南黄海辐射沙洲邻近海域表层悬浮颗粒物浓度遥感反演

利用2003年春、秋季南黄海辐射沙洲邻近海域水体表观光谱测量与同步水体取样数据,分析该海域不同季节表层水体遥感反射率光谱响应特性。结合常用水色传感器波段光谱响应模拟,建立春、秋季表层水体总悬浮颗粒物浓度(TSM)与悬浮泥沙浓度(SSC)的最适单波段、双波段(波段比值)和3波段统计反演模式。结果表明,不同季节水体上述3类算法的最优波段均不相同,欲寻求适合所有季节水体的统一反演算法,仅能选择次优波段。通过比较,3种不同反演模式中三波段模式更适于反演近岸水体悬浮颗粒物浓度。     

基于半分析模型的渤海湾近岸海域悬浮泥沙浓度遥感反演

悬浮泥沙浓度是海洋质量和环境评价的重要参数之一,遥感技术可以实现对海洋水色要素基础信息实时、连续、大范围监测,是当前大尺度海洋生态环境监测的重要手段。然而,现今并没有一个通用的模型可以实现对所有复杂水体悬浮泥沙浓度的反演。该文基于野外站点观测、结合研究区水体光谱特性,构建了基于多波段准分析算法(QAA)的渤海湾近岸海域悬浮泥沙浓度遥感反演半分析模型,并利用Landsat TM遥感数据,对研究区悬浮泥沙浓度进行了反演,制作了悬浮泥沙浓度空间分布图。研究结果显示,该文构建的半分析模型与前人研究的经验统计模型相比,具有更高的精度和普适性,相对误差达到18.28%;研究区的悬浮泥沙浓度整体较低,平均泥沙浓度为27mg/L,且呈现近海大于远海、南部海域大于北部海域的规律。     

利用TM影像分析潮河与密云水库入库口处泥沙的空间分布

河流携带的泥沙进入水库后 ,由于河流水体与水库水体的共同作用而在河口区产生沉降。理论上水体中的泥沙含量是与距入库口处的空间距离相关的。并且 ,根据实验与模拟的结果 ,在可见光的任一波段内 ,水体中的含沙量与水面反射率具有一定的相关关系。TM影像的第二、三波段刚好位于含沙水体反射光谱的肩部和峰值部分 ,可以准确地反映水体的含沙情况。以潮河与密云水库的交接处为例 ,在泥沙含量与反射率负指数关系式的基础上 ,利用两个时相的TM影像 ,通过泥沙沉降过程的主轴作用线 ,采用回归模拟和经验公式相结合的办法 ,建立了泥沙沉降过程的遥感空间分布模型 ,讨论了模型中各参数的具体含义 ,描述水体中泥沙含量与沉降的情况。最后 ,采用多个作用轴线进行拟和与空间插值分析 ,建立了水体中泥沙含量的空间分布模拟图 ,经过检测 ,该图较好地反映了河流入库处水体中的泥沙含量情况 ,为遥感技术在监测水体含沙量方面的应用提供了技术基础。     

不同浓度悬浮泥沙水体的光谱吸收特性模拟

悬浮泥沙的光学特性是影响内陆湖泊水色遥感的重要因素。利用光谱吸收衰减仪(AC-S)测得水池中悬浮泥沙浓度为2.13~1 442.40 mg/L的水体光谱吸收。在蓝、绿和红光波段,悬浮泥沙水体的平均比吸收系数分别为0.0161±0.0039 m2.g-1、0.0071±0.0020 m2.g-1和0.0025±0.0007 m2.g-1;指数拟合获得的Sm*值为0.0098±0.0011 nm-1,利用其模拟的比吸收光谱与实测光谱吻合效果较好,说明该Sm*取值对悬浮泥沙水体比吸收光谱的曲线斜率变化具有一定的参考价值。此外,建立了悬浮泥沙水体吸收系数a(440)m与其浓度的关系模型,R2达0.947,拟合精度较高;然而比吸收系数a*(440)m与泥沙浓度几乎无相关性。研究结果可为内陆水色遥感分析模型的建立提供重要的参数保障。     

