Stress–strain model for clays with anisotropic void ratio distribution

The porosity of soils is considered to be a directional measure and its distribution is characterized by a functional form. This form has been used to extend the critical state soil mechanics framework to include the effects of structure in soils. A new internal plastic energy dissipation formulation has been proposed to account for fabric arrangement. New expressions for the yield locus, and the plastic stress–strain response of structural soils have been derived. The applicability of the concepts to model the plastic stress–strain behaviour of a number of soils is illustrated. The advantage of the new model is very well identified in modelling the stress–strain behaviour of K₀ consolidated and natural clays. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非饱和土毛细滞回与变形耦合弹塑性本构模型

在修正剑桥模型的基础上,提出了一个非饱和土毛细滞回与骨架变形耦合的弹塑性本构模型。该模型考虑了基质吸力与饱和度对屈服应力的影响,可以同时描述非饱和土的弹塑性变形特性与毛细循环滞回效应。根据塑性体变的产生使非饱和土进气值增大的特点,建立了变形对土-水特征曲线影响的数学描述。该模型有效地考虑了饱和度对前期屈服应力的作用,准确地反映了土体在不同土-水状态条件下（脱湿和吸湿过程）强度特性的变化,而且还可以有效地描述水力循环历史对土体变形的影响。通过与试验数据对比,证明了该模型能够模拟非饱和土的主要力学特性。     

材料的弹性极限应力理论

从材料的滑移应力与静水应力的相互作用，阐明了各向同性材料在复杂应力状态下的三种弹性破坏现象。剪切屈服、脆性断裂和塑性体积屈服，并以两个极限应力准则完整地表述。作为一个例子，以平方主剪应力屈服准则为基础，构造了广义平方主剪应力准则方程组，理论结果与一些岩土类材料的实验数据相吻合。     

胶结结构性土统一硬化模型

结构性土颗粒间的胶结使试样剪切破坏最终应力比高于相应重塑土,也限制了试样剪切时体积应变的自由发挥。在考虑结构垮塌为主的结构性土统一硬化(UH)模型基础上,将应力空间中静止的临界状态线扩展为动态的移动临界状态线。据此,通过建立新的屈服面方程并修正剪胀方程,将结构性土统一硬化(UH)模型扩展为胶结结构性土统一硬化(UH)模型。相对于原模型,新模型增加了1个模型参数,即初始胶结应力,反映土颗粒之间的初始胶结作用。通过4种结构性土试验数据与模型预测对照表明：所提模型能够较合理地描述结构性土等向压缩、常规三轴排水与不排水剪切等特性。     

描述饱和黏性土应变软化的弹塑性双面模型

常规三轴压缩试验中具有较强结构性的黏性土在围压较低时其应力−应变关系会呈现应变软化现象,一般还伴有塑性变形,通常土体内部结构损伤是应变软化产生的主要原因。考虑到采用经典塑性理论描述材料的应变软化不仅会违背 Drucker 的稳定性假设,而且也不能描述卸载塑性。因此,基于修正剑桥模型及 Li 和 Meissner 提出的塑性硬化准则,建立了一个描述饱和黏性土不排水应变软化的弹塑性双面模型。该模型以应力−应变曲线的峰值点分界,将应变硬化和应变软化分别作为独立的加载事件进行分析,同时引入新的结构性参数表征剪切过程中土体结构损伤导致的塑性刚度衰退。对不同固结状态饱和结构性黏土的三轴固结不排水压缩试验结果的模拟表明,所建模型能够较好地描述饱和黏性土的不排水应变软化特性。     

基于微观力学机制的各向异性结构性砂土的本构模型研究

在岩土破损力学基础上,基于微观破损机制,提出了考虑各向异性的结构性砂土本构理论。采用Lade-Duncan强度准则考虑中主应力对抗剪强度的影响;采用考虑颗粒排列组构的各向异性状态变量A反映各向异性对土体强度和变形的影响;通过相似扩大重塑土的屈服面反映结构性对土性的影响;通过引入非相关联流动法则考虑各向异性和结构性对土体塑性变形的影响。同时,将基于微观力学机制的损伤演化规律引入结构性土的硬化规律;该硬化规律同时考虑了塑性体积应变和剪切应变对各向异性结构性土强度的影响。然后将该模型用于模拟室内三轴压缩试验,初步验证了该模型的合理性和适用性。     

结构性土压缩曲线的数学模拟

在总结结构性土压缩特点的基础上,以岩土破损力学理论中的弹塑性元（软弱带）为参照状态,通过引入一个可以表征土体结构影响的结构状态参数 ,建立了结构性土压缩曲线的数学表达式。通过结构性土的单轴压缩试验和等向压缩试验,验证了建议的模型可以较好地模拟结构性土的压缩变形特性。由于建议的表达式可以反映结构性土的压缩曲线在 - 坐标中的非线性,对于结构性土的沉降计算有一定的理论意义。     

A new Hvorslev surface for critical state type unsaturated and saturated constitutive models

