塔东地区上奥陶统层序地层特征

通过大量的地震、钻井、录井、测井等资料分析,针对塔里木东部地区(简称塔东地区)上奥陶统进行了层序地层和沉积学方面的研究,结果表明,塔东地区上奥陶统可识别出1个二级层序、3个三级层序,自下而上分别是层序SQ1、SQ2和SQ3。层序SQ1识别出TST体系域,为一套深水盆地沉积,发育深水盆地、浊流沉积;层序SQ2可三分为LST、TST和HST体系域,LST体系域发育海退背景下的陆架边缘三角洲沉积,TST体系域为快速水进期,发育海相泥岩沉积,HST发育高水位滨岸沉积;SQ3发育浅海沉积,主要为三角洲—滨岸沉积体系。地层层序发育和沉积相分布受控于构造运动、沉积物源供给和相对海平面升降3个因素。3套层序的划分明确了塔东地区上奥陶统潜在的源岩层、储层和盖层的分布,其中层序SQ1为有利的烃源岩层、SQ2陆架边缘三角洲是潜在的有利储层,SQ3发育的滨岸砂岩为已经证实的油气藏。     

闭流坳陷湖盆的气候层序

闭流坳陷湖盆以发育气候层序为特征,在理想条件下,气候三级周期的变化基本符合正弦曲线;一个完整的闭流坳陷湖盆气候层序Ⅰ型层序应包括4个体系域:低水位进积楔体系域、水进体系域、高位体系域和强制水退楔体系域;同样一个完整的闭流坳陷湖盆气候层序Ⅱ型层序应包括3个体系域:水进体系域、高位体系域和强制水退边缘体系域。这些体系域在气候周期变化的曲线上有相应的位置,层序界面则位于基准面变化的最低点。     

晚更新世以来南黄海中部进积体序列与古河流系统

通过高分辨率浅地层剖面声学地层与钻孔沉积地层的综合对比分析,系统研究了晚更新世以来南黄海中部海域的层序地层序列及其对海平面变化的响应。研究显示,基于高分辨率浅地层剖面自老至新划分的6个声学地层单元（U5、U4、U3、U2、U1-2、U1-1）与钻孔划分的沉积地层单元密切相关。MIS4期与末次冰盛期低海面时期发育的2个层序界面（R4、R2）,将研究区晚更新世以来的层序地层自下而上划分为3个层序（SQ3、SQ2、SQ1）,并识别出3期进积体序列与2期古河流系统。MIS5期与MIS3期高海面及海平面下降期间的2期东向进积体序列主要包括高位体系域与强制海退体系域,对应浅海—滨海沉积,厚度分别由西部的24 m与40 m向东明显变薄,而全新世高海面以来向海的进积体序列主要对应高位体系域,与长江源的浅海相泥质沉积相关,最大厚度超过16 m。研究区MIS4期和末次冰盛期发育的2期古河流系统与低位体系域相对应,最大沉积厚度分别超过36 m与24 m,均与长江及黄河密切相关,影响范围延伸至黄海槽及其以东海域,尤其末次冰盛期最远可达济州岛附近海域。     

松辽盆地泉四段扶余油层地层层序新认识

松辽盆地泉四段扶余油层发育浅水湖泊三角洲相和浅水湖泊相，沉积构造环境属于闭塞浅水坳陷湖盆，其层序特征类似于稳定克拉通盆地层序，也类似于缓坡被动大陆边缘型盆地层序，气候是控制陆相坳陷盆地层序形成的主要因素，三级层序内总体应表现为水进体系域-高位体系域构成1个完整的层序，而低位体系域不发育。通过岩心、录井、地震等资料研究分析，认为泉四段扶余油层是1个三级层序，发育水进体系域和顶部薄层强制水退边缘体系域；泉四段与泉三段地层分界是其层序的底界；泉四段顶界地震反射层T2也是层序边界，是泉四段三级层序的顶界。精确识别和建立地层层序格架对石油勘探开发具有重要的指导意义。     

琼东南盆地陵水组层序格架及沉积体系的时空配置关系

利用层序地层学、沉积学原理和方法,对琼东南盆地古近系陵水组进行了层序划分和沉积体系时空配置关系的研究。建立了陵水组的层序地层格架,将其划分为Els3、ElS2和Elsl三个三级层序,其层序和体系域变化主要受控于凹陷内沉降中心的分布位置,沉积主要受控于盆地边缘的断坡带。每个三级层序低位体系域发育局限,海侵与高位体系域发育。沉积体系构成以扇三角洲、三角洲、滨海平原和浅海为主。探讨了沉积体系的演化,总结了其时空配置关系的特点。     

