三江源隆宝高寒湿地不同云系降水雨滴谱特征

利用2019年5～10月布设于三江源地区隆宝高寒湿地的激光雨滴谱仪观测资料,分析高原山区夏秋季层状云降水和对流云降水雨滴微物理特征、平均雨滴谱分布、下落速度及Z-R关系.结果表明:三江源隆宝地区夏秋季对流云降水和层状云降水的雨滴微物理特征具有一定程度的相似性,对流云降水雨滴微物理参量略大于层状云降水;层状云降水和对流云...     

昭苏夏季层状云和对流云降水的雨滴谱特征

利用2020—2021年昭苏地区夏季的雨滴谱数据，研究层状云和对流云降水的微物理参量及雨滴谱特征。结果表明：对流云降水的粒子数浓度和粒子直径明显偏大，较大的粒子直径和粒子数浓度使得其降水强度和液态含水量远大于层状云降水。两类降水云的雨滴谱均为单峰结构，峰值直径主要分布在0.5～0.625 mm，对流云降水的雨滴谱谱宽明显大于层状云降水。两类降水云的雨滴直径和粒子数浓度与青藏高原中部的观测值相近，且昭苏地区的对流云滴谱更倾向于大陆性对流簇。研究结果有助于加深对昭苏地区降水的微物理特征及其演变规律的理解。     

哈尔滨地区层状云降水微物理特征

利用GBPP－100型地面雨滴谱仪在哈尔滨地区所获得的春夏季降水雨滴谱资料，分析了哈尔滨地区层状云降水的雨滴谱分布、微物理参量及其起伏特征。     

成都地区雨滴谱特征

选取成都信息工程学院气象观测场LNM激光雨滴谱仪获得的2009—2011年175次降水过程的观测资料,依据产生降水云的性质进行统计分类,基于微物理特征参量讨论了成都地区积云、积层混合云以及层状云降水雨滴谱的总体特征,同时结合3个典型个例的微结构参量进行对比分析。结果表明:成都地区积云降水和积层混合云降水的雨滴谱比层状云宽且雨滴数密度比层状云多,特别是在大雨滴和甚小雨滴部分;4种反映雨滴谱特性的特征直径从大到小依次为积云降水、积层混合云降水、层状云降水;成都地区层状云降水的雨强主要来自于小雨滴,而积云降水和积层混合云降水的雨强主要来自于大雨滴;雨强取决于大雨滴的数量,小雨滴贡献率与雨强呈负相关,中数体积直径对雨强变化有一定指示作用。对成都地区雨滴谱特征的研究,有利于进一步了解该地区降水的微物理特性及成雨机制,为降水数值预报工作积累资料和经验。     

一次层状云降水空中地面雨滴谱特征观测研究

利用2010年5月27日,祁县、介休一次层状云降水过程中地面、空中观测的雨滴谱资料,分析了山西层状云降水过程中地面、空中雨滴谱特征,并对地面和空中雨滴谱进行比较。     

山东三类降水云雨滴谱分布特征的观测研究

利用激光雨滴谱仪2009年8月—2010年10月观测获取的滴谱资料,分析了山东省三类云降水雨滴微结构参量特征及滴谱随降水过程的演变特征。按照降水云系不同分别对各微物理参量进行比较,结果表明,各值由大到小排序依次均为积雨云、混合云和层状云。三类云降水过程中雨强与雨滴数浓度和最大直径间存在较好的相关关系;层状云和混合云降水以直径小于2 mm的雨滴为主,而积雨云降水以1~3 mm的雨滴对雨强贡献最大。层状云降水雨滴谱很窄,呈单峰或双峰型;积雨云降水雨滴谱宽,在大滴端呈多峰结构;混合云降水谱宽介于前两者之间。另外,统计得到该地区三类云降水的Z-I关系式,为雷达定量测量降水提供了一定的参考。     

庐山层状云和对流云雨滴谱比较分析

本文从庐山近3 a的雨滴谱观测资料中选取数例层状云降水和对流云降水个例,通过对两类云降水的平均雨滴谱分析拟合、各微物理量演变以及速度谱的对比研究,得出以下结论:庐山对流云降水的平均雨滴谱很宽,有直径大于10 mm的大雨滴出现。Γ分布,对层状云降水拟合,较MP分布差,而对对流云降水拟合,较MP分布好。两类云降水的雨强变化都是由最大雨滴直径和粒子数浓度共同决定的,但对于对流云降水,最大雨滴直径的决定作用更为重要。雨滴直径较小时,两类云降水的实测速度大于经验公式值;而雨滴直径较大时,实测速度值分布在经验公式曲线两侧,但对流云降水的分布偏差要大于层状云降水。     

