透壁通风管路堤的对流换热和蒸发散热

针对透壁通风管路堤中透壁通风管管壁与空气之间的对流换热和土体水分通过管壁小孔的蒸发散热机制,分析了开孔率、风速及含水率等因素对透壁通风管管壁对流换热和水分蒸发散热的影响,并具体给出了管壁对流换热系数和蒸发散热系数的计算公式。冬季路堤由于冻土层未冻水含量较小而使管壁小孔的水分蒸发散热较弱,路堤总的降温效果主要由管壁对流换热效应控制,而暖季通风管内空气与管壁的对流换热效应可使路堤土体增温,同时,由于通风管周围融土的未冻水含量较大,而使得通过管壁小孔的水分蒸发散热较强,可部分或全部抵消对流换热引起的增温效应,而有利于路堤的稳定。     

块石路基层中对流过程与温度特性关系试验研究

利用块石层调控路基地温是主动冷却路基的一种重要措施,块石层内部对流换热过程是冻土工程应用研究的重要内容之一,块石层中由低压或温差引起的空气流动的实际测定一直是其中亟待解决的问题。通过高精度微风速探测仪器,首次获得由温差引起的块石层空气流动特征。研究发现：块石层中对流过程和温度变化过程相互影响,在加速区和稳定区实现快速降温之后呈现缓慢降温过程;块石层内温差大于空气对流的启动温差时,自然对流速度和温差具有线性相关性;随着降温过程在相同温差条件下具有不同的对流特性;块石层上表面温度波动对内部温度波动的影响随深度而减弱,温度延迟性与深度呈线性相关性,块石层不同层位温度变化的非对称性由不同的传热方式和传热效率导致;在热传导期块石层存在热传导影响范围,为保证降温效果块石层厚度需大于热传导范围。研究成果为理论分析和数值模拟提供直接的有力支持以及对该种措施降温机制的进一步认识和改进都具有重要意义。     

高海拔冻土地区公路路基风流场特征研究

风流场对于局地条件下地-气能量交换过程与强度影响显著,同时也是多年冻土区对流调控类冷却路基的关键环境边界。结合现场监测与数值模拟,对高海拔冻土路基周边风流场进行特征区划研究并考察路基高度的影响。结果表明：坡前扰动区为低风速区,3 m路基高度条件下迎风坡坡脚0.5~2.0 m高度范围内风速约为环境风速的30%。路基上部为高风速区,迎风坡路肩风速明显大于环境、路面中部及背风坡风速。背风坡坡后扰动区为低风速区,靠近坡脚区域受气流辐散效应作用形成涡旋区,整体风速仅为环境风速的30%。涡旋区水平范围随路基高度增加呈线性增加,3 m路基高度条件下涡旋区水平范围约为12 m。分离式路基即两幅路基并行条件下,受前幅路基影响后幅路基坡前风速下降明显,以两幅路基坡前风速差值不超过环境风速的10%（0.35 m·s^-1）为标准,3 m路基高度条件下两幅路基最小间距为60 m。因此,在路基工程的修建过程中为减少路基间的遮挡所造成的两幅路基间的对流换热强度差异,分离式对流换热类冷却路基的现场修建间距应不低于60 m。     

花岗岩粗糙单裂隙对流换热特性的数值模拟

在干热岩储层中开采地热能,往往需要对储层进行人工水力压裂以形成贯穿的换热通道。然而,热储中的对流换热对干热岩的采热率有重要影响,经过人工刺激的储层会形成几何形态各异的裂隙面,而裂隙粗糙程度的不同则会引起换热性能的显著差异。因此,选取4条Barton的经典岩石裂隙粗糙度曲线,在实验室条件下建立一个单裂隙对流换热模型。详细分析了花岗岩粗糙裂隙中热工质的换热特性。结果表明：局部对流换热系数沿着裂隙长度方向逐渐降低;JRC值越大,平均对流换热系数就越大,表明换热性能越好;局部对流换热系数的分布与JRC曲线的几何轮廓形态有很好的相关性,波峰波谷的变化趋势相一致;相对于温度而言,高流速对局部对流换热系数具有放大效应,流速越大,局部对流换热系数波动越大。     