地震多属性在少井区和无井区沉积体系分析中的应用——以渤中西环BZ3-1区块沙河街组为例

钻井和地震资料的丰富程度决定了储层预测研究精度。在多井区,利用地震属性及单井沉积相来确定平面沉积相,研究精度高;而在少井、无井区的海域,如何利用地震资料进行沉积储层研究,至今没有一个成熟的方法。渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷西环BZ3-1区钻井较少,完整钻遇到沙河街组的井则更少,以该区的沙河街组为例,基于地震多属性分析技术,结合古地貌分析,半定量确定研究区的沉积体系分布特征。通过三维可视化技术和切片技术的高精度三维沉积体系分析表明,由于三级层序发育于二级层序的不同体系域,会导致三级层序的体系域沉积体发育特征的不同。沙三段SQsl3层序发育于二级层序的低位体系域(LST),其低位体系域的扇体规模要远远大于高位体系域(HST)的扇体;SQs3m层序发育于二级层序的水进体系域(HST),其低位体系域三角洲朵体规模与高位体系域的三角洲朵体相当;SQs3u层序发育于二级层序的高位体系域,其高位体系域三角洲朵体规模远远大于低位体系域的三角洲朵体。     

东海北部外陆架MIS 6以来的沉积地层格架及古环境演化

利用最新采集的高分辨率浅地层剖面资料,结合SHD-1钻孔岩心资料,对东海北部外陆架MIS 6以来的地层结构进行了分析,建立了MIS 6以来的沉积地层格架,并对地层的地质年代进行了厘定。根据Octavian Catuneanu(2005)的层序地层学理论,研究区地层划分出海侵和高位体系域、下降期体系域、海退和低位体系域。研究表明,过孔的浅地层剖面与钻孔岩心的沉积地层有很好的对应关系。东海北部外陆架MIS 6以来可划分出7个不整合界面(D7—D1)和7个地震单元(SU_7—SU_1)。东海外陆架的海进层序与海退层序有规律地交替发育,它们与海平面变化曲线也有很好的对应关系。其中,地震单元SU_1、SU_5分别为MIS 1、MIS 5形成的海侵沉积,主要发育浅海沉积层,100 m以浅的位置发育潮流沙脊;地震单元SU_2、SU_4、SU_6分别对应MIS 2、MIS 4和MIS 6低海平面时期形成的河流/河口—三角洲沉积;地震单元SU3、SU4为下降期体系域,这两个亚单元分别对应MIS 3和MIS 4晚期。MIS 4—MIS 3发育厚层且分布广泛的水下三角洲,但MIS 4发育的水下三角洲的规模不及MIS 3大。总之,对MIS 6以来沉积地层格架的建立和古环境研究可为东海外陆架晚第四纪地层的海平面变化、古环境演化等相关研究提供参考。     

南海纳土纳台地的演化及层序地层学

通过综合地层、测井及岩心资料，我们将南海纳土纳台寺中新世特隆布组碳酸盐岩划分出七个完整的沉积层序，每个层序包括低水位体系域，海侵体系域及凝缩层和高水位体系域。     

南沙群岛海域北康盆地生物礁高精度层序地层学及其新近纪生物礁层序演化模式

新近系生物礁油气储层是南海含油气盆地油气勘探两大主力目的层系之一,过去有关其高精度层序地层学和层序演化模式的研究不多.为此,通过对北康盆地2万余公里地震资料的精细解释和钻井资料的综合研究,获得了以下重要成果:1)识别划分出该盆地新近纪11条主要等时界面、7个三级层序和基本层序组.2)描述了生物礁低位体系域、海侵体系域和高位体系域地震反射结构特征.3)提出南海首个中中新世生物礁高精度层序演化模式,代表中中新世(16.3-10.4Ma BP)海宁期(T13-T2)生物礁的剖面形态,含由1个低位体系域层序单元+5个高位体系域层序单元构成的一个典型海进体系域和由1个早期高位体系域层序单元+1个晚期高位体系域层序单元构成的1个典型高位体系域;可见中中新世完整海进-海退旋回生物礁发生、发展和消亡的过程.通过与曾母盆地中新世生物礁解释剖面对比,指出该模式具有区域性古海洋学代表意义.4)通过对L礁、西琛一井和南海-地中海中新世古海洋演化研究,确定研究区中中新世分别发育5-8个海平面升降旋回,形成晚中新世"南中国海事件",具有冰川型海退性质,可与全球和南海北部特别是与"Missinian"事件对比;确定北康盆地乃至南海新近系生物礁形成至逐渐消亡,也是新构造运动与新近纪古海洋事件共同作用的结果.5)指出L礁气田发现有9.8Ma BP、13.8Ma BP、14.5Ma BP和15.5Ma BP等多个层序界面,分别系高孔渗层段;同期南海礁型油气圈闭层序界面当为优良储层;若其为油气充满,则油气"高产"或构成"高压气包".以上成果,将有助于对全球变化及南海古海洋区域响应过程与结果的理解,并对南海的油气勘探有启示作用.     