Constitutive models for unsaturated soils are most commonly based on conventional critical state type models for saturated soils. The ellipse of the modified Cam-clay model is usually adopted for the formulation of the yield and the plastic potential surfaces in the mean stress – deviatoric stress plane. Despite the wide use of this ellipse it has long been shown that the peak deviatoric stress observed for highly overconsolidated states may be largely overestimated. For fully saturated conditions, a planar surface, termed the Hvorslev surface, has been employed in the literature in order to overcome this shortcoming on the dry side of the critical state. In addition, by employing a no-tension cut-off, stress states are restricted within the compressive region. In unsaturated conditions and due to the effect of suction the soil may be subjected to tensile total stresses which should not, however, exceed a model dependent limit. Nonetheless, adopting a planar surface and in the absence of any provision, illegal tensile stresses may be obtainable. For this reason, a new expression for the Hvorslev surface, which restricts the stress state within acceptable boundaries, is proposed, based on a small number of model parameters. The new surface is curved rather than planar and can also be used in combination with critical state type constitutive models developed for saturated conditions. The new surface is calibrated based on fully saturated undrained triaxial compression and extension tests and on unsaturated drained triaxial tests. The superiority of the new surface in comparison with commonly adopted shapes for the yield and the plastic potential functions – such as the ellipse and the bullet shape of the modified and the original Cam clay models – is demonstrated through numerical analyses of the unsaturated drained triaxial laboratory tests.     

Compaction Induced Yield Stress

In order to realize more benefits and to have more effective output from the mechanical ground improvement projects, the field soils are subjected to over consolidation. This process induces a characteristic yield stress in the compacted soil mass similar to that exhibited by the soil masses subjected to natural processes of over consolidation during their geological life time. In view of the absence of any documented geotechnical engineering literature on such an important topic, this paper intends to throw some useful light on compaction induced yield stress in fine-grained soils. A detailed discussion of various factors contributing to the induced yield stress as a consequence of compaction is done. The results of the present experimental study indicates that the values of compaction induced yield stress increase from dry side of optimum to optimum compacted state. This stress may tend to achieve an equilibrium value or decrease beyond optimum compacted state depending upon the contribution from the coarser fraction composing the soil. It is also illustrated that the soils subjected to same compactive effort exhibit different values of yield stress as a consequence of clay mineralogical composition of the soils.     

一种旋转塑性势面模型及非关联塑性流动法则

为了较好地描述软土塑性应变发展规律,提出了一种改进的塑性流动模型。该模型采用了与屈服函数形式相同,但具有一定倾角 的塑性势函数。土体在变形过程中,塑性流动方向会依赖于塑性势面的旋转而变化,直至达到破坏状态。通过对常规三轴试验结果的分析可以发现：在剪切过程中,塑性势面旋转角的初值 与终值 较为稳定,不受围压变化影响。在此试验观察基础上,引入了归一化的旋转角参数 以及描述土体应力状态的参数 ,在采用蛋形势函数的情况下二者具有良好的分段线性关系。利用该关系,建立了改进的塑性流动法则,只需要2个额外的模型参数。对所提出的塑性流动模型进行了验证,计算结果表明该模型能较好地反映塑性应变的变化趋势。     

Constitutive modeling of unsaturated aggregated soils

A coupled water retention–mechanical constitutive model for unsaturated aggregated soils is presented here. Based on the multi‐scale experimental results, the model incorporates the inter‐particle bonding, fabric and partial saturation effects in a single framework. It is formulated within the framework of hardening elasto‐plasticity and is based on the critical state concept. Prior to model validation, we evaluate the model parameters and propose determination procedures for the main new parameters. Finally, the model is examined for its capability in simulating the experimental results of aggregated and bonded soils. Results of these simulations show that the model addresses the most features arising from the combined effects of soil structure and partial saturation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关于结构土屈服破坏的探讨

天然沉积土往往均为结构土,结构土的屈服破坏是研究结构土力学性状的关键问题之一。但是,结构土的屈服破坏至今没有合理明确的定义。对两种天然沉积软粘土的高质量不扰动土样进行了固结压缩试验和三轴等向固结不排水剪切试验以探讨结构土的力学性状。基于结构土的强度特性,提出了当外加应力达到固结屈服应力时结构土达到完全屈服破坏的新概念,并且初步探讨了结构土的强度性状与变形特性的本质联系与其耦合问题。     

强结构性天然沉积土的强度变形特性

广泛分布在日本大分县的天然硅藻土是一种令人惊奇的具有正常固结历史的天然沉积结构土,其含水量如豆腐,却硬如石头。由于具有强结构性,其土样不会受到取样及成形过程的扰动影响,能够在室内对其天然状态进行力学性状研究,是一种难得的天然沉积结构性土。采用最大压力达10 MPa的高压三轴仪对天然沉积硅藻土进行试验,以探讨强结构性天然沉积土的力学性状。结果表明,其固结屈服压力达到上覆压力的57倍以上,固结屈服前的压缩曲线是水平的,固结压力达到固结屈服压力时,压缩性突增。强度试验结果显示,处于固结屈服前状态的强度与应力水平无关,而处于固结屈服后状态时其强度包络线与重塑粘土同样为通过原点的直线。     

