Professionalism and Manpower Issues in Geographical Information Systems in West Africa

The provision of geographical information systems (GIS), particularly as an integrator of digital cartographic principles, in West Africa is evaluated by examining the professionalism and manpower issues, trends of cartographic and GIS education and training, usage of modern technology and dissemination of spatial information as well as in terms of the level of regional co-operation. The analysis shows that there is potential for the rapid growth and recognition of the disciplinary and societal relevance of GIS in West Africa. This is indicated by the cartography, remote sensing, and GIS programmes being established in Nigerian and Ghanaian tertiary institutions, as well as the changes from analogue to digital mapping procedures in the public and petroleum oil organisations.     

Towards Ubiquitous Cartography

Computer-generated maps have become commonplace over the past decade. Most internet search engines, for example, have the ability to generate maps in response to spatial queries and routes between specified origins and destinations. Advances in mobile computing technologies provide access to these mapping capabilities from virtually any location on the Earth's surface. Maps and map-making have become ubiquitous, and this phenomenon requires cartographers to rethink basic concepts about map design and map use. In this special issue we present five research projects that are focused on the emerging field of ubiquitous cartography. These projects were selected, in part, because they are representative of key research challenges that face the cartographic research community. In this introductory paper, key terms are defined and research challenges outlined. By way of this collected set of papers, ubiquitous cartography is presented as a new and important arena for cartographic research.     

大学地球科学类地图学教学与教材内容改革研究

从现代地球科学与空间信息技术发展对地图学理论、地图信息获取处理、制图技术工艺和地图产品等方面所提出的基本要求分析,文章认为应对传统的地图学教材内容进行彻底改革,才能适应数字环境下地图学科的自身发展以及地球科学与相关学科发展的需要,最后给出了作为有关地球科学类地图学教学内容改革的框架体系和教材的具体内容。     

A STUDY ON THE CARTOGRAPHIC FUZZY MATRIX MODEL AND MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS OF CARTOGRAPHIC TERMS

On the basis of the research of the cartographic modelsmade by the authors some years ago,this paper further studies theestablishment of cartographic fuzzy matrix to make the concepts incartography e.g.,selection,deletion,mapping generalization andimage tranformation,into some precise mathematical expressions.     

地图模糊矩阵模型与制图术语表述数学化研究

笔者在过去所研究地图模糊矩阵模型的基础上,进一步探讨了建立地图模糊矩阵模型问题,通过矩阵运算来对地图学中有关制图综合、图象变换等概念给出了数学定义,从而使概念表述数学化。     

创新思维改变地图学

随着社会发展和技术进步,地图学经历了并正在继续经历着巨大的变化,这应当是人类创新思维的推动.从8个方面论述了改变地图学的创新思维,正是这些创新思维使地图学这门具有悠久历史的传统学科生机勃勃、充满活力,如今传统地图学(地图制图学)已发展成为地图制图学与地理信息工程(地理信息系统)学科,传统地图学已经被数字化地图学所取代,...     

我国地图学的过去、现在与未来

作者从事地图学教育与科研40余年,本文对我国地图学作了回顾和若干思考,简要地阐述了地图学的历史发展和主要特点以及现代地图学的成就,最后提出地图学未来发展的几个重要问题。     

中国地理学类专业地图学教材建设回顾与思考

教材是教学过程的主要依据和学生学习的重要参考资料。我国近现代科学意义上的地图学教材建设已经历了近百年的里程,取得了显著的进步。当前地图学正处在一个快速发展和变化的历史时期,本文试图通过回顾和总结我国地图学教材建设过程中的优良经验和成果,分析和发现存在的主要问题,研讨改进地图学教材质量的途径和方法,以对编写出版适应学科进步、教育改革和社会发展需要的高水平教材提供参考。     

A Rich Encounter: Reflections of a Student

Abstract

The author, who was John Keates' first full-time graduate student, reflects on his early years in Glasgow University learning about cartography. His mentor not only provided training and education, but inspired him to investigate, through stimulation of curiosity and experience of the inevitable associated frustrations, some of the most exciting practical and artistic techniques of the subject. Closely integrated (and essential to effective design) were the associated challenges to seek fundamental understanding of cartography, and this has process has continued.     

地图学四面体--数字化时代地图学的诠释

传统地图学研究3个关系:实地-地图,读者-地图,读者-实地.这个学科的框架可以称为"地图学三角形".对这三种关系的研究随学科和行业的不同而各有侧重.数字地图的出现扩大了传统地图学的视野和服务面.现代地图学需要面对6个关系的探讨.除了上述3个关系外,还要增加数字地图-地图,数字地图-实地,数字地图-读者3个关系.新的学科框架变成了"地图学四面体".从"三角形"到"四面体"反映了信息时代地图学的发展与变革.地图学的存在取决于人类对地图永恒的需求和地图本身的科学价值.     