中国东部沿海平原第四系层序类型

据渤海湾西岸、长江三角洲地区钻孔资料,确定在构造沉降背景下形成的中国东部沿海平原第四系见两类层序。超过0.10Ma周期的大洪泛事件,分别发生在约2.60、0.8、0.5(?)和0.15Ma前后,相当于层序地层的水进体系域,在天津北部平原系华北盆地北边缘山体周期性隆升,在长江一线是附近低山丘陵周期性隆升的表现,反映沿海平原环境变化对西部构造-气候旋回的响应。MIS5以来沿海出现受全球海面变化控制的3期10ka级海侵,结合海域研究可以确定MIS1期间出现完整的海侵-海退层序,沿海平原10ka开始的全新世沉积为高位体系域,7～10ka基底泥炭作为最大海进面,在下切河谷内可见14C测年早于10ka的泥炭。     

Architecture of a forced regressive systems tract in the Turonian Ferron “Notom Delta”, southern Utah, U.S.A.

The large-scale stratigraphic architecture of forced regressive deposits has been documented in many previous studies. Bed-scale facies architectural analyses of these deposits, however, are still very limited. The Cretaceous Ferron “Notom Delta” in southern Utah, U.S.A. contains a 20 km dip-oriented exposure of a stepped, forced regressive systems tract. The main focus of this paper is to reconstruct the paleogeography and depositional history of the systems tract based on detailed stratigraphic and facies architectural analysis using 23 geological sections, photomosaics, and walking out of beds.Internally, the systems tract consists of 6 parasequences, 11f to 11a from the oldest to the youngest. During the progradation of parasequences 11f to 11b the paleoshorelines were wave-dominated, as indicated by the abundance of HCS and/or SCS beds, wave-ripple cross-laminated beds, and the occurrence of diverse and robust ichnological suites attributable to the Skolithos and Cruziana Ichnofacies. Progradation of the wave-dominated shorelines resulted in more homogeneous and laterally continuous sand bodies. From 11b to 11a, however, there is a distinct change in paleoshoreline regime from wave-dominated to tide-influenced as indicated by the common occurrence of tidal facies in 11a, including: (1) lenticular, wavy, and flaser bedding and bidirectional dipping cross strata; (2) reactivation surfaces, double-mud drapes, and ripple cross lamination with opposing dips at the toe of large dune-scale cross sets; (3) inclined heterolithic strata (IHS) and sigmoidal bedding with tidal rhythmites; and (4) cyclic vertical variation in facies and bed thickness and the common occurrence of sand-mud couplets. These tide-influenced facies show overall lower bioturbation intensity (BI 0-3). Progradation of the tide-influenced shoreline results in more heterolithic delta-front facies. Tidal and/or tidal-fluvial channels further dissect delta-front sandstones, forming more isolated sand bodies.Data from this study, as well as previous work, show that width and thickness of the forced regressive parasequences are small, typically less than 5 km and 20 m respectively. In subsurface studies, identifying and correlating such small-scale parasequences using sparse data involve significant uncertainties. A combination of the diagnostic features indicating forced regression and different data sets is essential to better constrain the geometry and architecture these small-scale bodies.     

