普适地图制图综述研究

计算技术的发展需要与之相适应的计算模式。经过几十年的发展,计算范式经历了三次转变:中心式计算、分布式计算和移动式计算,并向普适计算迈进。不同的计算范式孕育了不同的制图模式,地图制图模式也经历了三次转变:单机版的计算机地图制图、网络地图制图和移动地图制图,并向普适地图制图的模式改变。普适地图制图是普适计算技术在地图制图领域的应用,是普适计算与地图制图相结合的产物,它的出现给地图制图带来了一场新的革命。在分析国内外相关文献的基础上,阐述了普适地图制图的概念,重点介绍了普适地图制图的主要研究内容和关键技术,为今后普适地图制图的研究提供了一定的指导意义,具有较好的参考价值。     

地图学技术发展中的几点理论思考

文中分析总结了地图表达形式、价值能力、评价标准、设计者和使用者相互关系以及符号认知规律等的历史演变,提出在当今的全球网络时代,地图学理论工作者和地图系统研发者有责任重新定义地图的范畴并采用可用性作为地图的评价标准。就地图科学的发展趋势而言,作者以为3维仿真虚拟地理环境的普及给地图学提供了新的生长点,而正在兴起的3维非仿真虚拟地理环境将进一步保持和发扬传统地图的科学价值并使可视化技术走向可视化学。     

Numerically Controlled Methods of Automatic Plotting and Draughting

Abstract

The equipment available for numerically controlled plotting and draughting is reviewed and certain devices described in some detail. Several systems suited to the digitising of cartographic material exist, while the available plotters may be classified broadly into three categories—those derived from surveying and photogrammetric practice, those associated with computer technology and a group designed substantially for cartographic applications. Finally the various input and output devices associated with cartographic digitising are discussed with special emphasis on their storage capacity, speed of operation and economy.     

Professionalism and Manpower Issues in Geographical Information Systems in West Africa

The provision of geographical information systems (GIS), particularly as an integrator of digital cartographic principles, in West Africa is evaluated by examining the professionalism and manpower issues, trends of cartographic and GIS education and training, usage of modern technology and dissemination of spatial information as well as in terms of the level of regional co-operation. The analysis shows that there is potential for the rapid growth and recognition of the disciplinary and societal relevance of GIS in West Africa. This is indicated by the cartography, remote sensing, and GIS programmes being established in Nigerian and Ghanaian tertiary institutions, as well as the changes from analogue to digital mapping procedures in the public and petroleum oil organisations.     

细节层次简化建模在地图可视化中的应用研究

层次细节简化(LOD)是一种有效控制地图模型复杂程度,提高可视化效率的重要方法,其模型算法的研究是地图可视化表示技术的关键技术之一.主要分析了LOD的三种应用类型,重点就可视化中地图图层、点、线、面、注记的LOD模型建立进行了探讨研究.     

Teaching Mapping for Digital Natives: New Pedagogical Ideas for Undergraduate Cartography Education

The current generation of US students engaging with cartography has always had some form of access to computing technologies. Further, this generation has always known a world with networked computer capabilities – the Internet and World Wide Web. Their experience of cartography is largely through fleeting representations shown on a variety of display screens, thereby encountering information differently than most of their instructors. Teaching cartography to these “digital natives” consequently challenges teachers to engage increasing levels of experience and knowledge of technology while assuring fundamental understanding of cartographic concepts and analysis techniques.

Although GIS is used in a vast range of fields, we believe many students are discouraged from programs and courses oriented towards educating cartographic specialists. However, general interest in mapping has never been as significant a part of American culture as it is today. In spite of accessible modes of digital mapping now widely available, introducing cartographic fundamentals retains great significance for undergraduate cartography education. In this paper we present a new pedagogical model for undergraduate cartography education that introduces students finding curiousity in mapping, but lacking desire to become cartographic specialists, to mapping. This model enables undergraduate students to learn fundamentals and begin to reflect critically on the concepts and techniques of modern cartography. Our example stems from a class that systematically addresses barriers to learning and mapping through active-learning based approaches in an interactive classroom. The active-learning approach involves significant engagements with the potentials and challenges of modern cartography in the information age by embracing inquiry-based pedagogical methods and learning with and about mapping.     