指标驱动下以任务流为中心的在线交互制图模型

在线制图是一个复杂的交互过程,任务流是交互制图系统的一种新理念和新方法。分析不同的地图制图模型,根据统计数据和专题地图可视化的特点,提出统计指标驱动下以任务流为中心的在线地图制图模型,并给出网络地图符号XML定义描述,结合某市在线动态专题地图可视化的应用实例,研究基于该模型的统计数据Web空间可视化的各种方法和应用,表明该可视化体系和功能流程模式具有很好的推广价值。     

空间数据自动综合研究进展及趋势分析

首先从几个方面论述了这样一个观点:地图制图综合历来是地图学中最富挑战性和创造性的领域,数字环境下的空间数据自动综合仍是现代地图学面临的核心问题之一。在此基础上,按照发展的观点,从5个方面系统地综述了空间数据自动综合研究的进展,总结了已有的成果,讨论了存在的问题,并分析了空间数据自动综合研究的趋势和任务。     

论ICT时代的地图学复兴

在ICT技术推动下,地图学的发展迎来空前的挑战,本文针对当前地图学的发展面临的问题和转变,深入分析传统地图学的限制——物理空间的传统约束,面向现代地图的形式松散化,从现实与虚拟、外表与内里、纸质与电子等8个方面论述现代地图学信息空间的数字自由,并针对数字时代和大数据的发展机遇和需求,拓展地图学框架,同化新兴元素,推动地图学复兴。     

地图制图技术及发展方向

随着科技的发展 ,传统的地图制图科学发生了深刻的变化 ,形成了地图制图新技术革命的浪潮。这些变化涉及制图数据来源、制图生产过程、地图表现形式乃至地图功能诸多方面。文章根据作者实践谈谈认识和体会     

Cartography-Oriented Design of 3D Geospatial Information Visualization – Overview and Techniques

In economy, society and personal life map-based interactive geospatial visualization becomes a natural element of a growing number of applications and systems. The visualization of 3D geospatial information, however, raises the question how to represent the information in an effective way. Considerable research has been done in technology-driven directions in the fields of cartography and computer graphics (e.g., design principles, visualization techniques). Here, non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) represents a promising visualization category – situated between both fields – that offers a large number of degrees for the cartography-oriented visual design of complex 2D and 3D geospatial information for a given application context. Still today, however, specifications and techniques for mapping cartographic design principles to the state-of-the-art rendering pipeline of 3D computer graphics remain to be explored. This paper revisits cartographic design principles for 3D geospatial visualization and introduces an extended 3D semiotic model that complies with the general, interactive visualization pipeline. Based on this model, we propose NPR techniques to interactively synthesize cartographic renditions of basic feature types, such as terrain, water, and buildings. In particular, it includes a novel iconification concept to seamlessly interpolate between photorealistic and cartographic representations of 3D landmarks. Our work concludes with a discussion of open challenges in this field of research, including topics, such as user interaction and evaluation.     

泛地图学理论研究框架

信息与通信技术的快速发展带动人类进入地理空间、人文社会空间和信息空间相融合的三元空间。地图制图的目的、人员、对象和环境等均发生巨大变化,地图的类型、空间对象、表达维度、地图角色等呈现出显著泛化特征,现有地图学理论无法引领和指导当代的地图实践。地图学理论亟待"突围"。从地图学研究的角度出发,重新梳理泛地图的对象空间理论、表达维度模型,以及表达机制与方法,构建适应新环境背景,满足地图新视角、新思维、新制图需求的泛地图学理论框架,以适应地图学在新时期发展的需要。     

Converging Themes in Cartography and Computer Games

Maps and games have a long history of co-evolution, and after many years of parallel and sometimes independent development, we see today a convergence of mapping and gaming technologies. This report presents five broad themes in current-day computer gaming and cartography, highlighting some of the connections between these two dynamic fields and arguing for the potential of combining modern cartographic theory, tools, and practice with gaming approaches.     

心象地图在制图传输中的作用

制图传输是制图学的重要研究领域。本文从认知制图的角度,探讨了心象地图在制图传输中的作用;着重分析了心象地图和地图之间的内在联系,指出了人的认知制图能力的客观存在是制图传输得以进行的真正原因;在此基础上,提出了制图传输的扩展模式,增加了从读图者到次读图者之间的传输过程,并从内容和形式等方面分析了它的特殊性,以期完善制图传输模式。