基于数理视角的空间界面存在性研究——以河南省城乡界面为例

空间界面理论已显示出强大生命力,但其理论架构还不完善。现有研究基本上是建立在"空间界面确实存在"这一经验判断的前提下进行的,对于其存在性还缺乏理论验证。在提炼空间界面唯象理论的基础上,构建了空间界面的数理模型,并以城乡界面为例,以空间为内生变量,空间中的元素如经济、社会、文化等为外生变量,构建联立方程模型,以河南省108个县域为空间单元,采用三阶段最小二乘法和迭代三阶段最小二乘法进行参数估计,建构了城市系统和乡村系统的函数,并进行了数理推导与求解。研究表明,城市函数与乡村函数存在着交集,且其交集为无穷多个点组成的域面,即存在一个城市与乡村系统空间及其要素相互交织而成的独立系统,进而从理论上证明"城乡界面是存在的"。     

Finite-frequency sensitivity kernels for head waves

Head waves are extremely important in determining the structure of the predominantly layered Earth. While several recent studies have shown the diffractive nature and the 3-D Fréchet kernels of finite-frequency turning waves, analogues of head waves in a continuous velocity structure, the finite-frequency effects and sensitivity kernels of head waves are yet to be carefully examined. We present the results of a numerical study focusing on the finite-frequency effects of head waves. Our model has a low-velocity layer over a high-velocity half-space and a cylindrical-shaped velocity perturbation placed beneath the interface at different locations. A 3-D finite-difference method is used to calculate synthetic waveforms. Traveltime and amplitude anomalies are measured by the cross-correlation of synthetic seismograms from models with and without the velocity perturbation and are compared to the 3-D sensitivity kernels constructed from full waveform simulations. The results show that the head wave arrival-time and amplitude are influenced by the velocity structure surrounding the ray path in a pattern that is consistent with the Fresnel zones. Unlike the 'banana–doughnut' traveltime sensitivity kernels of turning waves, the traveltime sensitivity of the head wave along the ray path below the interface is weak, but non-zero. Below the ray path, the traveltime sensitivity reaches the maximum (absolute value) at a depth that depends on the wavelength and propagation distance. The sensitivity kernels vary with the vertical velocity gradient in the lower layer, but the variation is relatively small at short propagation distances when the vertical velocity gradient is within the range of the commonly accepted values. Finally, the depression or shoaling of the interface results in increased or decreased sensitivities, respectively, beneath the interface topography.     

Inversion for interface structure using teleseismic traveltime residuals

An inversion method is presented for the reconstruction of interface geometry between two or more crustal layers from teleseismic traveltime residuals. The method is applied to 2-D models consisting of continuous interfaces separating constant-velocity layers. The forward problem of determining ray paths and traveltimes between incident wave fronts below the structure and receivers located on the Earth's surface is solved by an efficient and robust shooting method. A conjugate gradient method is employed to solve the inverse problem of minimizing a least-squares type objective function based on the difference between observed and calculated traveltimes. Teleseismic data do not accurately constrain average vertical structure, so a priori information in the form of layer velocities and average layer thicknesses is required. Synthetic tests show that the method can be used to reconstruct interface geometry accurately, even in the presence of data noise. Tests also show that, if layer velocities and initial interface positions are poorly chosen, lateral structure is still recoverable. The inversion method was applied to previously published teleseismic data recorded by an in-line array of portable seismographs that traversed the northern margin of the Musgrave Block, central Australia. The solution based on interface parametrization is consistent with models given by other studies that used the same data but different methods, most notably the standard tomographic approach that inverts for velocity rather than interface structure.     

Seismic reflection and transmission coefficients of a self-similar interface

The derivation of seismic reflection and transmission coefficients is generally based on the assumption that the medium parameters behave as step functions of depth, at least in a finite region around the interface. However, outliers observed in well logs generally behave quite differently from step functions. In this paper we represent an interface by a self-similar singularity, embedded between two homogeneous half-spaces, and we derive its frequency-dependent normal-incidence reflection and transmission coefficients. For ω  → 0 the expressions for the coefficients reduce to those for a discrete boundary between two homogeneous half-spaces; for ω → ∞ they become frequency-independent. These asymptotic expressions have a relatively simple form and depend on the singularity exponent α .
  The exact as well as the asymptotic expressions are used to evaluate the time-domain reflection and transmission responses of a self-similar interface. Finally, we use a numerical method to model the response of a smoothed version of a self-similar interface (note that the velocity of a smoothed singularity remains finite). It turns out that smoothing has hardly any effect on the response, provided that the smoothing does not affect the scales corresponding to the seismic frequency range.     