Forced regressive wedge in the Mesoproterozoic Koldaha Shale,Vindhyan basin,Son valley,central India

The present paper highlights the sequence development within the Mesoproterozoic Koldaha Shale Member of the Kheinjua Formation, Vindhyan Supergroup which records the occurrence of a forced regressive wedge and associated discontinuity surfaces at the base of the wedge. Nine lithofacies have been identified within the study area that are grouped into three lithofacies associations varying in depositional setting from outer shelf, through shoreface-foreshore-beach to continental braidplain. The outer shelf sediments are aggradational to slightly progradational representing highstand systems tract. The rapidly progradational, wedge-shaped shoreface to foreshore-beach succession occurs sharply or erosively above the outer shelf sediments and is bounded by a regressive surface of marine erosion (RSME) at the base and by a subaerial unconformity at the top. This, along with its downstepping trajectory, supports deposition of this sedimentary wedge during falling sea level. A laterally extensive soft sediment deformation zone occurs at the base of the wedge.The forced regressive wedge is incised by fluvial braidplain deposits that rest on an erosive surface representing a sequence boundary. The thin braidplain deposits are the product of aggradation during a subsequent early rise in relative sea level, and thus, they are inferred to represent a lowstand systems tract. The constituent architectural elements that characterize the braidplain deposits are downstream accretion elements and small channel elements. Further landward, the base and top of the shoreface wedge merge to form an unconformity across deposits that rest directly on the outer shelf sediments. The identification of forced regressive wedges has significant economic importance in view of the potential occurrence of hydrocarbons within the Proterozoic formations.     

溱潼凹陷阜一段层序地层格架及沉积体系研究

溱潼凹陷属走滑伸展型断陷,应用层序地层学原理和方法,建立了阜一段的层序地层格架,并在阜一段识别出湖泊三角洲和湖泊两大沉积体系。同时结合含砂率与地震属性研究,恢复了阜一段低位域、湖扩域和高位域的沉积体系,认为各体系域沉积体系在时空展布上具有一定的继承性和差异性。综合分析认为,研究区阜一段东部的殷庄—广山地区在低位域时发育大型三角洲沉积体系,主要以前缘河口坝及席状砂沉积为主,可作为良好储集层;西部斜坡带华港—北汉庄地区,低位域及高位域均发育三角洲沉积体系且规模较大,主要为平原河道及前缘河口坝沉积,也可作为很好的油气储层。     

Quaternary evolution of the Ría de Vigo, Spain

The seismic analysis of the sedimentary infill of the Ría de Vigo reveals that the infill comprises of a fifth order sequence (18 ky) bounded by a major discontinuity surface. Within the Holocene sequence, several seismic units have been identified; the oldest one originated after the Würm glaciation and the origin of its top discontinuity was eroded during the regression (sea level at − 120 m) of this last glacial episode (isotopic stages 2 to 4), 18 ky B.P.

In some places below this ría infill, another sequence can be identified. This older sequence is associated with the pre-existing faults and troughs in the deepest parts of the ría, and it was deposited during the Würm glaciation (Miocene–Pleistocene). Eroded sediments were moved from the rías area to deeper zones, where they accumulated in the lowstand system tract. The next sea level rise occured in two steps, producing two transgressive units separated by an hiatus surface. This cycle was interrupted by the next sea level fall (to − 55 m) marked on the seismic records by another recognizable boundary. The next sea level rise took place in several steps (back-stepping) with some stillstands, generating another transgressive system tract in the ría. From that time on, the relative sea level continued rising, depositing the most recent unit which represents the highstand system tract. Separating the highstand system tract and the transgresive unit below there is a consensed section.

The analysis of 29 cores provides groundtruthing for our hypothesis. The identified main lithologic units show a transgressive sequence: a granitic rock base, an overlying second unit-locally wedge shaped- and most recently, a marine muddy unit covering the present ría seafloor.     

Seismo-stratigraphic evidences for deep base level control on middle to late Pleistocene drift evolution and mass wasting along southern Levant continental slope (Eastern Mediterranean)

Since early Pliocene, a counterclockwise surface gyre transported Nile derived silt and clay northeastwards along the Levant coast, where a basinward prograding plastered drift emerged. Based on high-resolution seismic reflection data we develop a middle to late Pleistocene sequence stratigraphic scheme for this plastered drift. For creating stacked sections of the seismic data we used the common reflection surface (CRS) stack technology which enhanced lateral reflection continuity and visibility of deep reflections. The shelf comprises stratigraphic sequences which show classical, systems tract like stacking patterns of sea level controlled sequences such as offlapping forced regression deposits or diachronous ravinement surfaces which formed during base level rise. On the slope, base level was periodically located well below the wave base and thus rather controlled by hydrodynamics, presumably by high-velocity contour currents. Hence, the term ‘deep base level’ is introduced. The deep base level controlled especially down and backstepping slope deposits. This example shows that care has to be taken when interpreting subsurface data containing typical systems tract like seismic sequences, since such geometries do not necessarily imply shallow water deposition of the sediments. A chronostratigraphic analysis based on the seismic stratigraphy indicates that base level fluctuations were related to eccentricity driven glacio-eustatic fluctuations. Periodic mass wasting, facilitated by foreset over-steepening and possibly triggered by salt tectonics or erosion by the contour current occurred during late base level fall or early base level rise.     