利用TM影像分析潮河与密云水主加入库口处泥沙的空间分布

河流携带的泥沙进入水库后，由于河流水体与水库水体的共同作用而在河口区产生沉降。理论上水体中的泥沙含量是与距入库口处的空间距离相关的。并且，根据实验与模拟的结果，在可见光的任一波段内，水体中的含沙量与水面反射率具有一定的相关关系。TM影像的第二、三波段刚好位于含沙水体反射光谱的肩部和峰值部分，可以准确地反映水体的含沙情况。以潮河与密云水库的交接处为例，在泥沙含量与反射率负指数关系式的基础上，利用两个时相的TM影像，通过泥沙沉降过程的主轴作用线，采用回归模拟和经验公式相结合的办法，建立了泥沙沉降过程的遥感空间分布模型，讨论了模型中各参数的具体含义，描述水体中泥沙含量与沉降的情况。最后采用多个作用轴线进行拟和与空间插值分析，建立了水体中泥沙含量的空间分布模拟图，经过检测，该图较好地反映了河流入库处水体中的泥沙含量情况，为遥感技术在监测水体含沙量方面的应用提供了技术基础。     

基于混合光谱理论的太湖水体叶绿素a浓度提取

TM图象多波段数据作为遥感监测水体叶绿素a浓度的数据源,已有多种遥感定量模型与之对应,但主要还是以经验模型为主。利用TM数据首先采用特征波段比值方法,建立太湖水体合适的叶绿素a浓度反演的遥感定量模型。由于经验模型的缺陷性,还提出了基于TM数据的水体混合光谱分析模型,同时分析了端元光谱提取方法对模型求解的影响。通过计算叶绿素a浓度模型估算结果与实地测量数据的相关系数和均方根误差(RMSE),可以发现混合光谱分析模型也是水体叶绿素a浓度遥感估算的另一条佳径。     

松嫩平原水体中的叶绿素a和悬浮物含量反演研究

利用2013年10月7日和14日的landsat 8 ETM+遥感影像数据和松嫩平原实测的31个采样点的水体中的叶绿素a和悬浮物含量数据,采用回归分析的方法,建立松嫩平原水体中叶绿素a和悬浮物含量的反演模型。研究结果表明,将各波段反射率进行必要的数学变换和波段组合后,可以显著提高其与水体中叶绿素a和悬浮物含量的相关水平;以R4/(R2+R3)为自变量,建立的水体中叶绿素a含量的反演模型拟合效果最好;以(R5+R4)/R3为自变量,建立的水体中悬浮物含量反演模型拟合效果最好。     

干旱区土壤盐渍化遥感监测方法研究

准确提取盐渍化信息对土壤盐渍化监测和研究盐渍化动态变化具有重要意义。先对除去TM6含有6个多光谱波段的TM图像分别做主成分、缨帽变换，然后在对遥感数据和其派生数据分析和实验的基础上，得出TM数据的可见光和近红外波段之一和第三主成分及缨帽变换后的绿度特征做彩色合成能较好的揭示土壤盐渍化信息，TM数据多光谱波段的选取依研究区而定，此方法的效果受土壤含水量的影响。最后对合成图像分类得出了研究区盐渍地的数量和分布情况。     

基于GF-2影像的雨后洪涝区超绿水体指数提取方法

暴雨后水体含沙量增加使其光谱反射率发生变化,导致利用现有水体指数方法不能很好地提取水体信息.为有效提取洪水及其他类型水体,该文基于GF-2影像,根据暴雨后水体光谱信息变化规律,提出一种超绿水体指数(Ultra-Green Water Index,UGWI),并通过实验对比分析UGWI与归一化差异水体指数法、单波段阈值法、单波段与阴影水体指数结合法的水体提取精度,结果表明:UGWI能够准确识别不同泥沙含量以及阴影下的水体,总体精度达95.75％,Kappa系数为0.91,效果优于其他几种方法;选取不同时间、不同地区、不同空间分辨率的影像进行水体提取,UGWI结果亦优于其他几种方法,总体精度达92.33％,Kappa系数为0.90;UGWI相比其他对比方法,抗干扰性更强,提取的水体信息更全面,可识别的水体类型更多,对洪区水体提取更具普适性.     