Finite difference seismograms for laterally varying marine models

Summary. The method of finite differences is applied to the elastic wave equation to generate synthetic seismograms for laterally varying seafloor structures. The results are compared with borehole seismic data from the Gulf of California (Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 485) in which lines were shot over flat and rough topography. The significant new phenomenon observed in both the synthetic seismograms and the field data is the generation of a 'double head wave' due to the interaction of the incident wavefront with the side of a hill and the flat seafoor adjacent to the hill.
In these models the hills are on the order of a seismic wavelength in height and steep velocity gradients occur over distances comparable to wavelengths. Ray theoretical methods would not be suitable for studying such structures. True amplitude record sections are obtained by the finite difference method, which show for these models that the head wave generated at the flat seafloor adjacent to the hill is lower in amplitude than if the hill were not present and is lower in amplitude than the head wave generated at the hill.
A second feature which is important for borehole receivers is the existence of the 'direct wave root' in the upper basement. This energy occurs below the sharp interface when the direct wave impinges on the interface from above. There is no corresponding Snell's law ray path for this energy and the energy is evanescent with depth in the lower medium.
The properties of both the double head wave and the direct wave root are clearly demonstrated in the finite difference 'snapshot' displays.     

土壤水分及土壤-大气界面对麦田水热传输的作用

文章根据1996年在中国栾城农业生态试验站观测的田间试验资料,分析了土壤水分和土壤-大气界面对麦田水热传输的抑制和加速作用。对于显热和潜热输送,土壤水分起决定作用,土壤水分越小,显热通量越大,潜热通量越小,反之亦然。只在土壤水分较小时界面厚度对显热和潜热输送作用较大。对于土壤热输送,界面厚度起决定作用,界面厚度越大土壤热通量越小。分析还发现60cm深处土壤水势与叶水势和大气水势的相关系数较其它深度处的土壤水势大。0～60cm土层是确定土壤水分运动对界面水热传输影响的一个良好的指示层。     

The influence of fluid-sensitive dispersion and attenuation on AVO analysis

Analysis of seismic data suggests that hydrocarbon deposits are often associated with higher than usual values of attenuation, but this is generally ignored during amplitude-versus-offset (AVO) analysis. The effect can be modelled with equivalent medium theory based on the squirt flow concept, but the excess attenuation is associated with strong velocity dispersion. Consequently, when we study reflections from the interface between such an equivalent medium and an elastic overburden we find that the reflection coefficient varies with frequency. The impact of this variation depends on the AVO behaviour at the interface; class I reflections tend to be shifted to higher frequency while class III reflections have their lower frequencies amplified. We calculate synthetic seismograms for typical models using the reflectivity method for materials with frequency dependent velocities and attenuations, and find that these effects are predicted to be detectable on stacked data. Two field data sets show frequency anomalies similar to those predicted by the analysis, and we suggest that our modelling provides a plausible explanation of the observations.     

GIS开发中控件子类化技术的应用

控件子类化技术是当今成熟的编程技术，在程序的界面开发和对话框设计中有着广泛的应用。子类化属性是程序语言中控件的重要属性，通过对MFC的标准控件进行子类化扩展，能够设计出各种美观、实用且具有特殊功能的控件来美化程序界面。结合子类化方法的重要原理，作者首先分析了子类化技术在GIS系统开发中的应用，并总结了在GIS程序开发过程中一些较为实用的控件子类化方法。最后以在VC.NET开发环境中设计子类化控件实例进行了分析说明。     

Construction of interfaces for the exchange of geographic data

Transferring data from one geographic information system to another commonly requires a sequence of interfaces, software packages that convert data from one format to another. Construction is described of a model interface that uses a relational database management system and compiler-building tools that work from a machine-readable definition of a data format. Parallels are drawn with conversion and translation problems in other areas from which software tools might be obtained for automation of interface construction. Three interfacing strategies are examined. In particular, the advantages and limitations are discussed for the strategy of using a standard interchange format. The principal conclusion is that achieving a widely-accepted method of defining geographic data formats should be an important objective of efforts at standardization.     

SH-waves scattering from a partially filled semi-circular alluvial valley

A series solution of the plane SH-waves incident on a partially filled semi-circular alluvial valley imbedded in a half-space is presented. Based on the region-matching method, the analysed region is decomposed into two subregions by the interface between two media. The antiplane displacement field of each subregion is expressed in terms of an infinite series of cylindrical wavefunctions with unknown expansion coefficients. After imposing the traction-free condition on the curved valley surface and the matching conditions on the interface with the aid of Graf's addition theorem, the unknown coefficients are obtained. Both the frequency- and time-domain responses are evaluated. In the theoretical derivation of this work, two classical exact series solutions are also included, so the present series solution is more general than those given before. Visible effects of different physical parameters on ground surface motions are illustrated in graphical form.     