花岗岩粗糙单裂隙对流换热特性的数值模拟

在干热岩储层中开采地热能,往往需要对储层进行人工水力压裂以形成贯穿的换热通道。然而,热储中的对流换热对干热岩的采热率有重要影响,经过人工刺激的储层会形成几何形态各异的裂隙面,而裂隙粗糙程度的不同则会引起换热性能的显著差异。因此,选取4条Barton的经典岩石裂隙粗糙度曲线,在试验室条件下建立一个单裂隙对流换热模型。详细分析了花岗岩粗糙裂隙中热工质的换热特性。结果表明：局部对流换热系数沿着裂隙长度方向逐渐降低;节理粗糙系数JRC值越大,平均对流换热系数就越大,表明换热性能越好;局部对流换热系数的分布与JRC曲线的几何轮廓形态有很好的相关性,波峰波谷的变化趋势相一致;相对于温度而言,高流速对局部对流换热系数具有放大效应,流速越大,局部对流换热系数波动越大。     

花岗岩单裂隙渗流传热特性试验

基于岩石裂隙渗流传热试验系统,以蒸馏水为换热工质,针对预制平滑裂隙与粗糙裂隙的花岗岩岩样,开展不同试验温度与水流条件下的单裂隙对流换热特性试验研究。试验结果表明：①同一温度水平下,对流换热系数的量值与流量呈正相关关系,但对流换热系数的增幅大于流量的增幅,随岩石基质温度的升高,相同流量水平下的对流换热系数呈增大趋势;②与平滑裂隙试验结果相比,粗糙裂隙面的对流换热强度有所提高,但增幅不大;③沿渗流路径,裂隙面局部对流换热强度的演化呈现多波峰的非线性特征,其中粗糙裂隙的非线性更加强烈。但二者均存在由进水口至出水口,换热强度逐渐减弱的特征。④努塞尔数与普朗特数1/3次方的商与雷诺数较好地满足幂指数关系,随着试验温度的升高,这种关系逐渐向线性转变。     

黏土地基中能量桩力学特性数值分析

能量桩是将地源热泵系统中的换热管埋置在桩体内部,桩同时起到承载和换热的作用,是一种新型的基础型式。为了合理分析黏土地基中能量桩的力学特性,需要了解能量桩运行过程中桩和地基土的温度响应,并考虑温度变化对土体力学性能的影响。基于有限元软件ABAQUS建立了能量桩传热分析三维有限元模型,把能量桩的传热简化为换热管内液体与管壁之间的对流传热、桩体中的热传导和地基中的热传导,将计算结果与常规理论和实测数据进行了对比验证。对热力耦合边界面本构模型进行了二次开发,通过算例验证了模型对土体压缩和剪切性状温度效应的模拟能力。利用所提出的能量桩传热分析方法和热边界面模型,考虑不同的桩顶工作荷载水平,对正常固结黏土地基中能量桩单桩的长期性能进行了研究,分析了温度循环对桩顶沉降、桩侧摩阻力和桩身轴力的影响。结果表明,工作荷载越高,温度循环次数越多,桩顶累积沉降越大。     

透壁通风管增强开放碎石路堤降温效果试验

通过4种不同实验条件下透壁通风管开放碎石路堤试样室内试验研究了通风情况对透壁通风管增强开放碎石路堤降温效应的影响。比较4种实验结果发现,透壁通风管开放碎石路堤存在碎石表面单纯热传导传热、外界空气通过碎石路堤开放表面与碎石层内孔隙空气直接循环产生的强迫对流传热、通风管管壁与管内空气的对流换热以及管内空气通过管壁透气小孔与附近碎石层内孔隙空气直接循环产生的强迫对流传热4种传热过程。对于仅负温通风的透壁通风管开放碎石路堤,通过开放表面及管壁透气小孔使外界冷空气与碎石层内孔隙空气形成循环,从而显著增强了路堤冬季冷空气引起的降温效应。     

块石路基对流特性实验研究

利用块石层调控冻土路基地温是冻土工程主动冷却路基的一种重要措施,并在青藏铁路重大工程建设中得到广泛应用.通过块石层中空气流动特性的深入研究,对其结构优化和效能提升具有重要意义,而不同温差条件下块石层中空气的流动特性,以及微风速的实际测定一直是其中亟待解决的问题.通过高精度微风速探测,首次获得封闭条件下块石层的空气流动特征.结果表明:在边界温度波动条件下,块石层内的降温过程与其内部自然对流过程密切相关,在对流作用下快速完成降温过程;升温过程则在相对较长时段内主要由内部的热传导换热完成,由此导致温度变化曲线非对称这一特殊现象的出现,并随深度增加而愈加明显.块石层上下端面的温差是对流发生及强度的关键控制因素,当温差达到一定量值时流速随温差的增加而加大,同时空气温度的变化也会对空气流动过程产生影响;块石层内整个空气流动过程是一个传递过程,也是热量传递的过程.该实验研究结果将对该种工程措施机理的进一步认识和改进、相关模拟计算参数的选取,以及在冻土区高等级公路等重大工程建设中的进一步有效应用均具有重要意义.     

