中、新生代太平洋陆缘带的构造格局和构造转换

亚洲东部大陆边缘和北美西部大陆边缘同处于环太平洋构造带，但具有不同的构造属性。从晚白垩世到新生代，前者以构造扩张为背景，由此引起陆缘裂解，陆块漂移以及岛弧、边缘海的形成；后者以构造收缩为基础，导致陆缘增生、陆块拼贴和陆缘造山带的出现。然而，从晚侏罗世到早白垩世，亚洲东部是以构造封闭型的陆缘带为特点，北美西部则主要表现为开放型的陆缘带。构造扩张和构造收缩是环太平洋陆缘带构造环境的两种基本型式，它们在空间上呈有规律的对峙分布，在时间上成有节奏的交替转换。     

亚洲大陆中部壳体东、西部历史-动力学的构造分异及其意义

从历史-因果论的角度,对亚洲大陆中部的演化-运动史,及其大地构造体制发展阶段的地质构造和成矿作用,进行了系统的阐述,重点阐述了东、西部构造差异的历史-动力学表现及其原因。研究表明:这种差异并非两个不同大陆壳体演化-运动上的差异造成,而是在同一大陆壳体形成与平向增生进程中东早西晚的历史背景条件下,由于东部与西部中生代、新生代陆内深部地幔热能聚集增强的上升流与热能发散衰减的下降流,共同组成的垂向热流环发生反转变化造成的结果,并得出了主导亚洲大陆中部东、西构造分异的主动性因素是陆内地幔热能聚散动力学机制的结论。同时指出,中新生代出现在亚洲大陆中部的东、西构造分异,是同一大陆壳体即东-中亚壳体自身历史-动力学构造分异的表现,它是亚洲大陆动力学中,与陆内克拉通活化及活化造山区的出现、青藏高原的隆升、东亚陆缘扩张带的形成并列的 4个重大事件之一,并在这些重大事件的动力学研究中占据关键性的核心地位。     

中,新生代太平洋陆缘带的构造格局和构造转换

亚洲东部大陆边缘和北美西部大陆边缘同和于环太平洋的构造带，但具有不同的构造属性。从晚白垩世到新生代，前者以构造扩张为背景，由此引起陆缘裂解，陆块漂移以及岛弧，边缘海的形成；后者以构造收缩为基础，导致陆缘增生，陆块拼贴和陆缘造山带的出现。然而，从晚侏罗世到早白垩世，亚洲东部是以构造封闭型的陆缘带为特点，北美西部则主要表现为开放的陆缘带。     

东亚陆缘带构造扩张的深部热力学机制

近年来,我国地球科学家提出“陆缘构造扩张”观点,较好的解释了亚洲东部大陆边缘于新生代发生扩张离散运动的原因。本文基于“陆缘构造扩张”观点,探讨东亚陆缘带构造扩张的深部热力学机制。东亚陆缘带是具有强烈岩浆活动和构造变形的扩张带,此构造带的主要地球物理特征是频繁的地震活动和明显的地热异常。东亚陆缘扩张带地震层析成像显示,太平洋板块低角度俯冲到欧亚板块之下并平卧于670km相变界面之上。这种图像可能是俯冲后撤导致陆缘扩张的结果。热模拟及地球动力学计算表明:俯冲后撤时间距今约76Ma,海沟带后撤为陆缘壳体的生长留下空间,并形成东亚陆缘壳体增生扩展的前沿带,陆缘扩张量约700km。     

陆缘扩张型地洼盆地系及其形成机制探讨

本文提出“陆缘扩张型地洼盆地系”这一概念,以突出表述分布于东亚陆缘壳体之上,形成于地洼余动期的张性地洼盆地系列的壳体演化—动力环境。指出陆缘海中的裂陷盆地的成因难于与大洋板块俯冲导致弧后扩张的理论模式相联系,也不同于大西洋型盆地,而是大陆地壳演化到地洼余动期,并经历过华夏期地洼型造山运动之后拉伸裂陷的结果。论证了“岩石圈底层剥落、华夏期地洼造山带拉伸裂陷”是东亚陆缘扩张发生的一种重要机制,进而建立了由华夏期地洼型挤压造山带到盆岭型构造带和陆缘海盆地系的构造发展模式。     