INTEGRATION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC, REMOTE SENSING AND DATABASE TECHNOLOGIES FOR MAPPING APPLICATIONS

The availability of data in digital formats, the rapid evolution of computer systems and the increased demands for cartographic databases are causing photogrammetrists to consider ways of integrating photogrammetric, remote sensing and database technologies. Examples are presented involving the use of aerial photographs and satellite images in combination with geographical information systems and image processing techniques to assess soil erosion, growth of aquatic vegetation and to enhance satellite images for the compilation or revision of map products.     

论地图的随机不确定性与模糊性

随着现代科学技术的发展,地图在国民经济和政治中发挥的作用越来越大,各行各列对地图的应用是越来越多,地图已经作为一种普通的日常商品进入了人们的日常生活之中。地图要发挥作用的前提是地图需要有一定的精度,因此研究地图的不确定性是非常必要的和有意义的。地图的不确定性分为随机不确定性和模糊性,因此本文从地图的理论基础、地图的编制和地图的使用等三个方面较为系统地研究地图的不确定性,并对地图的不确定性进行了分析和总结。     

基于认知规律的地图可视化系统用户界面设计研究

地图可视化系统用户界面是实现用户和地图可视化系统交互的关键环节,但对这一情况目前地图学界还没有给予足够的重视。本文首先拓宽用户界面的概念并介绍了地图可视化系统用户界面元素,通过分析现有地图可视化系统用户界面设计中存在的一些问题,提出了基于认知规律的地图可视化系统用户界面设计原则,并通过实例进行了详细说明。     

基于代数结构的地形图制图模型

根据地图表达的特点,将地理空间信息抽象表达为二元结构,即反映语义属性及空间位置属性的地理要素和要素间空间关系;利用代数结构形式,在地理空间数据库和地图中分别构建表达地理空间信息的地理要素空间和地图要素空间;地理要素空间中的空间关系是基于欧式空间原理建立的,而地图要素空间中的空间关系则是用视觉模型来刻画.据此,提出以地理...     

CARTOGRAPHY ON THE EVE OF A NEW MILLENNIUM

One of Russia's foremost cartographers surveys the status of cartography on the eve of the 21st century, in a review of research presented at a plenary session of a recent national cartographic conference of the Russian Federation. The focus is on how changes in scientific paradigms (toward a so-called phenomenological paradigm) have been accompanied by the appearance of new products and modes of communication and information transmission. These, in turn, have generated needs for new programs of mass-based cartographic education and new scientific production institutes for the design and testing of new mapping technologies. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, seriya geograficheskaya, 1998, No. 1, pp. 8-17.     

创新思维改变地图学

随着社会发展和技术进步,地图学经历了并正在继续经历着巨大的变化,这应当是人类创新思维的推动.从8个方面论述了改变地图学的创新思维,正是这些创新思维使地图学这门具有悠久历史的传统学科生机勃勃、充满活力,如今传统地图学(地图制图学)已发展成为地图制图学与地理信息工程(地理信息系统)学科,传统地图学已经被数字化地图学所取代,...     

基于地图的地理信息可视化现状与发展

地理信息可视化是在地理数据库驱动下,以地图形式表达地理信息的过程。地图可视化和GIS可视化是地学可视化研究的两个重要部分,地图可视化通常在制图系统中完成,脱离了地理数据库,不便于地图更新;GIS可视化又缺乏足够的地图制图工具。文中探讨了地理数据库驱动下的地图表达机制,融入了地图制图机制与GIS符号化,形成GIS数据管理、数据综合、符号化、图形综合一体化的地图表达模型。     

基于用户认知特征的地图可视化系统自适应用户界面研究

地图可视化系统用户界面是地图可视化系统和用户进行信息交互的接口.用户界面存在的问题制约用户对地图可视化系统应有功能的使用.以地图可视化系统的用户为中心,通过探讨用户的认知特征和分析现有地图可视化系统用户界面设计中存在的一些问题,拓宽用户界面的概念,设计一种地图可视化系统自适应用户界面的初步机制,探索让系统的用户界面自动地适应用户特征的方法.     

