滑坡堵江坝溃决洪水及其演进的理论分析

崩滑堵江事件在世界范围内，尤其在山区广泛存在。溃坝后形成的洪水异常凶猛，洪峰高达几米至几十米，演进过程中常造成下游严重灾害。因此，崩滑堵江事件及其灾害链已严重影响人类的工程经济活动。本文对溃决洪水流量，洪峰及其演进过程进行了理论分析，建立了一套预测溃坝洪水特征的计算公式，并用实例验证，取得了较好的效果。     

四川什邡青牛沱崩塌群特征及其形成的堰塞坝体稳定性评价

2008-5.12地震中,由于当时强烈的地震作用,使得地震灾区地表变形巨大,生态环境严重破坏。地震诱发的地质灾害威胁着灾区人民群众的生命财产安全,震中地区出现的主要灾害形式为边坡的崩滑及崩滑堆积体堵江（河、路）。本文通过对青牛沱崩塌群及崩滑堵江形成堰塞湖的基本特征的论述,分析了其形成机制和产生的危害特征,最后因地制宜地提出了防治对策。为在恶劣环境下的地质灾害评价和防治提供了一套完整的技术思路,也为以后相似情况下的其他地区的灾害评价、防治提供参考。     

叠溪地震堰塞湖沉积物特征及演化过程

1933年发生在青藏高原东缘岷江上游叠溪地区的7.5级地震,致岷江干流两岸岩体崩滑堵江,形成叠溪小海子堰塞湖。堰塞湖形成后,水流携带松坪沟流域内的泥砂进入堰塞湖不断沉积,形成具有顶积层、前积层和底积层3层结构的吉尔伯特型扇三角洲。基于野外调查,本文对叠溪堰塞湖三角洲沉积物的沉积特征进行研究,依据沉积物的地貌和沉积特征推断松坪沟流域至少发生过两次大型洪水事件。采用水力学中的水流能量法反演计算,结果表明这两次洪水的最大洪峰流量分别为405.4 m3·s-1和365.4 m3·s-1。叠溪堰塞湖沉积特征与历史洪峰流量的重建,对于了解震后堰塞湖地质环境及演化规律等方面具有重要意义,可为地质灾害等事件的发生频率、危害程度在工程建设方面提供参考。     

雅鲁藏布江色东普沟崩滑-碎屑流堵江灾害初步研究

2018年10月17日5时许,西藏林芝市雅鲁藏布江左岸色东普沟上游发生冰崩岩崩,冲击下部的早期崩坡积物和冰碛物,形成滑坡-碎屑流进入雅鲁藏布江,堵江堰塞约56 h后自然漫顶泄流,整个过程形成崩滑-碎屑流-堰塞湖-溃决洪水灾害链。采用多年气温降水数据分析、多时相卫星遥感解译冰川退缩、直升机抵近观察堰塞坝、Scheidegger公式计算崩滑-碎屑流运动速度、Gutenberg-Richter公式计算地震活动序列b值和多因素赋值统计研判未来冰崩地点规模,得到堰塞坝体积约为3100×10~4m~3(含以往多次崩滑堵江残留堆积),滑坡-碎屑流运动距离超过8 km,平均运动速度约20 m/s,整个运动过程历时6.7 min,具有高速远程性质。色东普沟域崩滑-碎屑流是在地貌高陡、岩体破碎、气候变暖、局地降水、冰川退缩、断裂活动和地震效应(b值在0.7左右)等多种因素综合作用下形成的,今后相当长的时期内仍会多次发生。初步预测,当局地平均气温超过13℃、1 h降雨量超过5 mm或24 h降雨量超过10 mm,或地震PGA大于0.18 g,可能引发新的崩滑-碎屑流事件,造成雅鲁藏布江再次壅堵。针对该区域山高谷深,人烟稀少,交通困难的实际,提出了适应自然、全面避让和适当疏导的防灾减灾对策。     

华南地区崩岗侵蚀灾害及其防治

根据区域调查和定位研究资料,介绍了华南地区崩岗侵蚀及其灾害特点,概述了崩岗的形成、发育规律及其演变过程,分析了崩岗侵蚀及其灾害的影响因素。提出进行崩岗灾害防治时,应在水土保持传统方法基础上,整合水文地质学和工程地质学及其它相关学科理论,应用GIS技术对崩岗侵蚀进行科学监测和管理,为坡地利用和环境整治以及灾害防治提供依据。     

