国内深水录井技术初探

深水蕴藏着丰富的油气资源,国内的油气勘探开发重点正在向海上转移。国外有相对成熟的深水钻井工艺,国内的深水钻井工艺研究刚刚起步,与之相配套的深水录井工艺在国内几乎还是空白。从HSE保障、油气显示发现及解释评价、优化钻井、钻井信息化建设等方面分析了国内深水钻井对录井的需求;从保障钻井安全、工程参数获取、岩屑采集、钻井液气体分析、资料的综合解释等方面阐述了深水钻井给录井带来的影响,并提出了对策,对深水录井的发展提出建议。     

Modelling of wave damping at Guyana mud coast

The Guyana coastal system is characterized by very thick deposits of Amazon mud and high mud concentrations in its coastal waters. The mud deposits can be quite soft and may liquefy under incoming waves. Subsequently, the liquefied mud damps the incoming waves effectively. This paper presents a simple model to predict wave attenuation over soft (fluid) mud beds. This model is based on the two-layer approach by Gade [Gade, H.G., 1958, Effects of a non-rigid, impermeable bottom on plane surface waves in shallow water, Journal of Marine Research, 16 (2) 61–82.] which is implemented in the standard version of the state-of-the-art wave-prediction model SWAN. Input to the mud wave damping module consists of the extension, thickness, density and viscosity of the liquefied (fluid) mud layer.     

王588块泥浆污染深穿透酸液研究与评价

王588块钻井泥浆污染主要是固相入侵和滤液与地层水的不配伍性。通过实验,优选出了具有高效深穿透能力以及固相溶解量大的表面活性剂DS-101酸液复配体系。实验表明,该体系耐温性强,对油泥具有极强的分散和溶解作用,对泥浆污染有明显的解堵效果,岩心渗透率恢复率可达127%。     

NP油田Ed1储层泥浆伤害综合评价与解堵技术研究

酸化是解除该类储层伤害,恢复、提高油气井产能最主要的手段。对于各种特定的伤害类型若仅采用笼统的酸化措施,往往难以取得理想的增产效果,如何从伤害机理的角度出发对症解除污染是研究者面临的重要课题。NP油田Ed1储层在以往的酸化改造中,由于对钻井泥浆伤害机理认识不够准确,导致酸液选择存在较大的盲目性,严重影响解堵效果。为解决上述问题,提出酸化解堵设计方法,通过泥浆固相粒度和滤液红外波谱分析试验评价,明确了Ed1储层钻井泥浆伤害产生的机理。在此基础上,设计在同一组试验内先模拟泥浆伤害的产生,发现岩心伤害后渗透率降低至基准渗透率的0.12倍,然后比较评价不同类型的酸液解除该类泥浆污染的能力,最终筛选出解堵效果最好的4%多氢酸体系推荐现场施工使用。     

An assessment model for the fate and environmental effects of offshore drilling mud discharges

The benthic boundary layer transport (bblt) model was developed to assess potential impact zones from drilling mud discharges from offshore oil and gas drilling. The model focuses on the drift, dispersion and concentration levels of the suspended fraction of the drilling mud fines in the benthic boundary layer with the assumption of a spatially homogeneous environment. The current version of the model includes a wave boundary layer, a breakup module for drilling mud flocs, a dose–response module for scallops, and a graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI was written in Java which makes the code largely platform independent. Simulations of suspended barite concentration near Sable Island on the Scotian Shelf during drilling in the fall of 1999 reproduce the very low concentrations (generally less than 1 μg L⁻¹) observed during the Environmental Effects Monitoring program. However, the simulations also exhibited concentrations in excess of the no-effects concentration for scallops (100 μg L⁻¹) prior to the sampling program. The model estimates that the potential impact on scallops in the vicinity of the drilling is a few days of lost growth over scales of a few kilometers.     

平台运动下深水钻井隔水管非线性动力响应研究

建立深水钻井隔水管在波、流和平台运动的联合作用下的运动方程,模拟1 000 m深水钻井隔水管的非线性动力响应.分析在波、流作用下钻井液密度和顶部张力比等因素对隔水管振动频率的影响,研究平台的静偏移和动态运动对隔水管最大弯矩分布的影响.结果表明,平台运动对深水钻井隔水管的动力响应有较大影响,使隔水管上部最大弯矩峰值增加了1倍多.     

