波浪作用下考虑海床变形影响的溶质运移数值模拟

波浪会促进海水中溶质向海底沉积物运移,但已有研究大多未考虑海床（海底沉积物）变形效应的影响。为揭示波浪作用下海床土变形对溶质运移过程的影响机制,构建了考虑海床土变形影响的溶质运移计算模型,对波浪作用下溶质向砂质海底沉积物中的运移过程进行模拟。结果表明:海床土变形会增大孔隙水流速,进而增大溶质纵向水动力弥散系数,增强溶质运移的机械弥散作用,促进溶质向沉积物中运移;考虑海床变形时的溶质最大纵向水动力弥散系数可达不考虑海床变形时的8.5倍,约为分子扩散系数的545倍;海床土剪切模量越小,土体变形效应越明显,对溶质运移过程的影响越大;海床土饱和度的降低,会进一步加速波浪作用下溶质向海底沉积物的运移过程。     

Oscillatory soil response and liquefaction in an unsaturated layered seabed

The subject of wave-induced soil response in a real seabed has attracted the attention of geotechnical and coastal engineers over the last three decades, for which several basic theories have been developed. However, the evaluation of soil liquefaction has not been attempted theoretically in a seabed with multiple sub-layers, in which homogeneity in soil properties can be assumed within each layer. In this study, a semi-analytical approach is presented for obtaining solutions for the pore pressure and effective stresses in a non-cohesive layered seabed of finite thickness subject to a system of three-dimensional waves. Based on the numerical results for a layered seabed, influences of soil characteristics (relative layer thickness, permeability ratio and shear modulus) on seabed responses are described. Special attention is given to the effect of placing a coarser material as a top layer for protecting an underlayer of finer sediment. Although only a three-layered seabed is explicitly solved in this study, the procedure outlined can readily be extended to a multi-layered soil system. The three-dimensional solutions can also be applied to the two-dimensional progressive or standing wave systems.     

考虑波致孔压累积与应力耦合效应的埋置管线周围海床响应特征与机制分析

波浪导致的海床液化是埋置管线失稳的一个重要因素。超静孔隙水压力累积引起的液化深度较深,对海底管线稳定性的影响较大,因此波浪作用下管线-海床系统的累积响应特征一直受到研究者的重点关注。本文基于考虑孔压累积与海床应力耦合发展的数值计算模型,对非线性行进波作用下含埋置管线的海床累积响应特征进行了模拟计算,并与非耦合模型的计算结果进行了对比分析,结果表明,当考虑孔压累积与海床应力的耦合效应时,管线附近累积孔压在水平方向上的不均匀分布会导致海床循环剪应力的增大,从而会极大地促进管线周围海床累积孔压的发展,增大管线的影响范围; 忽略孔压累积与海床应力的耦合效应,会在一定程度上低估管线周围海床的液化深度,不利于管线的安全。     

非线性波浪荷载作用下海上风机管桩基础周围海床液化研究

为研究近浅海领域内海上风机大直径单桩基础周围的砂质海床在非线性荷载作用下的瞬时液化的稳定性,在OpenFOAM平台上建立波浪-单桩-海床三维数值模型(WSSI模型),采用olaFoam求解器求解RANS方程模拟波浪的非线性运动,将Biot方程作为海床模型的控制方程研究单桩周围海床的液化规律。对以往的数值解析结果和实验结果进行对比分析,验证本文建立三维波浪模型和海床模型的准确性和有效性。将建立的波浪-管桩-海床相互作用三维数值模型应用到实际工况中,对数值模型在实际工程中的海床响应进行分析评估。研究结果表明,单桩周围海床的孔隙水压力场和有效应力场在水深方向发生较大变化,在水平方向变化较小。在该工况下海床的最大液化深度可达到10 m,且在垂直于波浪运动方向的海床更容易发生液化,为实际工程预测海床液化提供一定的技术支持。     

