基于AUKF的框架结构离线模型更新混合试验方法

模型更新混合试验在传统混合试验方法的基础上更新与试验构件具有相同恢复力特性的构件,扩展了混合试验方法的应用范围。本文旨在提高模型更新混合试验的精度,降低试验的成本并简化模型更新混合试验方法的流程。自适应UKF(AUKF)算法在传统UKF的基础上加入方差自适应模块,能够减轻初始参数设定对参数识别结果的影响,本文基于AUKF提出一种模型更新混合试验方法。对以Bouc-Wen为恢复力模型的防屈曲约束支撑(BRB)进行低周反复加载虚拟试验,通过Matlab编制AUKF算法程序进行参数识别,验证了AUKF算法的高效准确性。对一榀8层4跨带BRB的钢框架进行混合试验数值仿真,结果表明离线模型更新试验结果较在线模型更新更接近真实结果,且简化了试验流程。     

足尺钢框架振动台试验及动力弹塑性数值模拟

本文通过有限元分析程序OpenSees对一足尺四层钢框架结构进行静力及动力弹塑性分析,结构构件采用自由度较少的纤维模型模拟。在振动台试验之前,预测足尺钢框架结构连续在小震、中震及大震作用下的响应,将预测分析结果与振动台试验结果进行对比,结果显示该数值模拟方法能很好地反映结构的弹塑性行为及破坏机制,准确预测结构的地震响应及大震下结构倒塌时间。这进一步说明基于纤维模型的整体结构弹塑性分析方法,由于自由度数少,适用于整体结构抗震分析。     

型钢混凝土异形柱恢复力特性的试验研究

为了研究型钢混凝土异形柱的抗震性能,进行了17根型钢混凝土异形柱模型的拟静力试验,得到了型钢混凝土异形柱模型在低周反复荷载作用下的滞回曲线和P-△骨架曲线。通过试验结果的分析,给出了各关键点的试验数据及刚度退化规律,建议型钢混凝土异形柱恢复力模型采用双线型模型和退化三线型模型,并给出了恢复力模型各阶段刚度参数的计算公式,为型钢混凝土异形柱的非线性地震反应分析提供了理论参考。     

高含钢率钢骨混凝土柱试验和恢复力模型

进行了四个高含钢率钢骨混凝土柱的拟静力试验,试验结果表明其抗震性能接近钢结构构件:具有承载力高、延性大、滞回曲线饱满等特点。在此基础上,分析了此种结构的滞回特征,构建了基于水平力和侧移关系的高含钢率钢骨混凝土柱的恢复力模型,给出了参数确定方法。与试验曲线进行对比,两者形态接近,关键参数吻合良好。     

高阶单步力控制拟动力试验方法研究

本文采用高阶单步力控制试验方法,提出了减少试验误差的若干处理技术,进行了三层底部框支配筋砌块短肢砌体剪力墙足尺结构的拟动力试验,实现了大刚度多自由度复杂结构拟动力试验。试验结果表明,足尺拟动力试验可以很好地反映结构在真实地震作用下的反应,而采用力控制试验方法在结构恢复力特性进入下降段之前是可行的。     

大空间地下结构地震响应混合试验研究

基于OpenSees-OpenFresco-MTS混合试验系统,选取关键构件底层中柱,进行大空间地下结构地震响应混合试验研究。在混合试验过程中,取结构底层中柱为试验子结构,取结构剩余部分与土体为数值子结构。为了满足试验要求,开发了一种专用于混合试验的可变刚度钢构件。通过更换柱脚螺杆改变试验装置侧向刚度。在混合试验前,根据数值模型中对应单元侧向刚度确定钢构件侧向刚度;根据幅值比和相位差等频域指标评价混合试验结果。试验结果显示:在上海人工波工况、El Centro波工况和Kobe波工况中,理论结果与试验结果匹配良好。在以大空间地下结构地震响应为研究对象时,基于OpenSees-OpenFresco-MTS的混合试验系统具有良好的稳定性与精确性。     

子结构地震模拟振动台混合试验原理与实现

为了解决地震模拟振动台承载能力及台面尺寸对大型结构试验的限制,扩展振动台的功能,本文提出了子结构地震模拟振动台混合试验方法、试验过程及实时数值积分方法,并给出了试验子结构边界条件的两种模拟形式.通过一个简单框架结构的地震模拟振动台试验和子结构混合加载试验验证了该方法的可行性,并指出了该试验方法的主要技术问题.混合试验方法通过子结构技术和振动台试验相结合,解决了目前的地震模拟振动台试验和拟动力试验在设备规模和加载速度上的局限性.     