东沙群岛西南海区泥火山的地球物理特征

多道反射地震和CHIRP浅地层剖面显示在南海东沙群岛西南陆坡和白云凹陷东部陆坡之间的深水(600~1 000m)陆坡上矗立着一系列高出周围海底50~100m的丘形地质体,其内部地层发生褶皱,反射波呈现杂乱和空白,海底声波屏蔽严重。浅地层剖面还显示丘状构造带有气体羽状构造,从海底进入水体高达50m。海底沉积取样分析表明,这些海丘区的表层分布着生物成因的致密碳酸盐结核。可以推断东沙西南的丘形地质体就是泥火山带,并且可能是一个重要的水合物潜在区。东沙西南海区泥火山表现出构造挤压和带状分布的特点,不同于南海北部神狐和九龙甲烷礁已发现水合物区的非泥火山,也不同于全球其他典型被动大陆边缘的泥火山特征,其构造成因和水合物潜力有待进一步研究。     

海泥中硫酸盐还原菌数量变化对主要腐蚀环境因子的影响

海泥中硫酸盐还原菌(SulfateReducingBacteria,SRB)数量的变化会对其主要腐蚀环境因子产生影响。实验室条件下,在灭菌青岛海泥中加SRB菌种得到含SRB的海泥。在SRB的一个生长周期内,测量了由SRB数量变化引起的硫电位、银电位、pH值、氧化还原电位及电导率等主要腐蚀环境因子的变化,并找出了该变化的规律,探讨了通过腐蚀环境因子的变化测量SRB数量的可能性。     

A Bingham-plastic model for fluid mud transport under waves and currents

Simplified equations of fluid mud motion, which is described as Bingham-Plastic model under waves and currents, are presented by order analysis. The simplified equations are non-linear ordinary differential equations which are solved by hybrid numerical-analytical technique. As the computational cost is very low, the effects of wave current parameters and fluid mud properties on the transportation velocity of the fluid mud are studied systematically. It is found that the fluid mud can move toward one direction even if the shear stress acting on the fluid mud bed is much smaller than the fluid mud yield stress under the condition of wave and current coexistence. Experiments of the fluid mud motion under current with fluctuation water surface are carried out. The fluid mud transportation velocity predicted by the presented mathematical model can roughly match that measured in experiments.     

西非深水钻井实践与认识

JDZ B-1井是中石化作为作业者完成的第一口海洋深水探井,该井位于西非几内亚湾尼日利亚—圣多美和普林西比联合开发区内,作业水深1 655 m。井区地质情况较为复杂,地层破裂压力低,钻井作业压力窗口窄,井眼稳定性差。特别是该井目的层距海底泥线浅（只有778 m）以及目的层段长等,给钻井工程设计带来了诸多挑战。针对钻井施工中面临的挑战与深水钻井的特点,从井身结构设计到施工中均采取了合适的钻井技术和措施,有效地解决了问题,取全取准了各项资料,高效、优质地完成了该井的施工任务。该井的成功完钻,为中石化海洋深水钻井积累了经验,可供该区域及国内海洋深水钻井借鉴。     

Geophysical evidence of mud diapirism on the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex

Mud volcanoes, mud cones, and mud ridges have been identified on the inner portion of the crestal area, and possibly on the inner escarpment, of the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex. Four areas containing one or more mud diapirs have been investigated through bathymetric profiling, single channel seismic reflection profiling, heat flow measurements, and coring. A sequence of events is identified in the evolution of the mud diapirs: initially the expulsion on the seafloor of gasrich mud produces a seafloor depression outlined in the seismic record by downward dip of the host sediment reflectors towards the mud conduit; subsequent eruptions of fluid mud may create a flat topped mud volcano with step-like profile; finally, the intrusion of viscous mud produces a mud cone.The origin of the diapirs is deep within the Mediterranean Ridge. Although a minimum depth of about 400 m below the seafloor has been computed from the hydrostatic balance between the diapiric sediments and the host sediments, a maximum depth, suggested by geometric considerations, ranges between 5.3 and 7 km. The presence of thermogenic gas in the diapiric sediments suggests a better constrained origin depth of at least 2.2 km.The heat flow measured within the Olimpi mud diapir field and along a transect orthogonal to the diapiric field is low, ranging between 16 ± 5 and 41 ± 6 mW m^–2. Due to the presence of gas, the thermal conductivity of the diapiric sediments is lower than that of the host hemipelagic oozes (0.6–0.9 and 1.0–1.15 W m^–1 K^–1 respectively).We consider the distribution of mud diapirs to be controlled by the presence of tectonic features such as reverse faults or thrusts (inner escarpment) that develop where the thickness of the Late Miocene evaporites appears to be minimum. An upward migration through time of the position of the décollement within the stratigraphic column from the Upper Oligocene (diapiric sediments) to the Upper Miocene (present position) is identified.     