波浪作用下饱和砂质海床土体与管线相互作用规律研究

针对波浪引起的饱和砂质海床土体和管线相互作用问题,将Biot动力固结理论与笔者课题组提出的砂土液化变形弹塑性本构模型相耦合,较为合理地再现了简谐波浪作用下较浅饱和砂质海床中管线周围可液化海床土体的超静孔隙水压力瞬态累积变化规律与液化过程。数值计算结果与Sumer等的试验规律一致。结果表明：由于管线的存在,改变了饱和砂质海床液化区域的空间分布。液化首先由管线下部土体开始产生,随着波浪荷载的持续作用,液化区域沿着管线外壁向上演化;同时海床表层土体产生液化并向深层发展,最终管线周围土体都发生液化,这是导致空管上浮的主要原因。当饱和砂质海床中存在管线时,管线附近海床土体液化深度明显变深。超静孔压累积和渗透力变化的耦合作用是导致饱和砂质海床土体产生液化的原因。与将海床土体视为饱和弹性多孔介质相比,可考虑液化全过程的弹塑性动力分析能更为合理地揭示实际波浪作用下饱和砂质海床土体的渗流场和应力场的瞬态时空演变规律。     

Wave-induced soil response in an unsaturated anisotropic seabed of finite thickness

An analytical solution for the wave-induced soil response is developed for a seabed of finite thickness subject to a three-dimensional (3-D) wave system produced by two intersecting waves of equal properties. These 3-D exact solutions for the pore pressure and effective stresses, proposed for a non-cohesive soil matrix of finite depth in a homogeneously unsaturated and anisotropic condition, are readily reducible to the limiting two-dimensional cases of progressive and standing waves, for which no explicit solutions are available for finite thickness. The effects of soil isotropy, degree of saturation, seabed thickness and grain size on the wave-induced pore pressure are discussed in detail. The explicit solutions presented in this study for the wave-induced pore pressure and effective stresses should benefit the laboratory experiments and field monitoring programs carried out in soil of finite depth.     

非线性波浪作用下海底管线-海床动力响应分析

确定波浪荷载作用下海底埋置管线和海床的响应是海底管线设计中的关键问题。目前大多数研究只是考虑了管线、海床在线性推进波作用下的响应,并没有考虑管线与海床之间的相互作用效应。采用接触摩擦理论,考虑管线与海床之间的相互作用效应,基于有限元方法研究了非线性波浪作用下海底埋置管线和多孔海床相互作用问题。数值计算结果表明,在计算中如果忽略波浪非线性项,既有可能低估海底管线内应力及管线周围海床中孔隙水压力,也有可能高估海底管线内应力及管线周围海床中孔隙水压力。     

Numerical simulation of ultrasonic waves in reservoir rocks with patchy saturation and fractal petrophysical properties

We simulate the propagation of ultrasonic waves in heterogeneous poroviscoelastic media saturated by immiscible fluids. Our model takes into account capillary forces and viscous and mass coupling effects between the fluid phases under variable saturation and pore fluid pressure. The numerical problem is solved in the space–frequency domain using a finite element procedure and the time–domain solution is obtained by a numerical Fourier transform. Heterogeneities due to fluid distribution and rock porosity–permeability are modeled as stochastic fractals, whose spectral densities reproduce saturation an petrophysical variations similar to those observed in reservoir rocks. The numerical experiments are performed at a central frequency of 500 kHz, and show clearly the effects of the different heterogeneities on the amplitudes of shear and compressional waves and the importance of wave mode conversions at the different interfaces.     

近海欠密实砂质海床内波致渐进液化特征研究

利用一个经过广泛验证的数值模型FSSI-CAS 2D为计算工具,采用砂土的高级本构模型Pastor-Zienkiewicz-Mark III (PZIII) 描述海床砂土的动态力学行为,定量研究松散海床地基土在波浪作用下,其内部的液化过程和特征,以加深对波致海床液化特征、性质的认识。计算结果分析表明,开发的耦合数值模型FSSI-CAS 2D能够很好地捕捉到波浪作用下欠密实海床的动力响应特征,以及海床内的累积液化过程等一些列的非线性物理现象。研究表明,波浪导致的松砂海床液化是一个渐进过程,海床表面首先液化,并逐渐向下扩展。     

非饱和砂质海床在复合防波堤下固结的数值研究

本文以Biot动态方程(u-p公式)为控制方程,采用有限元方法和Generalized Newmark-时间积分方法,在SWANDYNE的基础上发展了用于分析海床基础固结和动态响应分析的计算程序PORO-WSSI 2D。利用太沙基一维固结理论验证了POR-WSSI 2D中固结模块的有效性。利用该计算程序,深入研究了大型海床基础在大型复合式防波堤和静水压力作用下的固结过程以及最终的固结状态。计算结果表明计算程序PORO-WSSI 2D能够有效地分析评价海床基础在海洋结构物作用下的固结过程以及预测海床基础的剪切破坏行为。所确定的最终固结状态还可以为后续研究海床基础在波浪、地震等动力荷载作用下的动态液化和剪切破坏提供可靠的初始条件。     