Applying USGS Digital Line Graph Data in a Microcomputer Environment

In this paper I discuss the potential of U.S. Geological Survey Digital Line Graph data for applications to microcomputer-based cartographic and geographic information systems. The DLG-3 data base produced from 1:100,000-scale maps is the principal focus because of its importance in providing the cartographic framework for the 1990 decennial census. Topological relationships inherent in DLG-3 data are reviewed as a basis for discussion of how additional digital cartographic data, including the U.S. Geological Survey Land Use and Land Cover data can be converted to the same DLG-3 data structure. The development and applications of software implemented to manipulate DLG-3 data on a microcomputer are reviewed and illustrated through examples of DLG-3 formatted data.     

地图要素图形冲突处理方法——以线状要素(道路、水系和境界)为例

按照目前的专业制图规范对地图表达的质量要求,计算机制图原理和技术无法避免制图过程中需要大量人工处理地图要素图形冲突的工作。这种由于数据模型间(数字地理景观模型与数字制图模型间)的差别而产生的技术难题一直是实现快速制图的瓶颈。本文基于"先处理、后符号化"的策略,通过分析引起图形冲突的形式以及地图制图规范对冲突处理的要求,提出了针对图形重叠和图形衔接两类图形冲突处理的基本操作,即将对地图要素(地理要素符号化)的图形处理转变为对地理要素本身的处理,从而减少了后期图形冲突处理的工作量;基于这些基本操作,以地形图制图中产生大量冲突处理的道路、水系和境界要素类型为例,说明如何综合利用这些基本操作,实现对图面冲突自动处理的方法;最后,两幅实际地形图数据试验表明本操作可以提高制图效率。     

地图代数系统居民地编绘工艺过程及评价

采用地图代数系统对居民地编绘工艺进行设计和实验，并与常规编绘工艺比较，得出地图代数系统在技术、效率和质量上具有明显优势的结论。     

Representation and its Relationship with Cartographic Visualization

A research agenda is presented which addresses the current role and potential of map displays. By considering the geospatial data used in visualization, the form and design of maps, the purposes for which map displays are created, the nature of the map user community, and the technology employed to visualize geospatial data, a thorough overview of the nature of cartographic visualization is given. Under the same themes, and sourced in cartographic tradition, cartographic practice and technological opportunities, a series of possible research avenues are highlighted. The important links between representation and the user interface, map user cognition and the geospatial database are stressed.     

地学可视化探讨

提出了关于地学可视化的研究框架。地学可视化包括地图可视化、地理信息系统（ Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ） 可视化及其在专业应用领域的可视化。地图可视化与 Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ可视化是地学可视化理论和技术的２ 个基础部分。地学多维图解是从非可视化角度提出的,关于图的地学知识表达、获取及其图的地学问题解的求证原理和方法,是地学可视化的高一级发展阶段。地图可视化中的信息表达交流模型和地理视觉认知决策模型的研究,将从理论上促进地学多维图解模型的进一步发展。基于虚拟现实技术和计算机网络技术的虚拟地理环境是地学可视化、地学多维图解理论和技术发展的最后集成系统。     

A Cartographic Animation of Average Yearly Surface Temperatures for the 48 Contiguous United States: 1897–1986

Animation is an important method of communicating information that lends itself to cartographic display. Cartographers may be delinquent in their utilization of this technique. Meteorologists, medical researchers, and physical scientists, employing mini-, mainframe, and supercomputers, are creating today's most sophisticated animated maps and continue to develop high-quality systems for data display. Though today's cartographers are concerned with the geometric accuracy and computer automation of their map products, they may be overlooking current developments in spatiotemporal display within other disciplines. Creating a method to bridge the current animation gap between cartography and these disciplines has been the primary goal of this research. Since personal computers are the platforms most commonly available to cartographers, development of animated cartographic displays is feasible with this technology. As a result of this research, an interactive microcomputer-based animated map of U.S. surface temperatures was designed to help understand the rapid climatic change occurring during the 20th century.