基于Drucker-Prager准则的岩石弹塑性损伤本构模型研究

大多数岩石材料软化本构模型在硬化函数中引入塑性内变量来表示材料的硬化/软化性质,但并不能反映岩石微裂隙损伤对材料力学性能的影响及单轴拉伸和压缩所表现的初始屈服强度f0与屈服极限fu的差异。基于D-P准则同时考虑塑性软化及损伤软化,建立岩石类材料的弹塑性本构关系及其数值算法。塑性屈服函数采用Borja等的应力张量的硬化/软化函数,反映塑性内变量及应力状态对硬化函数的影响;由于岩石损伤软化是微裂隙扩展所导致的体积膨胀引起的,因此,提出用体积应变表征岩石损伤变量的演化,并用回映隐式积分算法编制了岩石的弹塑性损伤本构程序。对单轴压缩及拉伸荷载作用下的岩石材料试验进行数值模拟,结果表明,所提出的岩石弹塑性损伤本构模型可以较好地符合岩石材料的力学特性。     

软黏土的各向异性临界状态模型

剑桥模型只适用于正常固结软黏土,不能描述不等向固结土的应力-应变行为的各向异性特性。基于剑桥模型,在其椭圆屈服面中引入各向异性张量和一个形状参数,建立了一个各向异性屈服面,提出了一个适用于等向和不等向固结软黏土的本构模型。各向异性张量的初始值由初始固结应力状态确定,其演化过程由一个与塑性剪应变和塑性体应变都有关的硬化法则描述。形状参数的引入保证了各向异性屈服面的灵活性和适应性。通过对Boston Blue黏土、高岭土和Otaniemi黏土的三轴试验结果的模拟,验证了模型的模拟能力。     

A kinematic hardening constitutive model for sands: the multiaxial formulation

This paper explores the possibility of using well-accepted concepts—Mohr-Coulomb-like strength criterion, critical state, existence of a small strain elastic region, hyperbolic relationship for representing global plastic stress–strain behaviour, dependence of strength on state parameter and flow rules derived from the Cam-Clay Model—to represent the general multiaxial stress–strain behaviour of granular materials over the full range of void ratios and stress level (neglecting grain crushing). The result is a simple model based on bounding surface and kinematic hardening plasticity, which is based on a single set of constitutive parameters, namely two for the elastic behaviour plus eight for the plastic behaviour, which all have a clear and easily understandable physical meaning. In order to assist the convenience of the numerical implementation, the model is defined in a ‘normalized’ stress space in which the stress–strain behaviour does not undergo any strain softening and so certain potential numerical difficulties are avoided. In the first part the multiaxial formulation of the model is described in detail, using appropriate mixed invariants, which rationally combine stress history and stress. The model simulations are compared with some experimental results for tests on granular soils along stress paths lying outside the triaxial plane over a wide range of densities and mean stresses, using constitutive parameters calibrated using triaxial tests. Furthermore, the study is extended to the analysis of the effects induced by the different shapes of the yield and bounding surfaces, revealing the different role played by the size and the curvature of the bounding surface on the simulated behaviour of completely stress- and partly strain-driven tests. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A two-surface thermomechanical plasticity model considering thermal cyclic behavior

In thermal-related engineering such as thermal energy structures and nuclear waste disposal, it is essential to well understand volume change and excess pore water pressure buildup of soils under thermal cycles. However, most existing thermo-mechanical models can merely simulate one heating–cooling cycle and fail in capturing accumulation phenomenon due to multiple thermal cycles. In this study, a two-surface elasto-plastic model considering thermal cyclic behavior is proposed. This model is based on the bounding surface plasticity and progressive plasticity by introducing two yield surfaces and two loading yield limits. A dependency law is proposed by linking two loading yield limits with a thermal accumulation parameter n_c, allowing the thermal cyclic behavior to be taken into account. Parameter n_c controls the evolution rate of the inner loading yield limit approaching the loading yield limit following a thermal loading path. By extending the thermo-hydro-mechanical equations into the elastic–plastic state, the excess pore water pressure buildup of soil due to thermal cycles is also accounted. Then, thermal cycle tests on four fine-grained soils (natural Boom clay, Geneva clay, Bonny silt, and reconstituted Pontida clay) under different OCRs and stresses are simulated and compared. The results show that the proposed model can well describe both strain accumulation phenomenon and excess pore water pressure buildup of fine-grained soils under the effect of thermal cycles.

     

ISA model: A constitutive model for soils with yield surface in the intergranular strain space

In this article, a new constitutive model for soils is proposed. It is formulated by means of plasticity, but in contrast to the precedent works, it presents a yield function describing a surface within the intergranular strain space. This latter is a state variable providing information of the recent strain history. An expression for the plastic strain rate has been proposed to guarantee the stress rate continuity. Under the application of medium or large strain amplitudes, the constitutive equation becomes independent of the intergranular strain and delivers a mathematical structure similar to some Karlsruhe hypoplastic models. Some simulations of monotonic and cyclic triaxial test are provided to evaluate and analyze the model performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.