中国东南部中生代大陆边缘成矿体系和成矿模式

依据成矿作用与板块构造－岩浆的时空演化关系，研究了不同构造－岩浆带内的矿床类型有其组合与矿床的稳定同位素组成特征，将中国东南部中生代大陆边缘的主要矿床分成陆缘火山热液，陆缘弧后火山－沉积与热液，亲弧张裂构造内的岩浆－热液，陆内裂陷火山热液和古地热水环流热液五个成矿系列；并建立了俯冲体制下的大陆边缘成矿体系和成矿模式。     

滇西含锡花岗岩与板块活动的关系

一、滇缅陆块及其构造澜沧江以西的滇西及相邻的缅甸东部地区,在印支运动以前是属于古亚洲大陆西侧被古特提斯海隔开的另一古陆的一部份,可能即为古冈瓦纳大陆的东部陆缘地带。这个陆缘地带,随着古特提斯海的消亡而嵌锒于古亚洲大陆并在其西侧与冈瓦纳古陆裂分,形成一独具特征的残余陆壳板块带,我们称它为滇缅陆块。     

南海后扩张期大陆边缘闭合过程及成因机制

南海是西太平洋海域最大的边缘海,然而南海扩张终结后动力学过程研究仍较为薄弱.通过构造变革界面识别、褶皱冲断带沉积记录等方面的系统研究,揭示南海南部和东部陆缘在南海后扩张期的演化历程.研究表明南海南部和东部边缘经历了多个微板块从俯冲到碰撞的演变历程,形成了陆-陆碰撞、弧-陆碰撞、洋-弧俯冲等多个特征迥异的板块边界.南海南部陆缘属于古南海俯冲拖曳构造区,婆罗洲西北沙捞越-曾母地块率先碰撞,随后经历了婆罗洲东北沙巴-南沙地块碰撞、西南巴拉望-卡加延岛弧碰撞.南部多个微板块碰撞导致古南海呈剪刀式从西向东逐渐关闭和消亡,总体形成了以微地块碰撞、深海槽发育和造山带前缘巨厚沉积充填为特色的碰撞陆缘.东部陆缘属于菲律宾海俯冲-碰撞构造区,南海东部洋壳自中新世开始向菲律宾海板块俯冲,弧-陆碰撞仅局限于东部陆缘南北两端.澳洲-印度板块、菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块相互作用控制了南海边缘海闭合过程,南海正在进行的关闭过程主要集中在东缘和南缘,东缘呈现了以南海洋壳消亡为特征的闭合过程,而南缘则呈现以微陆块碰撞为特征的古南海闭合过程.显然,南部后扩张期陆缘演变可为边缘海闭合过程研究提供极佳的范例,同时对我国海洋权益保护和南海大陆边缘动力学研究具有重要意义.      

华夏古陆活动大陆边缘的探讨

本文阐述了华南中元古代晚期活动陆缘特征。根据带内前寒武纪地层分布、古地磁、侵入作用、构造变形、深部构造、中元古代晚期沉积作用及火山岩岩石化学特征,证明活动陆缘是南华洋壳向南部古大陆俯冲的产物。武陵运动是华南最重要的运动,华夏古陆与扬子地块碰撞,形成统一的“华南古大陆”。     

亚洲大陆型壳体的活化(地洼)构造与成矿特点

亚洲大陆岩石圈自古生代末起,相继在各个壳体发生活化,广泛形成地洼体制活动带,是亚洲大陆岩石围演化一运动史上的重大事件之一,在全球构造问题中占有重要的地位,为当代地球科学中的前沿课题。从壳体大地构造这一新思路分别对地洼体制构造单元在亚洲大陆的发生时代、分布范围、类型、发育特点及其大地构造意义;亚洲大陆地洼构造成矿的地球化学条件、主要矿种组合、主要矿床类型及其与其它大地构造类型的差别;亚洲地洼型成矿作用与多因复成矿床及超大型矿床的关系等诸多方面,进行了专门论述。有助于正确认识亚洲大陆广泛分布的有色、稀有金属内生矿床,以及泥炭、褐煤、油气田的构造类型特点、分布规律及其经济价值。     

