapid terminus retreat may lead to the complete vanishing of the lower one km glacier tongue.     

Seismic Velocity Structure and Composition of the Continental Crust of Eastern China

On the basis of a one-by-one latitude-longitude grid three-dimensional seismic velocity model, the crustal P-wave velocity structure in eastern China (105-125°E and 18-41°N) is obtained, and a set of geotherms for each grid is established for P-T correction on P-wave velocities. The average depths of sub-crustal layers and their average P-wave velocities of 18 tectonic units in eastern China are exhibited. Our result presents a 32-34 km thick crust beneath eastern China, which is thinner than previous studies, with an average velocity of 6.54 km/s, corresponding to a 5 kg/m3 variation in crustal mean density. The thicker upper but thinner middle and lower crust results in a lower average seismic velocity of eastern China. An intermediate crustal composition with a SiO2 content of 59.7 wt% has been estimated. However, there exists a significant lateral variation in the crustal structures among the tectonic units of eastern China. The structure and composition features of some regions in eastern China in     

Heat Flow Pattern in the Mainland of China and Its Geodynamic Significance

On the basis of 723 heat flow measurements in the mainland of China and over 2000 data from the global heat flow data set, the authors compiled the heat flow map of the mainland of China and its adjacent areas to exhibit the overall variation of the heat flow pattern in the mainland. The heat flow pattern of the mainland is complex, and can not be simply summarized as "low in the north and west and high in the south and east". Significant difference exists between eastern and western China in the spatial pattern of heat flow. Divided by the 105°E meridian, heat flow values in eastern China show a westward-decreasing trend; and a northward variation is observed in western China. The high-heat flow regions correspond to tectonically active belts such as Cenozoic orogens and extensional basins, where mantle heat flow is high; and the low-heat flow regions correspond to stable units such as the Tarim and Yangtze platforms. This heat flow pattern is controlled by India-Asia collision in the west and Pacific     

Basal Melt-out Structure in the Luoauan Formation and Its Significance

The Late Precambrian Luoquan Formation occurring on the southern margin of the North China platform is of important significance for the study of the tectonics, palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology and regional stratigraphy of the North China and Yangtze platforms. The origin of diamictites of the formation has long been a subject of controversy. Recently a certain type of cross bedding structure has been recognized in the massive diamictite. Analysis of the process of deposition indicates that the structure was formed by the basal melt-out process of the glacier and, to some extent, its form is the manifestation of the primary structure of basal debris-rich glacial ice. The discovery of this sedimentary structure is inducive to the understanding and reconstruction of the features and environmental conditions for the development of the glaciers in the Luoquan Glacial Epoch.     

挪威山地冰川上雪和粒雪中δ18O的解释及对区域气候的指示意义

Variations of δ18O in the snow which accumulates at a Nordic temperate glacier during the win-ter are not entirely eliminated after a few months of ablation in the following summer. Survive of isotopicsignals closely relates to the re-freezing capacity of snow accumulated in winter when its temperature wasbelow 0 ℃. The melt-water re-freezing ice layers formed in winter hindered subsequent melt-water percolation in summer when snow temperature was at melting point and, therefore, varied isotopic record wasreserved between these ice layers. The isotopic record in snow pack can provide an estimate of the ap-proximate trend of the most recent winter season temperatures. The relationship between regional tem-perature changes and δ18O values in the snow pack is affected by many natural factors, but 1989-1990 (aglacier balance year) winter air temperatures were reflected in the snow which remained on the glacierAustre Okstindbreen at an altitude of 1 350 m in July 1990. There was larger amplitude of variations ofδ18O values in the 4. 1 m of snow above the 1989 summer surface, but variations in the underlying firnwere relatively small. Melt water percolation modifies the initial variations of δ18O values in the snowpack. At a site below the mean equilibrium line altitude on Austre Okstindbreen, increased isotopic bom-ogenization within a ten-day period in July accompanied an increase of the mean δ18O value. Although theisotopic record at a temperate glacier is likely to be influenced by more factors than is that at polar glac-iers, it can provide an estimate of the approximate trend of recent local temperature variations.     