北极大气边界层初步模拟试验

应用一维K闭合OSUPBL模式和ARCSCM极地柱模式,采用SHEBA观测资料和ECM- WF的输出结果作为模式的初始场和外强迫场,对SHEBA试验所在地(75°N,150°W)单点的北极大气边界层特征,进行了初步的模拟并与SHEBA资料进行对比分析。研究表明,这两个模式都具有较好地模拟单点北极大气边界层特征的能力。OSUPBL模式在垂直高度上的高分辨率,使其能够更好地反映大气边界层内部的细微变化特征。ARCSCM模式中考虑了比较多的物理过程,且需要提供比较完整的初始场、边界条件和侧向强迫,并每小时更新,模拟结果更符合实际情况。对模式的不足和下一步的研究也进行了讨论。     

Temperature Dependence of Single-Crystal Spinel (MgAl2O4) Elastic Constants from 293 to 423°K Measured by Light-Sound Scattering in the Raman-Nath Region

Summary. The temperature dependence of single-crystal elastic constants of synthetic stoichiometric MgAl₂O₄ spinel has been measured by the light-sound scattering technique in the Raman-Nath region. The crystal is set into forced vibration by a single crystal LiNbO₃ transducer coupled to one crystal face. A He-Ne Laser beam is diffracted by the stress-induced birefringence inside the crystal. The diffraction angle is determined from the distance between two spots exposed on a photographic plate by the first order diffracted beams as measured by a microdensitometer. The sound wavelength inside the crystal is then inferred from the laser diffraction angle. Combining the sound wavelength with the measured transducer frequency, the velocity inside the crystal is determined typically to a precision of 0·05 per cent. In this method, the measurement of velocity is not dependent on either the determination of sample length or on phase shifts at sample-transducer interface. Velocities of four pure modes, L //[001], T //[001], L //[110], and T //[110]( P //[1 1 0] are measured in the temperature range between 293 and 423 °K. A linear temperature dependence is fit to the data by a least square method. Values obtained at 25 °C from this linear fit are
The temperature dependence of the adiabatic elastic constants and bulk and shear (VRH average) moduli is computed using the density and literature value of thermal expansion coefficient. Values obtained are:
A comparison with previous measurements by pulse superposition and ultrasonic interferometry methods is made. Disagreement, when present, is discussed in terms of the separate measuring techniques. Finally, the present method, with its possibility for further improvement, is evaluated as a new method to measure temperature and pressure dependence of elastic constants.     

A nonlinear interface structural damage model between ice crystal and frozen clay soil

The shear properties of ice-frozen soil interface are important when studying the constitutive model of frozen soil and slope stability in cold regions. In this research, a series of cryogenic direct shear tests for ice-frozen clay soil interface were conducted. Based on experimental results, a nonlinear interface structural damage model is proposed to describe the shear properties of ice-frozen clay soil interface. Firstly, the cementation and friction structural properties of frozen soil materials were analyzed, and a structural parameter of the ice-frozen clay soil interface is proposed based on the cryogenic direct shear test results. Secondly, a structural coefficient ratio is proposed to describe the structural development degree of ice-frozen clay soil interface under load, which is able to normalize the shear stress of ice-frozen clay soil interface,and the normalized data can be described by the Duncan-Chang model. Finally, the tangent stiffness of ice-frozen clay soil interface is calculated, which can be applied to the mechanics analysis of frozen soil. Also, the shear stress of ice-frozen clay soil interface calculated by the proposed model is compared with test results.     

硼酸镁(铝)晶须增强镁基复合材料中界面特性对比研究

对硼酸镁(铝)晶须增强镁基复合材料的界面行为进行了对比研究。对复合材料进行了示差扫描量热分析以及对复合材料中萃取的晶须进行了X射线衍射分析,表明在硼酸镁晶须增强AZ91D镁基复合材料界面无界面反应产物的生成。通过对硼酸镁晶须增强AZ91D镁基复合材料界面的键合状况进行分析和讨论,认为界面的键合是由无反应产物的化学键合、扩散键合及物理键合所组成。另外,根据已有的关于硼酸铝晶须增强镁基和铝基复合材料界面行为的研究结果,分析得出硼酸铝晶须增强镁基复合材料在硼酸铝晶须/AZ91D镁合金界面上的反应产物只有MgO。     

Spatial and temporal variation of soil moisture near the interface of high/low stands

1 IntroductionSurface inhomogeneities occur at scales ranging from a single leaf to a region[1], up to the whole earth. Spatial shift of biome boundaries is of special importance because large gradients exist in the ecotone[2]. It makes biome areas heterogeneous and bridges the gap between each of sub-areas. Hicks and Wesely (1981) compared the surface eddy fluxes of heat and momentum over adjacent fields of soybeans and maize[3]. Gash (1986) observed the growth of the equilibrium layer downw…     