位移控制的子结构地震模拟振动台混合试验方法

为了解决地震模拟振动台承载能力及台面尺寸对大型结构试验的限制,扩展振动台的功能,提出了位移控制子结构地震模拟振动台混合试验方法,包括试验原理、试验过程及数值积分方法,并给出了2种子结构边界条件的模拟形式.通过1个简单框架结构的地震模拟振动台试验和子结构混合加载试验验证了该方法的可行性,并指出了该试验方法的主要技术问题.混合试验方法通过子结构技术和振动台试验相结合,解决了目前的地震模拟振动台试验和拟动力试验在设备规模和加载速度上的局限性.     

外伸式端板连接型钢-混凝土组合节点恢复力模型研究

通过对7个外伸式端板连接蜂窝钢梁-复合焊接环式箍筋混凝土柱节点组合试件进行低周反复荷载作用下的拟静力试验,分析了不同的螺栓数量、直径以及不同排列方式下节点的抗震性能,建立了该种组合节点的恢复力模型。试验结果表明:螺栓数目多、直径大的试件,抗震性能好;8个螺栓排成四行两列的节点为最合理的节点形式;建议的恢复力模型骨架曲线与试验骨架曲线符合较好,可供外伸式端板连接型钢梁-混凝土柱组合节点组成框架结构的弹塑性地震反应分析参考。     

巨型钢柱空间滞回特性的试验研究

巨型钢柱是巨型钢框架结构的关键受力构件,组成杆件多,构造复杂,建立其空间恢复力模型是进行巨型框架简化弹塑性地震反应分析的必要条件。通过两端简支巨型钢柱在双向水平往复荷载下的伪静力试验,研究了其空间滞回特性和模拟方法,为将巨型钢柱折算为等效单一柱提供了试验依据。     

Full-scale hybrid test for realistic verification of a seismic upgrading technique of RC frames by BRBs

Scientific research proposing any type of device/technique for seismic protection of buildings is generally based on numerical models that adopt simplifications to make possible extensive analyses. This means that important details of the inelastic response could be neglected. Following this consideration, regardless of the device/technique invented, before it could be put into practice, an experimental verification of the actual structural performance should be conducted by full-scale tests at building level. This issue is investigated in the paper considering seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures by buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) as technique to be validated, while hybrid test is selected as tool for experimental validation at building level. The analysed seismic upgrading technique consists in the insertion of BRBs into the RC frame. The upgrading intervention is designed by a method developed in previous studies. This technique responds to an important need of the society. Indeed, existing RC frames showed high vulnerability in occurrence of past earthquakes when they were not originally conceived to sustain horizontal forces. The hybrid test is selected among the available experimental techniques because it allows the experimentation on full-scale specimens with reasonable cost. In this study, a substructure hybrid test was conducted and the results are here presented to (a) evaluate the effectiveness of the design method of BRBs for seismic upgrading, (b) investigate the integration of BRBs in existing RC frame, and (c) show the potentiality of the substructure hybrid test for the experimental verification of innovative techniques for seismic protection of buildings.     