山东半岛南部近岸全新世泥质区表层沉积物

泥质区沉积记录是全新世海洋环境演变的重要信息载体。中国近海沿岸发育着若干小型泥质沉积体,比较明确的有南海西部近海的泥质区,但尚未进行研究。通过对山东半岛南部近岸海域采集的浅地层剖面资料精细解释后发现,在该区近岸海域存在一个小型泥质沉积区,主要分布在青岛崂山头以北至乳山口附近的近岸海域,整体上平行海岸线呈条带状分布,由近岸向海逐渐变薄,等厚深度分布平行于岸线,沉积中心位于鳌山湾海域,沉积中心最厚可达22.5 m。AMS¹⁴C测年结果表明,该泥质区形成于全新世。本文利用在泥质区采集的表层沉积物的粒度、黏土矿物、碎屑矿物、地球化学元素等分析测试结果,对比研究区周边主要入海中小河流物质成分和黄河物质成分,探讨了山东半岛南部近岸海域泥质沉积区的沉积特征和物源情况。结果表明,该泥质区的形成是黄河与周边入海河流共同作用的结果。     

海泥环境中阴极保护的边界元计算

根据阴极保护的特点,建立了用于数值计算的模型;采用边界元方法对海泥介质中的阴极保护系统进行了计算,获得了海泥中钢管表面以及海泥介质内部的电位分布。将计算的结果与测量的数据进行比较,两者具有较好的一致性。     

3-D fluid-mud dynamics in the Jiaojiang Estuary, China

A 3-D model has been developed for the muddy Jiaojiang Estuary and adjoining coastal waters, and verified against field observations. To simulate fluid-mud formation, the model uses a fine resolution grid near the bottom and involves coupling processes between hydrodynamics and fluid mud such as the sediment-induced buoyancy, increasing turbulent kinetic energy sink and kinematic viscosity, mixing by internal waves riding on the lutocline, and non-Newtonian properties of fluid mud. The effective hydrodynamic drag was reduced in the presence of fluid mud. It is shown that the estuary is infilled by tidal pumping and that longitudinal and transversal gradients of suspended sediment concentration, salinity, and currents control the formation of mud banks. Thus a 3-D model is necessary to estimate the fate of mud, although the model results are very sensitive to details of the parameterization of the hydrodynamics-mud feedback processes.     

TLP干式钻完井技术特点分析

TLP使得干式井口在深水的应用成为可能,与常规的深水开发模式水下井口相比,TLP降低了钻完井作业的难度和费用,尤其在后期修井和调整并作业时,能够大大降低项目的投资,经济效益明显.TLP目前在墨西哥湾、北海及印度尼西亚深水油气田均有采用.目前针对TLP的钻完井设计和作业程序国内开展研究较少,制约了深水油气田开发前期方案设计工作的开展.因此,重点介绍了TLP对钻完井程序的影响;对于不同的平台钻机配置,总结了TLP的钻完井程序;提出了钻完井设计和作业过程中,TLP对回接套管、升沉补偿等问题的要求,分析了与常规深水湿式井口的温度剖面差异,为开展TLP钻完井技术研究和前期方案设计提供参考.     

黄河三角洲潮间带泥螺重金属含量与生物质量评价

泥螺(Bullacta exarata)作为黄河三角洲区域成功引入的滩涂养殖种类, 为当地获得了巨大的经济效益, 但对其生态影响还了解不多。为了解该区域泥螺体内重金属含量并评价其生物质量, 于2012年8月对该区域进行泥螺和沉积物样品采集调查和分析。采用富集系数K、残留量指数I以及金属污染指数I_MP进行分析。结果表明, 黄河三角洲沉积物及泥螺体内6种重金属含量均相对较低, 多数符合国家海洋沉积物质量标准第一类。泥螺对不同重金属的富集系数K有明显差别, 其中对Cu 和Cd 的富集能力最强。残留量指数I富集系数K及金属污染指数I_MP均表明, 黄河三角洲潮间带泥螺对重金属的富集程度均较低, 说明该海域泥螺未受到重金属离子的污染。根据国家生物质量标准分析, 黄河三角洲潮间带泥螺的生物质量总体较好, 生物体内重金属含量总体上与海水中重金属含量无显著的相关性。     

