基于配料法的“08.6.3”河南强对流天气分析和短时预报

采用基于构成要素的预报方法(配料法),使用业务中能够及时获取的常规观测资料、静止气象卫星云图和多普勒天气雷达资料,对2008年6月3日下午发生在河南大部的以雷暴大风为主的强对流天气进行分析.针对2008年6月3日08时500、700、850 hPa和地面图上温、湿、风等的配置,结合探空、水汽云图和多普勒天气雷达回波图,对构成强对流天气的几个主要因素:层结稳定度、水汽、触发机制、垂直风切变、对流层干层等进行分析,结果表明:河南大部处于较强的条件不稳定、强烈的深层(地面到500 hPa)垂直风切变和明显的高空干平流的环境中,这种环境有利于高度组织性的超级单体风暴的产生和发展,导致雷暴大风和冰雹天气.而地面冷锋、辐合线和高空次天气尺度涡旋伴随的正涡度平流共同作用产生的上升气流导致雷暴在山西中南部生成,然后向东南方向移下太行山.进入河南有利的环境下获得猛烈发展.在充分利用"配料法"的主要思路和现有观测资料条件下,结合预报经验,2008年6月3日强对流过程可以提前数小时进行正确的短时预报.     

Construction of vertical wind profile from satellite-derived winds for objective analysis of wind field

During summer Monex-79, a variety of observing systems viz. research ships, research aircrafts, constant pres-sure balloons and geostationary satellite etc. were deployed, besides the regular conventional observations The pur-pose of these additional systems was to make the best possible data for the studies on various aspects of monsoon cir-culation. The present study is aimed at the construction of vertical wind profile using cloud motion vectors obtained from GOES (I-O) satellite and to examine whether the constructed wind profiles improves the representation of the monsoon system, flow pattern etc. in the objective analysis. For this purpose, climatological normals of the wind field are considered as the initial guess and the objective analyses of the wind field are made with, first using only data from conventional observations over land areas, subsequently including the constructed winds from cloud motion vectors. These analyses are then compared with the standard analyses of wind field obtained from Quick Look Atlas by T. N. Krishnamurti et al. (1979).It is inferred that satellite estimated mean wind profiles show good agreement with the mean wind profiles of the research ships with RMS errors less than 5 mps below 500 hPa and less than 8 mps above 500 hPa. It is further infer-red that the inclusion of constructed winds shows a positive impact on the objective analysis and improvement is seen to be more marked in the data-sparse region of the Arabian sea. Analyses which include the constructed winds show better agreement with the standard analysis, than the analyses obtained using only conventional winds. Thus, results of our study suggest that the wind profiles constructed using cloud motion vectors are of potential use in objective analysis to depict the major circulation features over the Indian region.     

Use of Surface Observations to Estimate Upper Air Humidity for the Objective Analysis of Relative Humidity over Indian Region

In the present study objective analyses of relative humidity (RH) at surface and at the levels of 850,700 and 500 hPa have been made using Gandin’s (1963) optimum interpolation scheme. As the horizontal resolution of the radiosonde stations is rather inadequate for upper air humidity analysis, a scheme has been developed, following Rasmussen (1982) to estimate the upper air RH from the surface observations like surface RH, present weather and cloud cover. The relative humidities at the levels 850, 700 and 500 hPa were related to the surface observations through three separate regression relations. The RH values at 850, 700 and 500 hPa levels were estimated from the surface RH, cloud coverage and present weather using the above regression relations and subsequently the objective analyses at 00 GMT for the period from 4 July to 8 July 1979, were made using these estimated data along with the observed radiosonde data. Objective analyses were also made for the same period using only the radiosonde data for comparison to study the impact of those estimated data. Root mean square errors were computed for all the five days by interpolating RH at the observing stations from the objectively analysed field and comparing them with the actually observed RH to examine how best the analyses (with and without estimated data) fitted the observations. Lastly they were compared with satellite cloud pictures. This study shows that the estimated upper air RH values have positive impact on the analysis of upper air RH and could be used over radiosonde date sparse region and even over oceanic regions.     

卫星资料循环同化应用对区域数值预报效果影响分析

为提高卫星资料在同化系统中的利用率及验证卫星微波资料对区域数值预报效果的影响,本文以2008年8月1-31日为研究时段,利用WRF模式及其WRF-3DVAR同化模块,设计并构建了卫星微波资料的快速循环同化方案,分析循环同化方案对数值预报的改进效果.结果表明,相比于单时次同化,循环同化方案使各预报要素的相关系数在一定程度上得到改善,均方差也呈现减小的趋势.此外,对研究时段内暴雨和台风个例的具体分析显示,循环同化方案能够有效改善降水和台风路径的预报.     