一次河南省春季层状云降水的地面雨滴谱特征

2002年4月4-5日河南省出现了层状云降水天气，临颖、孟津两站进行了地面雨滴谱观测。通过对降水过程中两站的雨滴微物理参量和雨滴谱的对比分析，指出河南层状云降水的雨滴平均直径为10～mm，雨滴数密度为10^2个／m ^3，占雨滴总数较小的大雨滴对雨强的贡献较大。锋前暖区雨滴的平均直径比锋后冷区雨滴平均直径小，雨滴数密度比锋后冷区大，但冷区降水强度大于暖区。在层状云降水过程中，暖区雨滴谱型由宽谱双峰型演变为窄谱单峰型，冷区雨滴谱型由宽谱单峰型演变为窄谱单峰型。雨滴平均直径的起伏暖区要大于冷区，这与暖区中云系结构不均匀及云中对流有关。     

雨滴谱的变化对降水估测的影响研究

选取2013年5月20日发生在广东三水的一次飑线过程作为研究对象,首先结合飑线回波带移经三水及其上空雷达回波的时间-高度分布特征将降水过程划分为3个阶段,然后通过计算各时刻的粒子总数密度、中值体积直径和峰值数分析降水过程雨滴谱的变化,再对Z-R关系(Z=aR~b)进行分析,根据雨滴谱实测资料分别统计整体Z—R关系和3个降水阶段的Z—R关系,在此基础上讨论雨滴谱的变化和雷达观测的回波强度对降水估计的影响。结果表明:中值体积直径在对流云降水阶段和层状云降水阶段基本一致,但对流云降水阶段的粒子总数密度远大于层状云降水阶段;对流云降水阶段以双峰型为主,当降水向层状云类型发展时,多峰谱比例增加;雷达观测的回波强度常低于雨滴谱计算的反射率因子,离地面越近两者的相关性越好;根据3个降水阶段分别进行Z—R关系拟合,即分型Z-R关系,通过相对误差分析可知,利用分型Z—R关系反演雨强的效果明显优于整体Z-R关系反演效果,雨滴谱在层化降水阶段估计的相对误差最小、对流云降水阶段反演精度稍低于层状云降水阶段,这与对流云降水中雨强和雨滴谱谱型变化大且快有关;在雷达观测方面,利用分型Z-R关系反演雨强的相对误差较小而雷达观测的误差在对流云降水阶段较小,当降水向层状云降水转化时,雷达观测引起的相对误差增大,这主要是由于对流云降水阶段中雨滴谱仪和雷达对应的回波强度误差最小,也与雷达观测精度、两种仪器采样的时空差异和雨滴谱特征变化等因素有关。     

地面激光雨滴谱仪反演降水参量的特性探究

采用河南省2016—2017年100个日降水资料,对比分析雨滴谱反演回波与雷达回波的差异、雨滴谱反演降水强度与雨量计观测降水强度的差异;进行雨滴谱Gamma拟合,以探究河南省雨滴谱分布及降水云系类型;进行Z-I关系拟合,以探究河南省降水回波与降水强度的关系。结果表明:(1)雨滴谱反演回波、雷达观测回波的变化趋势具有较好一致性。而前者普遍小于后者,其可能原因:一是雷达通过最低仰角观测到的地面雨滴谱仪上方回波与地面雨滴谱仪之间存在一定高度差,二是雨滴下落时的蒸发、破碎过程,使到达地面的雨滴直径减小。(2)雨滴谱反演的降水强度与雨量计观测的降水强度相比,存在一定差异,但无显著偏大或偏小规律性特征。(3)对流云及层积混合云的雨滴谱宽大于层状云,中等尺度雨滴数密度较大。层状云的小水滴数密度较大。河南省大部分降水过程为雨滴谱较窄的层状云降水。(4)河南省降水回波与降水强度的拟合公式:Z=262I~(1.34),层状云拟合公式:Z=219I~(1.30),对流云拟合公式:Z=307I~(1.38)。(5)雨滴数浓度较高月份为6—7月(1500个·m~(-3)左右),降水强度较高月份为8—10月(60 mm·h~(-1)),雨滴最大直径较高月份为4—8月(4.3～4.8 mm),雨滴平均直径较高月份为3—4月(3 mm左右)。雨滴数浓度、降水强度、最大直径、平均直径的月份特征变化无一致性。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;