粉质海床波浪响应的数值模拟及试验研究

针对波浪荷载作用下粉质海床的动力响应问题,结合波浪槽模型试验研究的结果,提出了一种粉质海床在波浪作用下超静孔隙水压力增长的数值分析方法。计算结果表明：该方法能较好地拟合试验数据,揭示粉质海床孔隙水压力发展的机理,能运用于海床液化势的评价分析。     

波浪作用下某防沙堤的动力固结有限元分析

基于饱和土动力固结理论,采用SWANDYNE II有限元分析,程序预测一个梯形沉箱防沙堤在某设计波浪作用下的响应。采用Pastor-Zienkiwicz Mark III广义塑性模型模拟了海床土的循环应力-应变行为。通过动三轴试验,确定了主要的模型参数,分析中只考虑了波浪对结构的作用,忽略行波对海床表面的作用。动力固结有限元分析的结果定性上与常规的拟静力极限平衡分析方法一致,有限元分析定量给出了体系的位移、应力、孔隙水压力分布和结构位移随波浪持续时间的累积过程,其研究结果初步展现了动力固结有限元方法在近海和海岸岩土工程领域的广阔应用前景。     

A semi-analytical method for the wave-induced seabed response

A general semi-analytical method is presented for the analysis of seabed response under wave action during a storm. The seabed is idealized as a poro-elastic medium filled with a single compressible fluid with anisotropic flow. The coupled process of fluid flow and deformation of soil skeleton is formulated in the framework of Biot's theory. The analysis for the response of homogeneous seabed of finite thickness under a plane progressive wave is developed first, followed by an extension for the case of a layered seabed. A generalization for three-dimensional response of seabed is also developed for a general wave field which provides the analyses for seabed response under short-crested or standing waves in the vicinity of a structure. Some numerical examples illustrating the proposed analyses are also presented.     

考虑渗流力的海床临界冲刷机理及计算方法

从波浪引起的海床内部渗流与床面泥沙运动耦合的角度出发,研究波浪作用下海床临界冲刷机理及计算方法。研究表明,波浪作用下床面泥沙起动及冲刷是一个不断向下发展的过程,最终达到一个临界冲刷深度。波浪引起的渗流力能够显著降低泥沙的临界起动切应力,促进泥沙起动,是影响海床冲刷的一个重要因素。将渗流力引入到传统泥沙起动公式中,推导并给出了波浪作用下海床临界冲刷深度的计算方法。结合室内和现场两个算例,很好地解释了波浪水槽试验中海床"流化"现象和黄河水下三角洲粉砂流冲沟等灾害地貌特征及成因,初步验证了该方法用于评价和计算海床冲刷的有效性。     

NON-LINEAR FAULT BEHAVIOUR NEAR UNDERGROUND EXCAVATIONS — A BOUNDARY ELEMENT APPROACH

A boundary element model for stress/stability analysis of underground excavations in the vicinity of faults is presented. The boundary element formulation adopts the fictitious stress method for the simulation of excavation boundaries and the displacement discontinuity method for the representation of faults. The numerical model employs the Barton–Bandis non-linear joint model for the modelling of the fault behaviour and linear elastic behaviour for the rock. An incremental-iterative in situ stress relaxation algorithm is implemented for the non-linear analysis of the faults. Both deformation and peak strength models of Barton–Bandis are incorporated for modelling the mechanical behaviour of the fault. The non-linear deformation of fault considers the effects of coupling between shear and normal stresses and displacement, joint closure, joint separation, hardening followed by post-peak or residual behaviour. The peak strength model employs a mobilized non-linear shear strength envelope. The differences between linear and non-linear simulation of the fault models are discussed. A comparison of model predictions with the classical Mohr–Coulomb peak strength model with constant joint stiffness is presented. The numerical model is used for a case study of Canadian hard rock underground mine. The shear and normal displacements along the fault during four mining sequences with backfill simulation are presented and discussed.     