透壁式通风管-块石复合气冷路基室内模型试验研究

为了研究透壁式通风管-块石复合气冷路基的降温效果,针对年均气温约-3.5℃,平均风速2.5 m·s^-1,主导风向为西北方向的高原环境条件开展室内模型试验,分析了单一块石气冷路基和透壁式通风管-块石复合气冷路基的孔隙空气对流速度、特征点地温变化过程以及模型整体温度场变化过程.结果表明：在透壁式通风管的疏导作用下,透壁式通风管与块石层的复合结构能够起到强化路基体对流的效果,复合路基块石孔隙中的空气流速比单一块石路基提高约20%,由此导致复合路基模型底部的降温幅度是单一块石路基模型的2.2倍.模型整体温度场表明,复合路基能够起到储存冷量、降低下伏多年冻土地温的作用.     

地热系统的概念与传热机制综述

地热能作为一种安全、稳定、成本低廉的清洁能源近年来备受推崇.地热系统是开展地热资源成因研究的基本单元,国际上按地质环境和热量的传递方式可将其分为热传导和热对流两大类型,据此进一步细分为沉积盆地型、地压型、干热岩型、岩浆侵入型、深循环型等5个亚类.本文回顾了地热系统的概念及发展史,并讨论了地热系统主控因素以及两大类型地热系统的传热机制.     

Spherical harmonic analysis of earth’s conductive heat flow

A reappraisal of the international heat flow database has been carried out and the corrected data set was employed in spherical harmonic analysis of the conductive component of global heat flow. Procedures used prior to harmonic analysis include analysis of the heat flow data and determination of representative mean values for a set of discretized area elements of the surface of the earth. Estimated heat flow values were assigned to area elements for which experimental data are not available. However, no corrections were made to account for the hypothetical effects of regional-scale convection heat transfer in areas of oceanic crust. New sets of coefficients for 12° spherical harmonic expansion were calculated on the basis of the revised and homogenized data set. Maps derived on the basis of these coefficients reveal several new features in the global heat flow distribution. The magnitudes of heat flow anomalies of the ocean ridge segments are found to have mean values of less than 150 mW/m². Also, the mean global heat flow values for the raw and binned data are found to fall in the range of 56–67 mW/m², down by nearly 25% compared to the previous estimate of 1993, but similar to earlier assessments based on raw data alone. To improve the spatial resolution of the heat flow anomalies, the spherical harmonic expansions have been extended to higher degrees. Maps derived using coefficients for 36° harmonic expansion have allowed identification of new features in regional heat flow fields of several oceanic and continental segments. For example, lateral extensions of heat flow anomalies of active spreading centers have been outlined with better resolution than was possible in earlier studies. Also, the characteristics of heat flow variations in oceanic crust away from ridge systems are found to be typical of conductive cooling of the lithosphere, there being little need to invoke the hypothesis of unconfined hydrothermal circulation on regional scales. Calculations of global conductive heat loss, compatible with the observational data set, are found to fall in the range of 29–34 TW, nearly 25% less than the 1993 estimate, which rely on one-dimensional conductive cooling models.     

地热井U 型管周围土壤温度场的ANSYS 模拟

埋管换热器和岩土的传热是个复杂过程,利用有限元仿真分析两者的传热过程是有效的办法。通过与单井二维模型的对比分析,建立二维群井传热模型,模型为9 口间距为4 m 的储热井,模型传热过程遵循经典传热理论。按照ANSYS 网格划分原则,将求解区域划分为最大边长0. 1 m,最小边长 0. 01 m 的单元。在地埋管内侧加载热流密度,外边界加载地温边界条件,经过模拟72 h 的储热过程,精确得出群井周围岩土体的温度场变化规律,求解区域最高温度为40. 263℃,最低温度为10℃,影响半径约1. 4 m,温度的升高幅度会减缓,并得到了温度及热量迁徙的规律。模拟结果与实际测量结果相符。     

A multi‐level parallelized substructuring‐frontal solution for coupled thermo/hydro/mechanical problems in unsaturated soil

This paper proposes a multi‐level parallelized substructuring–frontal combined algorithm for the analysis of the problem of thermo/hydraulic/mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soil. Temperature, displacement, pore water pressure and pore air pressure are treated as the primary variables in a non‐linear analysis. Details are given firstly of the substructuring–frontal combined approach. The incorporation of the algorithm in a multi‐level parallel strategy is then discussed. The parallel processing can thus be carried out at different substructural levels. The method thus developed impacts, in a positive way, on both computer storage requirement and execution time. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A discretized analytical solution for fully coupled non‐linear simulation of heat and mass transfer in poroelastic unsaturated media