自动建模客观分型方法在非汛期人工增雨中的应用

根据安徽省人工影响天气业务系统需要,利用NCEP 500 hPa高度场和风场格点资料及安徽省81站10年非汛期逐日降水资料,在客观分析天气形势基础上,结合预报员实践经验给出的不同系统影响安徽省时的关键区,计算机自动建模,形成逐日天气型日历,实现环流分型客观化。此方法识别条件实用,模型物理意义明确,自动化程度高,自动生成的逐日天气型日历,为安徽省非汛期人工增雨作业指挥系统提供了很好的天气预报参考依据。     

2012年盛夏山东西部一次短时强降水天气的形成机制

利用常规观测资料、自动站加密观测资料、卫星云图和雷达资料,对2012年7月4日山东省西部一次短时强降水的天气形势、物理量条件、云图和雷达回波特征进行分析。结果表明：在有利降水的大尺度天气系统背景下,低层冷空气和中尺度天气系统造成了本次短时强降水天气;低层925hPa和1 000 hPa的充沛水汽和辐合上升运动有利于强降水天气的发生,正涡度中心对应强降水中心;地面辐合线和低压环流造成本次短时强降水天气;中尺度对流云团和地面中尺度系统相对应,其位置和维持时间与强降水的落区和时间基本一致。雷达组合反射率因子〉45 dBZ的强回波区与强降水落区基本吻合;雷达平均径向速度产品逆风区中辐合流场的出现和维持及回波顶高的上升对应地面中尺度气旋式环流的形成和维持;逆风区中辐散流场的出现和维持及回波顶高的下降,对应地面中尺度气旋式环流的减弱;短时强降水出现的初期,垂直累积液态水含量出现了一个峰值,峰值出现时间提前于较强降水时段。     

用GMS双谱资料估计湿度场及其在数值预报中的应用

对GMS红外和可见光两个通道的资料进行了处理，并估计出了700 hPa和850 hPa两个层次的湿度场。将卫星资料估计的湿度场取代数值模式通常的客观分析湿度场进行了对比业务试验。业务运行表明，应用卫星资料后，预报结果有较大改进。     

2012年6月26～29日宁夏强降水成因

利用常规资料及中尺度区域自动站观测资料、FY-2E 红外卫星云图、多普勒雷达、ECMWF等资料,对2012年6月26～29日宁夏北部和南部山区持续强降水过程作了较深入细致的天气动力学对比分析。得出：强降雨起止时间及落区出现在700 hPa切变线右侧与700 hPa南风风速辐合区左侧的区域内,同时宁夏持续强降雨落区出现在低层水汽辐合、低层正涡度辐合及高层负涡度辐散、持续上升运动区、-48℃＜TBB＜-20℃云团区和回波强度为25～45 dBZ的重叠区内;重叠区内关键物理量中心值越大,雨强越强,雨强最强时段往往是关键物理量大值中心叠加的时段。     

TOVS 水汽反演的误差分析及其订正

该文利用同步物理反演法以6小时数值预报场为背景场对1992年1月份NOAA-12卫星垂直探测（TOVS）资料进行了大气参数反演，并对水汽反演误差进行了检验和分析。以常规观测作为检验的标准，检验结果按3条轨道统计，发现反演的相对湿度平均误差与背景场的误差密切相关，均为负值；在高层和高纬度，误差绝对值随高度的增加而增加，随纬度的升高而增加；误差的日际变化在高层比较稳定，低层振动较大。对反演误差进行订正后的结果表明，在500 hPa以上反演均比背景质量要好，尤其轨道A所有层次上订正后的反演比背景场好。     

中期(旬)天气客观相似预报方案

目前,中期数值天气预报的最长可用的预报时效约为6—7天,对中期数值预报输出产品进行统计释用的MOS,PP等方法制作的逐日具体天气预报的最长可用时效约为5—6天。要完全靠以上客观预报方法进行10天天气变化过程预报仍有待时日。为此,本文提出一个综合考虑中期数值天气预报输出产品及历史天气过程的旬天气客观相似预报方案。本方案用500 hPa候平均高度场在预报时刻前后连