基于Landsat-8影像的北极地区入海冰川流速监测

Landsat-8 OLI因其空间分辨率较高、重复周期适中、高辐射分辨率、高图像获取率（图像质量）的特点,在北极地区大范围冰川流速监测研究中有较大优势。利用2017/2018年格陵兰岛、斯瓦尔巴群岛、北地群岛、法兰士约瑟夫地群岛、德文岛5处北极区域的Landsat-8全色波段数据,采用特征追踪方法提取入海冰川消融期流速。结合MEaSUREs冰川流速数据,分析了198条北极地区入海冰川流速的空间分布特征及其影响因素,同时探究了格陵兰岛Kangerlussuaq冰川流速随时间变化特征。结果表明：与北极其他区域相比,格陵兰岛前缘流速在5~10 m·d^-1及10~20 m·d^-1的入海冰川在数量上最多,最大流速达到了31.62 m·d^-1。而格陵兰岛内部的冰川流速存在差异,北海岸入海冰川平均流速最慢（1.99 m·d^-1）,东海岸平均流速（6.13 m·d^-1）大于西海岸（4.14 m·d^-1）。这种流速空间分布差异可能由冰川规模、冰床地势、海流作用、冰盖消融情况等多种因素共同导致。2018年3—10月期间,Kangerlussuaq冰川前缘流速为21.02~22.87 m·d^-1,整体流速为10.02~11.39 m·d^-1。冰川流速在6—7月和9—10月出现峰值,在8—9月出现低谷,主要缘于冰川融水导致的运动加速和冰川物质平衡变化。     

西藏阿里地区大、小昂龙冰川变化观测研究

在西藏阿里地区狮泉河上游的大、小昂龙冰川开展了连续2年(2014—2016年)的冰川变化地面观测,主要包括冰川表面物质平衡与差分GPS高程变化同步观测,以及冰川表面流速观测,冰川末端观测和冰川雷达测厚.观测结果表明:大、小昂龙冰川表面物质平衡与同期差分GPS观测结果之间存在差异.冰川表面物质平衡结果显示,2014—20...     

东喀喇昆仑山昆常冰川近期跃动特征

研究冰川跃动过程及特征是理解冰川跃动机理的重要途径,目前仍然缺乏详细的冰川跃动过程观测。利用Envisat-1/ASAR、Sentinel-1A、TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X等合成孔径雷达数据,获得了东喀喇昆仑山昆常冰川详细的表面流速与表面高程变化。结果表明：2000—2012年冰川中部隆起,平均增厚（10.19±1.79） m,冰川接收区以消融为主,平均减薄（39.71±1.79） m;2012—2014年冰川主干中部隆起向下迁移,平均增厚（8.21±1.37） m;2018年后积蓄区厚度平均减薄（9.77±3.38） m,接收区平均增厚（19.67±3.38） m。冰川主干表面流速从2007年起增加,并且在2017—2018年内经历过两次快速运动期,两个阶段的最高流速分别达到2.36 m·d^-1和2.12 m·d^-1。根据表面高程变化以及流速变化特征,认为昆常冰川在2007—2019年间发生跃动。时序流速表明,昆常冰川很可能是积蓄区发生微跃动/雪崩形成隆起（跃动前锋）,并且两次快速运动后突然减速发生在夏末,很可能是冰下水文通道打开排水使得冰下静水压力减弱从而导致跃动停止,属于阿拉斯加型跃动。结合ITS_LIVE流速数据分析,初步确定其近两次跃动的间隔约为30年。同时对比时间序列的Landsat图像发现,2004—2005年间昆常冰川南分支发生跃动,致使分支末端的小冰湖消失。     

1993—2016年喀喇昆仑山中部Shigar流域冰川物质平衡变化空间特征研究

基于Landsat系列卫星遥感影像、SRTM DEM和TanDEM-X DEM对喀喇昆仑山中部Shigar流域不同类型冰川的面积变化、物质平衡进行了分析.结果表明:1993—2016年间Shigar流域内有25条跃动冰川(面积增加1.30 km2),68条前进冰川(面积增加0.86 km2),50条退缩冰川(面积减少3...     

天山托木尔峰科其喀尔巴西冰川表面运动速度特征分析

天山托木尔峰科其喀尔巴西冰川是典型的树枝状山谷冰川,利用3组(6期)ASTER遥感影像通过COSI-corr软件反演了该冰川表面运动速度.与花杆测量数据进行对比,反演冰川表面运动速度平均绝对误差为3.1 m·a-1,相对误差为11.9%,二者在空间上的分布基本一致,表明其反演精度符合要求.在此基础上,分析冰川表面运动速...     