五家渠猛进水库及周边地区地物光谱遥感数据分析

要充分利用多光谱遥感数据,地面资料是必不可少的,其中最重要的是需要有具有代表性的地表光谱数据库。作者通过对研究区实地测量,初步建立了地表光谱数据库,并且利用猛进水库地物反射光谱季节的观测资料和TM影像资料获取的地面反射率数据构成的归一化植被指数(NDVI)等进行分析,结果显示:水体、草滩和水泥路的反射光谱各有特点,易于从波段组合来区别各种地物。     

A model for the retrieval of suspended sediment concentrations in Taihu Lake from TM images

A study was conducted in the Taihu Lake with the aim of deriving a model for the retrieval of suspended sediment (SS) concentrations from Landsat TM images and in situ sampled data. The correlation between suspended sediment concentrations of lake and the reflectance obtained from the TM images is significant. By TM images and in situ sampled data in summer and winter, we obtained a comparative uniform model for the retrieval of suspended sediment concentrations in the Taihu Lake, that is lnSS = a*(R3/R1) + b, where lnSS is the natural logarithm of the suspended sediment concentration, R1 and R3 are the reflectance coincident with the 1st band and the 3rd band in TM images, a and b are the regression coefficients. Furthermore, we analysed the errors particularly to make sure the model is valid. The model is accurate to within 0.33(RMSE), suggesting that this model may be applicable to predict suspended sediment in the Taihu Lake from TM image throughout the year.     

基于TM影像的太湖悬浮物反演模型

1 Introduction Suspended sediment (SS) is the non-dissolved matter in water which reflects the physical and chemical property of water. Suspended sediment plays an important role in water quality management, which influences the total primary productivity…     

基于影象融合的干旱区城镇居民地信息提取研究

针对TM多波段图象中城镇居民地与裸地光谱特征相似难以准确提取城镇居民地信息的问题,利用雷达图象对居民地信息的敏感性,采用HIS变换方法,融合了2003年西安地区的Landsat TM和Radarsat SAR影象,并对融合影象做二类监督分类提取出城镇居民地信息,结果显示与TM图象监督分类相比,融合后的图象能很好地消除裸地对城镇居民地提取影响,其精度可达到84.21%,大大高于由TM多光谱影象监督分类所得到的精度71.79%,为提取干旱区城镇居民地信息提供一种新方法。     

基于NDWI的海南岛西部沙漠化信息自动提取方法研究

分析海南岛西部沙漠化土地的光谱特征,主要表现为沙漠化土地整体反射光谱率偏高,在TM3和TM5波段表现尤其突出,反射光谱曲线的波峰形态也比其他背景地物更为明显。选择能较好反映沙漠化土地的植被信息（TM4）和土壤水分信息(TM5)的波段,经波段运算得出归一化水指数（NDWI）,用以自动提取沙漠化土地信息。运用海南岛西部典型沙漠化区域对该方法进行了精度检验,结果表明,利用NDWI自动提取沙漠化土地信息是可行的,正确率达到89.71％。为快速自动提取沙漠化土地信息提供了一种新思路,以期能更快捷地为沙漠化治理决策提供准确的时空变化信息和科学依据。     

The acquisition of post-depositional detrital remanent magnetization in a variety of natural sediments

Summary. Post-depositional detrital remanent magnetization (pDRM) is the primary means whereby many sediments acquire their palaeomagnetic signal. We have studied the acquisition of this magnetization in a variety of natural sediments. Our technique involves determining the magnetic direction recorded by a sediment as a function of the water content present in the sediment when the sediment experiences a change in the direction of the applied magnetic field. Most of the sediments used in this study were collected wet from natural environments and were preserved in their original state until they were used in the experiments. Grain sizes were measured by the settling tube method which led to the determination of the clay, silt and sand fractions in each sediment. Isothermal remanent magnetization acquisition studies indicated that the predominant magnetic carriers were magnetite. In the pDRM acquisition studies two distinct modes of behaviour were found. For sediments with a sand content less than 60 per cent, the original direction of magnetization was preserved regardless of the water content. Such behaviour is not consistent with a theoretical model which assumes that at high water contents the magnetic carriers remain mobile within fluid-filled voids and hence are able to realign along a new magnetic field direction. For sediments with a sand content in excess of 60%, remagnetization along a new magnetic field direction occurred as expected, provided the sediments were sufficiently wet. Studies of natural sediments and corresponding samples of dried and reconstituted sediments have demonstrated that the magnetic characterization of a sediment can be reliably determined even for older, desiccated sediments.     