陆缘扩张型地洼盆地系构造-岩浆作用的独特性──以南海北部陆缘盆地系为例

南海北部陆缘扩张型地洼盆地系既显示了裂谷构造的某些一般性特征,又以其位于大陆壳体与大洋壳体相互作用的东亚陆缘地带;具有复杂的动力场和应力场环境;张裂发生于华夏型地洼余动期;发育由陆变海、陆海相交替的沉积建造;出现由钙碱性岩系、双峰式岩系到拉斑玄武岩和碱性玄武岩系的岩浆演化序列;形成宽阔而弥散的拉伸变形带,具条块状分割的构造格局,总体表现为由大陆盆岭型构造带（地壳张裂）发展到陆缘海盆地系（岩石圈张裂）的演变过程;强烈而持久的地壳运动,发生多幕式拉伸-造盆作用,晚期并在局部出现挤压（反转）构造;以及含丰富油气等矿产资源而展示特色。比较学研究进一步表明,地洼区的裂谷构造可以分出两种基本类型：①华夏型,其中包括东亚陆缘式和里奥格兰德陆内式两种亚型,它们是在地洼型挤压造山阶段之后发生拉伸裂陷;②东非型,它们是在古老克拉通（地台）基础上发生张裂,形成裂谷型地洼区。     

东海地区壳体构造演化及其盆地形成机制探讨

本文引用最近的地震、钻探、海底拖网采样及其它地质资料,通过综合研究与分析,证实东海地区的壳体属薄化陆壳型壳体,其构造演化经历了地槽阶段（Ｐｔ－Ｄ＿２）、地台阶段（Ｄ＿３－Ｔ＿２）和地连阶段（Ｔ＿３－Ｑ）。其中,前两个阶段与东亚壳体东南地区的构造演化基本一致,进入地洼阶段后逐步薄化。东海盆地的形成与“菲律宾海板块俯冲”无关,而与地幔蠕动流所产生的拖拽型拉张应力场和地洼造山带所具拉伸趋势而形成的伸展型拉张应力场有关。     

浅论多旋回构造理论对第四纪深部物理运动研究的推动

第四纪最突出的事件是青藏高原和南海海盆的形成和演化。众多中外学者几乎一致认为，青藏高原的形成是由于印度克拉通向北的推动，南海等西太平洋边缘海是在太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块向西俯冲的过程中形成的。笔者另辟蹊径，提出，由于新生代(尤其是第四纪)以来两个相互交切的东亚断裂和南亚断裂的深部物理运动，使得南海等西太平洋边缘海地区的陆壳物质被逐渐吸入地幔，经转化为“幔源壳质”以后，再不断输送、补充给青藏地区。其结果必然是，南海等西太平洋边缘海地区的陆壳迅速转化为过渡型壳甚至洋壳，青藏地区则由洋壳转化为陆壳，并迅速隆起、增厚。     

晚中生代东亚多板块汇聚与大陆构造体系的发展

东亚大陆原型形成于三叠纪印支造山运动旋回,其周邻环绕的三大洋（古太平洋、蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋、中特提斯洋）于早侏罗世初期几乎同时向东亚大陆俯冲,开启了东亚多板块汇聚历史。文章通过总结东亚大陆晚中生代构造变形和构造岩浆事件的新近研究成果,简述了东亚多板块汇聚产生的三个陆缘汇聚构造系统（北部蒙古-鄂霍次克碰撞造山带、东部与俯冲有关的增生造山系统、西南部班公湖-怒江缝合构造带）、陆内汇聚构造变形体系和大陆伸展构造体系。在此基础上,重新构建了东亚多板块汇聚大陆构造-岩浆演化的时间框架,将其划分为三个阶段:早侏罗世（200~170 Ma）周邻大洋板块初始俯冲阶段和陆缘裂解事件,中晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期（170~135 Ma）周邻陆缘碰撞造山或俯冲增生造山作用、陆内再生造山作用和汇聚构造体系的形成;中晚白垩世（135~80 Ma）大陆岩石圈的减薄作用和大陆伸展构造体系的发育。研究认为,晚中生代东亚多板块汇聚在时空上的有序演化和深浅构造的复合叠加,不仅产生了东亚大陆复杂的陆缘和陆内构造体系,同时控制了中国东部燕山期爆发式岩浆-成矿作用,也使东亚构造地貌发生东西翘变,早期陆缘汇聚产生的东部高原因晚期大陆岩石圈的减薄和伸展而垮塌。东亚大陆构造体系的形成和演化与联合古大陆的裂解同步,晚中生代东亚多板块汇聚完成了从东亚到欧亚大陆的演替,以东亚大陆为核心的多板块汇聚格局一直延续至新生代,可能成为未来超大陆形成的起点。      