Hybrid simulation of steel frame structures with sectional model updating

Hybrid simulations that combine numerical computations and physical experiment represent an effective method of evaluating the dynamic response of structures. However, it is sometimes impossible to take all the uncertain or nonlinear parts of the structure as the physical substructure. Thus, the modeling errors of the numerical part can raise concerns. One method of solving this problem is to update the numerical model by estimating its parameters from experimental data online. In this paper, an online model updating method for the hybrid simulation of frame structures is proposed to reduce the errors of nonlinear modeling of numerical substructures. To obtain acceptable accuracy with acceptable extra computation efforts as a result of model parameter estimation, the sectional constitutive model is adopted, therein considering axial‐force and bending‐moment coupling; moreover, the unscented Kalman filter is used for parameter estimation of the sectional model. The effectiveness of the sectional model updating with the unscented Kalman filter is validated via numerical analyses and actual hybrid tests on a full‐scale steel frame structure, with one column as the experimental substructure loaded by three actuators to guarantee the consistency of the boundary conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Equivalent force control method for substructure pseudo‐dynamic test of a full‐scale masonry structure

The effectiveness of equivalent force control (EFC) method has been experimentally validated through hybrid tests with simple specimens. In this paper, the EFC method is applied for the MDOF pseudo‐dynamic substructure tests in which a three‐storey frame‐supported reinforced concrete masonry shear wall with full scale is chosen as physical substructure. The effects of equivalent force controller parameters on the response performance are studied. Analytical expressions for the controller parameter ranges are derived to avoid response overshooting or oscillation and are verified by numerical simulation. The controller parameters are determined based on analytical and numerical studies and used in the actual full‐scale pseudo‐dynamic test. The test results show good tracking performance of EFC, which indicates a successful test. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Implementation of online model updating in hybrid simulation

Hybrid simulation combines numerical and experimental methods for cost‐effective, large‐scale testing of structures under simulated earthquake loading. Structural system level response can be obtained by expressing the equation of motion for the combined experimental and numerical substructures, and solved using time‐stepping integration similar to pure numerical simulations. It is often assumed that a reliable model exists for the numerical substructures while the experimental substructures correspond to parts of the structure that are difficult to model. A wealth of data becomes available during the simulation from the measured experiment response that can be used to improve upon the numerical models, particularly if a component with similar structural configuration and material properties is being tested and subjected to a comparable load pattern. To take advantage of experimental measurements, a new hybrid test framework is proposed with an updating scheme to update the initial modeling parameters of the numerical model based on the instantaneously‐measured response of the experimental substructures as the test progresses. Numerical simulations are first conducted to evaluate key algorithms for the selection and calibration of modeling parameters that can be updated. The framework is then expanded to conduct actual hybrid simulations of a structural frame model including a physical substructure in the laboratory and a numerical substructure that is updated during the tests. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated for a simple frame structure but is extendable to more complex structural behavior and models. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

斜向荷载作用下锈蚀RC矩形墩抗震性能拟静力试验及易损性分析

为探究锈蚀钢筋混凝土(RC)桥墩在非正交水平荷载下的抗震性能,设计制作了4个不同加载角度构件进行拟静力实验,并利用OpenSees软件构建非线性有限元纤维模型,分析不同地震动入射角对其地震易损性的影响。结果发现：拟静力实验中,加载角度偏近弱轴,最大侧向力和屈服强度降低,达到最大侧向力的位移和屈服位移减小,极限强度降低,刚度和耗能能力下降,抗震性能减弱,但对位移延性系数影响较小;易损性分析发现：RC桥墩不同破坏状态对应的失效概率随PGA增大而增大。在PGA不变时,相同破坏状态下的失效概率随地震动入射角度由强轴趋向弱轴而增大。所做工作能为锈蚀RC桥墩的地震风险评估提供试验基础。     

Parameter identification for on‐line model updating in hybrid simulations using a gradient‐based method

To improve the efficiency of model fitting, parameter identification techniques have been actively investigated. Recently, the applications of parameter identification migrated from off‐line model fitting to on‐line model updating. The objective of this study is to develop a gradient‐based method for model updating to advance hybrid simulation also called hybrid test. A novel modification of the proposed method, which can reduce the number of design variables to improve the identification efficiency, is illustrated in detail. To investigate the model updating, simulated hybrid tests were conducted with a 5‐story steel frame equipped with buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) utilized in the shaking table tests conducted in E‐Defense in Japan in 2009. The calibrated analytical model that was verified with the test results can serve as the reference model. In the simulated hybrid tests, the physical BRB substructure is numerically simulated by utilizing a truss element with the 2‐surface model identical to the part of the reference model. Such numerical verification allows simulation of measurement errors for investigation on the performance of the proposed method. Moreover, the feasibility of sharing the identified parameter values, which were obtained from the physical substructure responses, with the relevant numerical models is also verified with the artificial component responses derived from the physical experiments.     