One-dimensional electrokinetic stabilization of dredged mud

Reuse of dredged marine sediments for land reclamation is a sustainable method for disposing the large quantities of dredged spoil, accumulating every year worldwide. However, due to their high water content and low permeability, dewatering and self-sedimentation of the material takes a long time to be completed. Therefore, different methods, such as prefabricated vertical drains and vacuum preloading, are used to improve the consolidation properties of the dredged mud at the port of Brisbane. Among these stabilization methods, vacuum preloading is determined as the most effective method to increase the consolidation of the dredged mud. However, clogging during vacuum consolidation is undesirable. Therefore, electrokinetic stabilization draws attention since it is an environmentally friendly and time efficient method to dewater and consolidate dredged mud significantly. The effectiveness of the electrokinetic stabilization depends on the properties of the soil and the electrode configurations. One-dimensional and two-dimensional electrode configurations are the most popular configurations. In this study, the effect of one-dimensional electrode configuration, which is installation of electrodes in arrays of anodes and cathodes on consolidation parameters of dredged mud, is investigated. Based on this study, the dredged mud sediments can be stabilized using one-dimensional electrokinetic stabilization which resulted in improving compression index and coefficient of volume compressibility and reduction of soil plasticity index.     

东海陆架浙-闽沿岸泥质沉积研究进展

比较全面的回顾了关于东海浙-闽沿岸泥质体以及其形成前的沉积演化历史、泥质沉积的物质来源及其东亚季风/古气候记录等方面的研究进展。分析了目前关于浙-闽沿岸沉积研究中所存在的问题,即,泥质体的物质来源与形成,长江入海历史的陆架沉积物记录,8.2 ka冷事件,年代框架调整及区域对比,代用指标指示意义等多方面问题。提出在东海浙-闽沿岸泥质区,我们需要更多高分辨率的钻孔进行综合研究,其中应该特别加强对泥质沉积物的研究,以期对海陆交界敏感地带的"源到汇"以及全球变化研究取得突破性进展。     

A model of profile evolution on wave-dominated mud coast

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Structural controls on Quaternary deepwater sedimentation, mud diapirism, and hydrocarbon distribution within the actively evolving Columbus foreland basin, eastern offshore Trinidad

Eastward migration of the Caribbean plate relative to the South American plate has caused lithospheric loading along the northern margin of South America, which is recorded by an 1100-km-long foreland basin which is oldest in the west (Maracaibo basin, 65-55 Ma) and youngest in the east (Columbus basin, eastern offshore Trinidad, 15-0 Ma). The Orinoco River has been the primary source of sediment for the basin since early Miocene. We have integrated approximately 775 km of deep-penetration 2D seismic lines acquired in the area of eastern offshore Trinidad as part of the 2004 “Broadband Ocean-Land Investigations of Venezuela and the Antilles arc Region” (BOLIVAR) project, 8000 km² of shallow industry 3D seismic data, and published industry well data from offshore eastern Trinidad. Active mud diapirism in the Columbus basin is widespread and is related to overthrusting and tectono-sedimentary loading of upper Miocene-lower Pliocene age mud. Analysis of the shallow 3D seismic data reveals the presence of extensive gravity-flow depositional elements on the Columbus basin slope and the deepwater area. These stacked gravity-flow deposits are characterized by mass-transport deposits at the base, turbidite frontal-splay deposits, leveed-channel deposits, and capped by fine-grained condensed-section deposits. Exploration targets in the deepwater area are located towards the center of the Columbus basin, where northeast-trending fault-propagation folds are important Plio-Pleistocene trap-forming elements. Deep basin wells drilled in recent years have proven that turbidites were transported into the deepwater Columbus basin during the Plio-Pleistocene. Analysis of these well results suggests that a deeper oil charge is present within the deepwater Columbus basin area. The primary uncertainty for this variable hydrocarbon system is whether fault or diapiric pathways connect or divert the petroleum charge at depth with shallower reservoir rocks.