Slavery scandals: Unpacking labour challenges and policy responses within the off-shore fisheries sector

Over the past year, scandals around what has been labelled slave labour in the industrial fisheries sector in Thailand have revealed not only the connections between northern buyers and southern labour practices, but also the relative lack of research on fisheries labour in Asia and the global South. The slavery and trafficking framings pervading these depictions have been very useful for drawing attention to and acting on criminal activities in labour recruitment and abuse, but have limits as a basis for addressing the underlying causes of forced labour in fisheries. Insights from research on regional labour migration as well as the work of civil society organisations in Thailand suggest that broader improvements in labour relations will require changes in migration management, with a focus on addressing vulnerabilities that restrict the abilities of migrant workers to obtain better working conditions. This analysis provides the basis for assessing the potential and limits of recent programmes to improve labour relations on the oceans, including anti-trafficking policies, IUU enforcement, buyer efforts to ensure that supply chains do not involve forced or illegal labour relations, and Thai government actions.     

北极冰海耦合模式对两种不同大气再分析资料响应的分析

本文中我们比较了Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR)高分辨率的再分析数据集和低分辨率的Japanese 25-year Reanalysis Project(JRA25)再分析数据集在向下短波辐射、向下长波辐射、10m风场、近地面气温、降水、湿度上的不同,发现二者差异最大的为降水数据,其次为向下短波辐射数据、向下长波辐射数据。用这两个数据集驱动同一冰海耦合模式,CFSR强迫的海冰、北冰洋中层水和加拿大海盆温盐结构与实测相比有很大差距,等密度面上的地转流速在加拿大海盆和欧亚海盆比JRA25强迫的结果高20%,同时等密度面的深度偏深、位温偏高,在弗拉姆海峡的流通量也比海洋再分析数据Simple Ocean Data Assimilation(SODA)偏多。CFSR的向下辐射数据更加接近实测,采用此数据的敏感性实验模拟结果与实测符合的更好。对于海冰的模拟,云量起着至关重要的作用,降水带来的淡水通量通过影响大西洋入流水携带的热量进而影响到冰区。此外,CFSR过量的降水也是二者对于北冰洋温盐结构、弗拉姆海峡流通量以及地转流强度模拟产生偏差的主要原因。尽管风场的分辨率不同,在海盆尺度上对于海冰和海水温盐结构的影响并不大。     

Axial vibration analysis of the mud recovery line on deepwater riserless mud recovery drilling system

The series connection of multistage pumping module is the common concept of deepwater riserless mud recovery drilling system. In this system, the influence of the mass of pumping module on the vibration of mud recovery line cannot be ignored, and the lumped mass method has been utilized to discretize the mud recovery line. Based on the analysis of different boundary conditions, the paper establishes the axial forced vibration model of the mud recovery line considering the seawater damping, and the vibration model analysis provides the universal solution to the vibration model. An example of the two-stage pumping system has been used to analyze the dynamic response of mud recovery line under different excited frequencies. This paper has the important directive significance for the application of riserless mud recovery drilling technology in deepwater surface drilling.     

The IVQ regime in Norway: A stable alternative to an ITQ regime?

Since the introduction of quotas and licences as important management tools, Norway has insisted on an individual vessel quota regime (IVQ). The main argument has been to avoid market-based transactions of quotas and vessels and secure stability in regard to a diverse fleet structure and decentralized ownership of scarce cod resources. Thus, an individual transferable quota system (ITQ) with a high degree of transactions and the potential for a heavy concentration of quota ownership and fewer vessels has never been an alternative. However, since the late 80s, the trawler fleet has been trapped within a web of unprofitable overcapacity. Within the frame of a closed management regime and a path-dependent IVQ system, the quota regime has been forced towards a market-orientated system for transactions. In this article, we analyze the Norwegian IVQ system and discuss whether the aggregate effects of the IVQ regime are congruent with the models’ profound ideals.