Hybrid experimental performance of a full‐scale two‐story buckling‐restrained braced RC frame

This paper proposes a novel implementation of buckling‐restrained braces (BRB) in new reinforced concrete (RC) frame construction. Seismic design and analysis methods for using a proposed steel cast‐in anchor bracket (CAB) to transfer normal and shear forces between the BRB and RC members are investigated. A full‐scale two‐story RC frame with BRBs (BRB‐RCF) is tested using hybrid and cyclic loading test procedures. The BRBs were arranged in a zigzag configuration and designed to resist 70% of the story shear. The gusset design incorporates the BRB axial and RCF actions, while the beam and column members comply with ACI 318‐14 seismic design provisions. Test results confirm that the BRBs enhanced the RCF stiffness, strength, and ductility. The hysteresis energy dissipation ratios in the four hybrid tests range from 60% to 94% in the two stories, indicating that BRBs can effectively dissipate seismic input energy. When the inter‐story drift ratio for both stories reached 3.5% in the cyclic loading test, the overall lateral force versus deformation response was still very stable. No failure of the proposed steel CABs and RC discontinuity regions was observed. This study demonstrates that the proposed design and construction methods for the CABs are effective and practical for real applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Inelastic response analysis of reinforced concrete structures using modified force analogy method

A modified force analogy method (MFAM) is developed to simulate the nonlinear inelastic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Beam–column elements with three different plastic mechanisms are utilized to simulate inelastic response caused by moment and shear force. A multi‐linear hysteretic model is implemented to simulate the nonlinear inelastic response of RC member. The P‐Δ effect of the structure is also addressed in MFAM. Static and dynamic inelastic response of structure, damage condition and failure type for structural element, structural limit state and collapse time can also be simulated using MFAM. Compared with the general algorithm, the MFAM provides less computational time especially in the case of large structural system. It is also easier to be written as computer program. Three test data groups, which include cyclic loading test data of a non‐ductile RC bridge column, a two‐storey RC frame, and dynamic collapse test data of a non‐ductile RC portal frame, are selected to confirm the effectiveness of applying MFAM to simulate the inelastic behaviour of structures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stability analysis for real‐time pseudodynamic and hybrid pseudodynamic testing with multiple sources of delay

Real‐time pseudodynamic (PSD) and hybrid PSD test methods are experimental techniques to obtain the response of structures, where restoring force feedback is used by an integration algorithm to generate command displacements. Time delays in the restoring force feedback from the physical test structure and/or the analytical substructure cause inaccuracies and can potentially destabilize the system. In this paper a method for investigating the stability of structural systems involved in real‐time PSD and hybrid PSD tests with multiple sources of delay is presented. The method involves the use of the pseudodelay technique to perform an exact mapping of fixed delay terms to determine the stability boundary. The approach described here is intended to be a practical one that enables the requirements for a real‐time testing system to be established in terms of system parameters when multiple sources of delay exist. Several real‐time testing scenarios with delay that include single degree of freedom (SDOF) and multi‐degree of freedom (MDOF) real‐time PSD/hybrid PSD tests are analyzed to illustrate the method. From the stability analysis of the real‐time hybrid testing of an SDOF test structure, delay‐independent stability with respect to either experimental or analytical substructure delay is shown to exist. The conditions that the structural properties must satisfy in order for delay‐independent stability to exist are derived. Real‐time hybrid PSD testing of an MDOF structure equipped with a passive damper is also investigated, where observations from six different cases related to the stability plane behavior are summarized. Throughout this study, root locus plots are used to provide insight and explanation of the behavior of the stability boundaries. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.