1973—2020年阿尔金山冰川面积变化及其对气温变化的响应

研究冰川面积变化对气温变化的响应模式,对于冰川资源的保护和利用具有重要意义。利用Landsat MSS、TM和OLI影像,采用比值阈值法结合目视修正,提取了阿尔金山地区1973—2020年8个时期的冰川边界信息,分析了冰川的时空变化特征,并结合距离阿尔金山较近的且末、若羌、茫崖和冷湖等四个气象站点的气象数据,分析了冰川变化对气温变化的响应规律。主要结论如下：1973—2020年阿尔金山地区冰川整体处于退缩状态,面积减少了（64.89±12.36） km²（19.21%±2.90%）;1973—1990年冰川退缩较快,年均退缩率为（0.49±0.07）%·a^-1;1990—1995年和1995—2000年这两个时期冰川退缩最快,年均退缩率分别为（1.07±0.08）%·a^-1和（1.08±0.08）%·a^-1;2000年后,冰川退缩速率较慢,比较稳定,年均退缩率均低于0.2%·a^-1。气温是影响阿尔金山地区1973—2020年冰川变化的主要气候因子。阿尔金山地区冰川对不同气温变化阶段的响应模式为：气温升高阶段,冰川消融,冰川面积减少;气温稳定阶段,冰川逐渐进入新的动态均衡状态,冰川面积也相对稳定;气温降低阶段,因冰川运动的滞后性,冰川面积在短时间内无明显变化。     

2010-2020年祁连山东段冷龙岭宁缠河1号冰川变化综合观测研究

冰川物质平衡研究对流域内水资源的分配和利用具有重要的指导意义。发源于祁连山的冰川融水是河西走廊和柴达木盆地重要的淡水来源。近年来,祁连山地区的冰川经历了不同程度的退缩,东段退缩尤其明显。基于祁连山东段冷龙岭地区宁缠河1号（NC01）冰川2010—2020年冰川物质平衡观测数据,结合Google Earth高分辨率历史影像、资源3号和哨兵2号卫星影像,以及气象数据,采用冰川学方法,分析了NC01冰川的面积、物质平衡及厚度变化等特征。结果表明：2008—2020年,NC01冰川末端位置持续后退,退缩速率为7.54 m·a^-1;2020年冰川面积为3.32×10⁵ m²,萎缩速率为0.075×10⁵ m²·a^-1。与此对应,2010—2020年冰川物质平衡持续为负,年均物质平衡为-0.98 m w.e.。由此推算,2020年冰川平均厚度减薄至17.52 m,冰量减少至6.83×10⁶ m³。进一步研究显示,自1972年以来,NC01冰川持续减薄,而2010—2020年物质亏损速率要高于1972—2010年,存在着较为明显的后期加速趋势,这与近年来气温的明显升高有关。     

天山南坡科其卡尔巴契冰川度日因子变化特征研究

度日模型是估算冰川消融的一种简单而有效的方法.根据科其卡尔巴契冰川2003年的观测资料,分析了该冰川度日因子的空间变化规律及其影响因素.研究表明:各高度上的度日因子,介于2.0～9.7mm·℃^-1·d^-1之间变化,平均值为5.7mm·℃^-1·d^-1,与青藏高原各冰川及其它地区冰川相比较小;随着海拔的增高,度日因子随之递增;随平均气温的升高而随之递减.由于冰面状况复杂,度日因子变化幅度较大,裸冰区的度日因子明显大于表碛覆盖区.人为测量误差、反照率、地形等对度日因子的影响也不容忽视.     

应用人工干预措施减缓冰川消融试验研究——以达古冰川为例

自20世纪90年代以来,受全球气候变暖的影响,中国冰川呈现全面、加速退缩的趋势。冰川变化引发的水资源时空分布和水循环过程的变化无疑将给中国西部,尤其是西北干旱区的社会经济发展带来深刻影响。为了减缓冰川消融速率,提高中国适应气候变暖的能力,开展了一系列人工减缓冰川消融试验研究。具体是在2020年8月5日—10月17日,以达古17号冰川为研究标靶,进行人工干预减缓冰川消融试验,即在冰川表面覆盖光热阻隔物——土工织物,并在试验期间,观测了试验区域与非试验区域的冰川消融情况。结果表明：试验期内,试验区的冰川消融速率为0.011 m w.e.?d^-1,非试验区冰川消融速率为0.017 m w.e.?d^-1,试验区冰川消融速率明显低于非试验区;500 m²的土工织物使达古冰川试验区域减少了204 m³ w.e.的冰川消融,使得总消融量减少了34%;覆盖光热阻隔物虽能有效减缓冰川消融过程,但受成本、环境及人力等因素制约,仅可以向西北部小冰川或冰川旅游景点推广。本次人工干预减缓冰川消融试验在一定程度上填补了中国应对冰川消融工程措施方面的空白,为以后进行工程类减缓冰川消融的试验奠定了基础,但是目前还处于初步研究阶段,需要更多的控制性试验来验证其在未来更大的时空尺度上的有效性。