红树林湿地生态功能及其价值研究文献学分析

红树林生长于海洋与陆地的动态交界面,特殊的生长环境赋予其独特而强大的生态功能。采用文献检索法和追溯法分析国内外红树林湿地生态功能研究的进展和现状,将相关研究归纳为“综合性研究”与“单项生态功能研究”两种,“综合性研究”关注生物多样性保持与净化功能,“单项生态功能研究”较重视旅游文化价值与固碳价值。红树林生态功能价值评价方法的比较表明,参数法、市场价格法、替代法更为常用,支付意愿法和生态模型法较少。其中,参数法简单易用但可靠性低,市场价格法在其适用范围内效果很好但适用范围窄,替代法使用的替代标准合理选取不易,支付意愿法简便易行但主观性较强,生态模型法结果最稳定,是红树林生态功能价值研究的发展趋势,但存在基础数据不足的问题。目前,国内外红树林生态功能价值研究存在缺乏生态整体观念和基础生态数据以及评估方法不完善等问题,展望了红树林湿地研究发展趋势,为红树林生态功能及其价值评价研究提供参考依据。     

Dissolved gases in perennially ice-covered lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

Measurements of dissolved N2, O2, Ar, CO2, and CH4 were made in perennially ice-covered Lake Hoare. Results confirm previous reports that O2 concentrations in the upper water column exceed atmospheric equilibrium and that N2 and Ar are supersaturated throughout the water column. The mean supersaturation of N2 was found to be 2.0 (+/- 0.37) and Ar was 3.8 (+/- 1.1). The ratios of N2/Ar (20.3 +/- 13.8), and O2/Ar (22.5 +/- 4.0) at the ice-water interface are consistent with those previously measured, suggesting that bubble formation is the main process for removing gas from the lake. However, the saturations of N2 and Ar greatly exceed those previously predicted for degassing by bubble formation only at the ice-water interface. The data support the hypothesis that removal of gas by bubbles occurs in the water column to a depth of 11 m in Lake Hoare. CO2 concentration increases from near zero at the ice-water interface to 80-100 times saturation at and below the chemocline at c. 28 m. There is considerable variability in the gas concentrations throughout the water column; samples separated in depth by one metre may vary by more than 50% in gas content. It is likely that this phenomenon results from the lack of turbulent mixing in the water column. Methane (c. 2 micrograms l-1) was detected below the chemocline and immediately above the sediment/water interface at a depth of 30 m. Samples from lakes Vanda, Joyce, and Miers, also show supersaturations of O2, N2, and Ar at levels similar to levels found in Lake Hoare.     

On seismic-wave scattering by a rough core—mantle boundary

summary . A formulation is given for the seismic-wave scattering by a rough solid—liquid interface, in analogy to results derived for a solid—solid interface and a heterogeneous volume. Using Kennett's approach and the reciprocity theorem, the scattering is formulated as the excitation by an equivalent dislocation. Using interface parameters relevant to the core—mantle boundary (CMB), computational results for several types of body-wave scattering are given and compared to scattering by a heterogeneous volume. In an application to the generation of PKP precursors it is concluded that, whereas some data groups point to heterogeneity (which may not be small) in the lower mantle above CMB, in other cases a rough CMB may be considered equally feasible. Scattering at the source or receiver side of the core by both a slightly rough CMB (radial variations up to a few hundred metres) and a slightly heterogeneous lower mantle (relative variations in physical parameters up to a few per cent) produces the energy level that is observed in most of the PKP precursors; also the relevant scale lengths of variation are about the same ie both mechanisms (10–20 km with possibly somewhat higher values at relatively long epicentral distances).     

Magneto-telluric impedances of an anisotropic layered Earth model

Summary. A new method of calculating magneto-telluric surface impedances in terms of a layered anisotropic model is developed by considering reflections from the interface between two anisotropic layers. An algorithm for propagating impedances from one layer boundary to the next is given. The method is rapid and uses a simple representation of the layer parameters.     

HyperArc: a task-oriented hypertext GIS interface

Abstract

The rationale, development and -implementation of a task-oriented hypertext GIS interface (HyperArc) are described. HyperArc is a fully functional interface on an Apple Macintosh computer acting as a client to a host computer running the ARC/INFO GIS. The package has been developed using the HyperCard package, and makes full use of the Apple Macintosh WIMP interface, enabling the user to perform a range of standard ARC/INFO tasks, including a variety of map displays and data queries. The key advantage of this kind of interface is that it permits the creation of tasks or sets of spatial procedures which can be easily customised and executed by the end user without any knowledge of the system command language.