Mathematical simulation of non‐isothermal multiphase flow in deformable unsaturated porous media is a complicated issue because of the need to employ multiple partial differential equations, the need to take into account mass and energy transfer between phases and because of the non‐linear nature of the governing partial differential equations. In this paper, an analytical solution for analyzing a fully coupled problem is presented for the one‐dimensional case where the coefficients of the system of equations are assumed to be constant for the entire domain. A major issue is the non‐linearity of the governing equations, which is not considered in the analytical solution. In order to introduce the non‐linearity of the equations, an iterative discretized procedure is used. The domain of the problem is divided into identical time–space elements that cover the time–space domain. A separate system of equations is defined for each element in the local coordinate system, the initial and boundary conditions for each element are obtained from the adjacent elements and the coefficients of the system of equations are considered to be constant in each step. There are seven governing differential equations that should be solved simultaneously: the equilibrium of the solid skeleton, mass conservation of fluids (water, water vapor and gas) and energy conservation of phases (solid, liquid and gas). The water vapor is not in equilibrium with water and different phases do not have the same temperature. The governing equations that have been solved seem to be the most comprehensive in this field. Three examples are presented for analyzing heat and mass transfer in a semi‐infinite column of unsaturated soil. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩体生长过程的传热学制约及其岩浆熔融效应

研究岩体生长过程的传热学制约及其引起的岩浆熔融效应能为我们认知地壳演化提供新的思路和手段。本文从年代学和测量技术两个方面综述岩体(或者岩浆房)逐渐长大的证据,然后运用Heat-3D程序简单模拟了Mount Stuart和Tenpeak岩体逐渐长大过程的传热学制约,结合年代学证据证明Mount Stuart岩体是逐渐长大的,并且每期次岩浆之间有很长的时间间隔,而Tenpeak岩体的长大可能是岩浆连续不断侵入或者各期次岩浆的短时间间隔所致。岩体逐渐长大过程引起的岩浆熔融效应是很明显的,模拟实验表明,岩浆多期次侵入地壳时生成的酸性熔体量更接近于地质观察事实。     

沥青路面下多年冻土上限变化计算的探讨

以相变热传导理论为基础,利用实测路面温度资料计算了多年冻土路基中冻土上限的变化趋势,认为上限的稳定是一个时间相当长的过程．人为上限在目前条件下仍在下降,从现在的１２ｃｍ／ａ下降至５０ａ后的５ｃｍ／ａ,届时上限深度将达到９４ｍ（从路面起计算）．     

A semi‐analytical modeling approach for three‐dimensional heat transfer in sparsely fractured rocks with water flow and distributed heat source

A semi‐analytical approach is developed for modeling 3D heat transfer in sparsely fractured rocks with prescribed water flow and heat source. The governing differential equations are formulated, and the corresponding integral equations over the fracture faces and the distributed heat source are established in the Laplace transformed domain using the Green function method with local systems of coordinates. The algebraic equations of the Laplace transformed temperatures of water in the fractures are formed by dividing the integrals into elemental ones; in particular, the fracture faces are discretized into rectangular elements, over which the integrations are carried out either analytically for singular integrals when the base point is involved or numerically for regular integrals when otherwise. The solutions of the algebraic equations are inverted numerically to obtain the real‐time temperatures of water in the fractures, which may be employed to calculate the temperatures at prescribed locations of the rock matrix. Three example calculations are presented to illustrate the workability of the developed approach. The calculations found that water flux in the fractures may decrease the rate of temperature rise in regions close to the distributed heat source and increase the rate of temperature rise in regions downstream away from the distributed heat source and that the temperature distribution and evolvement in a sparsely fractured rock mass may be significantly influenced by water flow exchange at intersection of fractures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论地体综合构造热演化-试以青藏为例

作者在论述地体绘合构造热演化研究的意义和论证构造演化和热演化之间存在着成因联系的基础上，结合青藏工作实际，系统地阐述了:(1)在构造热演化模型设计中必须遵循概全性与概略性相结合的原则;模型因子应是概全的，但模拟的方法则是简略的;(2)以构造演化为框架、以热演化为本构的研究方法。文中列出了包括放射性生热(Q_r，地体应变生热(Q_s)，断层摩擦生热(Q_f) .岩石圈底熔减薄增热(Q_b)等多元热源项在内的二维昨稳态热传导一平流方程，作为应用有限差分与有限单元相结合方法求解宏观地质区构造热演化课题的通用方程。