高亚洲地区冰崩灾害的研究进展

在全球气候变化的背景下,冰崩灾害极有可能成为人类面临的新常态。特别是在高亚洲地区,冰崩灾害事件严重威胁"亚洲水塔"的命运和"第三极"的生态安全。因此,研究冰崩灾害事件对于保障"一带一路"国家战略的顺利实施和保护"一带一路"沿线国家的生产与生存环境具有重要的现实意义。通过梳理历史上有记录的几次冰崩灾害事件,系统介绍冰崩的发生过程;再从冰崩体的物质组成、冰崩体的运动特征、冰崩发生的可能原因以及冰崩的影响等方面总结了冰崩的研究内容;重点阐述了冰崩的研究方法;最后讨论了当前冰崩研究存在的问题,并从冰崩研究方法等角度展望了未来冰崩灾害事件的研究方向。     

三峡库区白衣庵滑坡地质研究

白衣庵滑坡是一个由古滑坡、老滑坡和新滑坡组成的滑坡群,是川、峡二江在奉节东西贯通形成统一的长江后,三叠系巴东组(T2b)地层在江水强烈下切侵蚀事件的持续作用下导致江岸斜坡逐渐卸荷、倾倒、崩塌和表层滑坡等多期作用形成的古崩滑体.研究表明,白衣庵古崩滑体稳定性较好,老滑坡在三峡水库水位反复变动影响下可能局部失稳,表层的新滑坡在持续暴雨作用下极易发生复活滑动.     

长江下游窝崩形成条件及防护措施初步研究

描述了长江下游典型窝崩情况,分析了窝崩形成的过程、特点及窝崩江岸段的地质条件、岸坡变化、水流泥沙运动规律.在此基础上研究了窝崩发生的原因,得到了形成窝崩临界条件的数学表达式.最后对窝崩的防护和预测提出了建议.     

重庆武隆鸡冠岭岩质崩滑-碎屑流过程模拟

1994年乌江重庆武隆段左侧岸坡鸡冠岭发生大型岩质崩滑,崩塌体碰撞解体后沿沟谷形成碎屑流,碎屑流体高速入江激起涌浪,最终形成堰塞湖,造成重大人员伤亡和经济损失。本文在滑坡现场工程地质调查的基础上,阐述了鸡冠岭崩滑-碎屑流的基本特征,对鸡冠岭崩滑-碎屑流运动过程中碰撞和铲刮等现象进行了分析,并基于DAN3D动力分析软件反演了鸡冠岭崩滑-碎屑流运动全过程,得到了崩滑-碎屑流速度分布规律和堆积体分布特征,模拟结果与滑坡的基本特征与堆积体分布特征基本吻合。鸡冠岭的研究成果较少,本文从数值模拟的角度剖析了鸡冠岭崩滑-碎屑流的动力特性,完善了鸡冠岭崩滑的研究。本文的研究结果为崩滑动力特性及滑坡涌浪效应研究提供了依据。     

重大水利工程对长江中下游干流河槽和岸线地质环境影响研究

本文主要采取历史水下地形和水位数据分析、干流河槽现场测量、室内测试和综合评价等方法对重大水利工程影响长江中下游干流河槽和岸线进行了分析和研究,取得如下新进展：（1）创新构建了一套多模态传感器系统,实现陆上和水下一体化水动力、沉积和地貌特征测量与数据采集。（2）调查研究发现,长江干流河槽冲刷强烈,岸线窝崩、条崩发育。（3）悬沙和床沙粗化,河床阻力下降,发育侵蚀型链珠状沙波,长江大桥主桥墩冲刷严重。（4）潮区界显著上移,潮区界变动河段地貌发生重要变化。在此基础上,研究认为应该加强长江中下游干流河槽、沿岸高陡岸坡、支流入汇干流河口、崩岸以及跨江大桥桥墩冲刷等调查、监测和成因机理分析。上述研究成果对长江岸滩防护和修复、航道整治、沿岸防洪、长江大桥桥墩维护等具有重要意义。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.