DEEP TECTONOTHERMAL MECHANISM FOR THE TECTONIC EXTENSION OF THE EASTERN ASIAN CONTINENTAL MARGIN

The continental marginal extension concept developed by Chinese geologists recently may be applied to the explanation about the Cenozoic extension and divergent movement of the Eastern Asian continental margin. From the viewpoint of continental marginal extension, this paper discusses the deep tectonothermal mechanism of the tectonic extension of the Eastern Asian continental margin. The Eastern Asian continental margin is an extensional belt with intensive magmatism and structural deformation, geophysically characterized by continual earthquakes and obvious geothermal anomaly. Seismic tomographical results about the Eastern Asian continental margin imply that the Pacific Plate is subducted toward the Eurasian Plate at a low angle and the diving Pacific Plate lies on the surface of the 670-km phase transitional zone. We interpret this feature to be resulted from retrogressive subduction followed by continental marginal extension. Our thermal modeling and geodynamical computation results suggest that the retrogressive subduction occurred at about 76Ma and the withdrawal of the trench served to supply the volume for the continental growth, which led to the formation of the growing front of the Eastern Asian continental margin. The growth width of the Eastern Asian continental margin is about 700 km.     

Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic rifting and its dynamic setting in Eastern China and adjacent areas

During the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic, extension was widespread in Eastern China and adjacent areas. The first rifting stage spanned in the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous times and covered an area of more than 2 million km² of NE Asia from the Lake Baikal to the Sikhot-Alin in EW direction and from the Mongol–Okhotsk fold belt to North China in NS direction. This rifting was characterized by intracontinental rifts, volcanic eruptions and transform extension along large-scale strike–slip faults. Based on the magmatic activity, filling sequence of basins, tectonic framework and subsidence analysis of basins, the evolution of this area can be divided into three main developmental phases. The first phase, calc-alkaline volcanics erupted intensely along NNE-trending faults, forming Daxing'anling volcanic belt, NE China. The second phase, Basin and Range type fault basin system bearing coal and oil developed in NE Asia. During the third phase, which was marked by the change from synrifting to thermal subsidence, very thick postrift deposits developed in the Songliao basin (the largest oil basin in NE China).Following uplift and denudation, caused by compressional tectonism in the near end of Cretaceous, a Paleogene rifting stage produced widespread continental rift systems and continental margin basins in Eastern China. These rifted basins were usually filled with several kilometers of alluvial and lacustrine deposits and contain a large amount of fossil fuel resources. Integrated research in most of these rifting basins has shown that the basins are characterized by rapid subsidence, relative high paleo-geothermal history and thinned crust. It is now accepted that the formation of most of these basins was related to a lithospheric extensional regime or dextral transtensional regime. During Neogene time, early Tertiary basins in Eastern China entered a postrifting phase, forming regional downwarping. Basin fills formed in a thermal subsidence period onlapped the fault basin margins and were deposited in a broad downwarped lacustrine depression. At the same time, within plate rifting of the Lake Baikal and Shanxi graben climaxed and spreading of the Japan Sea and South China Sea occurred. Quaternary rifting was marked by basalt eruption and accelerated subsidence in the area of Tertiary rifting. The Okinawa Trough is an active rift involving back-arc extension.Continental rifting and marginal sea opening were clearly developed in various kind of tectonic settings. Three rifting styles, intracontinental rifting within fold belt, intracontinental rifting within craton and continental marginal rifting and spreading, are distinguished on the basis of nature of the basin basement, tectonic location of rifting and relations to large strike–slip faults.Changes of convergence rates of India–Eurasia and Pacific–Eurasia may have caused NW–SE-trending extensional stress field dominating the rifting. Asthenospheric upwelling may have well assisted the rifting process. In this paper, a combination model of interactions between plates and deep process of lithosphere has been proposed to explain the rifting process in East China and adjacent areas.The research on the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic extensional tectonics of East China and adjacent areas is important because of its utility as an indicator of the dynamic setting and deformational mechanisms involved in stretching Lithosphere. The research also benefits the exploration and development of mineral and energy resources in this area.