Uniqueness and localization analysis of elastic–plastic saturated porous media

Conditions for localization of deformation into a planar (shear) band in the incremental response of elastic–plastic saturated porous media are derived in the case of small strains and rotations. The critical modulus for localization of both undrained and drained conditions are given in terms of the discontinuous bifurcation analysis of the problem. Loss of uniqueness of the response of coupled problems is investigated by means of positiveness of the second‐order work density. From the discussion of drained conditions, it is shown that there are two critical hardening moduli, i.e. lower and upper hardening moduli which, respectively, correspond to single phase material (large permeability) and to undrained conditions (small permeability). In analogy to one‐dimensional results, it is shown that there exists a domain of permeability values where we have loss of stability, but the waves can still propagate. In this domain finite element results do not show pathological mesh dependence, and permeability will play the role of an internal length parameter in dynamic models. The length scale prediction is thus given for multi‐dimensional problems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海洋沉积土动剪切模量与阻尼比的试验研究

动剪切模量和阻尼比是工程场地地震安全性评价及地基动力反应分析的重要动力学参数。为评价某海域海洋土的动力学特性,对10.3～84.2 m深度范围内的海底淤泥质粉质黏土、粉砂及细砂开展共振柱试验。利用双对数模型建立了最大动剪切模量随上覆压力的递增关系。研究发现,现有规范的剪切模量比与阻尼比的推荐取值并不适用于海洋沉积土,即使考虑借鉴以往研究成果也必须将其限制在一定的应变范围,并应考虑土体的天然应力状态取值。利用马丁-达维登科夫（Martin- Davidenkov）模型及阻尼比与剪应变的经验关系建立了剪切模量比和阻尼比随剪应变的变化规律,并由此提出了适用于海洋沉积土的5×10-6～10-3应变范围内剪切模量比及阻尼比的推荐值。研究成果可为海洋工程场地的设计、施工及抗震分析提供技术参考依据。     

波流共同作用下多孔介质海床动力响应的解析解

本文提出一个评价波流共同作用下多孔介质海床的孔隙水压力和有效应力动力响应的u-p近似模型。与过去相关研究主要不同处是在于本文着重考虑了潮流在该问题解析解中的作用。本文提出的解析解首先分别与实测数据和COMSOL数值解对比验证。接着以此解析解为基础进行了一系列关于流的作用的参数分析。本文首先研究了潮流对于不同海床深度的影响以及不同波流荷载下海床的动力响应问题,数值结果显示了潮流和非线性波对孔隙水压力和有效应力的重要作用。本文最后研究了不同潮流方向对海床动力响应的影响,结果显示由不同的潮流方向引起的孔隙水压力的相对变化可以达到静水压力的15%。     

A three-dimensional finite element program for brittle bimodular rock-like materials

The present paper models the behaviour of bimodular materials (materials with different tensile and compressive moduli) by using a three-dimensional finite element method. Since there is no explicit and definite expression for the shear modulus G of bimodular materials, the analysis starts with a 3 × 3 elasticity matrix in the principal stress coordinate system, and then uses a transformation from principal to Cartesian coordinates to obtain the 6 × 6 elasticity matrix. A corresponding iterative technique is proposed, and multiloading sequences in non-proportionate loading—which need more iterations because of the non-linear elastic property—are also discussed. Numerical examples are presented which show good agreement with analytical results.     

Monotonic and cyclic modeling of interface between geotextile and gravelly soil

This paper describes a modified elasto‐plasticity damage model to capture monotonic and cyclic behavior of the interface between a geotextile and gravelly soil. New damage variable and shear strength criterion are introduced on the basis of test observations. The formulations of the modified model are obtained by extending those of the original interface model. The model parameters with physical meaning are easily determined from a group of cyclic shear tests and a confining compression test. The model predictions are compared with the results of a series of direct shear tests and large‐scale pullout tests. The comparison results demonstrate that the model accurately describes the monotonic and cyclic stress–strain relationship of the interface between a geotextile and gravelly soil while capturing new characteristics: (1) the strength that is nonlinearly dependent on the normal stress; (2) significant shear strain‐softening; (3) the comprehensive volumetric strain response with dependency on the shear direction; and (4) the evolution of behavior associated with the changes in the physical state that includes the geotextile damage. This model is used in a finite element analysis of pullout tests, indicating that the tensile modulus of a geotextile has a significant effect on the response of the geotextile–gravel system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.