中国干旱区不同成因沉积物吹蚀速率的实验研究

通过对中国干旱区8种不同成因沉积物吹蚀速率的风洞实验,从风蚀动力机制上讨论沙漠的物质来源及其与沙丘发育和沙漠形成的关系。对比风洞实验测定结果发现,在我国西北干旱区及其周围分布最广的8种沉积物中,吹蚀速率从大到小依次是：湖相沙 > 河流沙 > 砂页岩风化物 > 洪积物 > 冰水沙 > 花岗岩风化物 > 坡积物 > 冰碛物。吹蚀速率与沉积物组成中0.063~2 mm的易蚀性颗粒含量和分选性成显著线性正相关,与 < 0.063 mm的粉粘粒和 > 2 mm的砾石含量成显著线性负相关。根据不同沉积物吹蚀速率的差异性,可以将这8种沉积物划分为4类：(1) 湖相沙和河流沙在干燥条件下极易遭受风蚀,是最主要的沙源物质;(2) 砂页岩风化物、洪积物和冰水沙吹蚀速率较强,为次要的沙源物质;(3) 花岗岩风化物和坡积物吹蚀速率较差,仅能提供少量沙物质;(4) 冰碛物对风力有较强的抗蚀性,所能提供的沙物质数量甚微。我国沙漠的形成除了强盛的风力条件以外,内陆湖盆的干涸导致大范围湖相沙层的暴露以及流水对碎屑物质的前期分选起到了关键作用,这可能是我国沙漠一般分布在内陆湖盆周围或河流沿岸的主要物质原因。     

Deflation rates of different clastic sediments in the arid regions of China

By wind tunnel experiment, we studied the deflation rates of 8 different clastic sediments in the arid regions of China, discussed the sources of aeolian sand and their influence on the development of sand dunes and formation of sand deserts from the view of dynamics of wind erosion. The average deflation rates of 8 typical clastic sediments in the arid regions of China can be arranged in the order of lacustrine sand > alluvial sand > weathered sandstone and shale > pluvial sediments > fluvioglacial sand > weathered granite > slope deposit > glacial sediments. The deflation rates exhibited strong positive correlations with the erodible particle (0.063–2mm) content and sorting features. In contrast, the deflation rates had obvious negative correlations with the contents of silt clay (<0.063 mm) and gravel (>2 mm). According to the deflation rates, the 8 typical clastic sediments can be divided into four categories: (1) lacustrine and alluvial sand, which are readily prone to wind erosion, assumed to be the main source of aeolian sand; (2) weathered sandstone and shale, pluvial sediments and fluvioglacial sand with considerable deflation rates, might be the secondary source of aeolian sand; (3) weathered granite and slope deposit having the lower deflation rates, could supply a little aeolian sand; and (4) glacial sediments with a strong anti-erodibility, could hardly offer any aeolian sand. In addition to the strong wind conditions, the exposure of extensive lacustrine sand induced by the desiccation of inland lake basin, as well as the pre-sorting of clastic sediments by flowing water should be the key factors influencing the development of sand deserts in China. The possible reason the sand deserts in China being mostly distributed around the inland lake basins and along riverbanks could be better understood through sand source analysis.     

中国干旱区不同成因碎屑沉积物的吹蚀速率研究

1 Introduction The sand deserts in China are the product of long-term wind erosion from clastic sediments and remodified by wind in the arid environments (Wu, 1987; Gao et al., 1993). The origin of aeolian sand is an elementary issue in studying morpholog…     

Deriving glacier border information based on analysis of decorrelation in SAR interferometry

Variations of glaciers are important parameters for monitoring glacial change. Although optical remote sensing method can extract variations of glaciers effectively and accurately in cloudless regions, these variations are difficult to extract in cloudy conditions and bad weather. In this paper, a new method is presented, based on the decorrelation of repeat SAR interferometry, to extract the variations of glaciers. This method uses the decorrelation of the inland glacier＇s surface to extract the variation of glacier by comparing the coherence of the glacier and land cover in threshold values. For validation of this method, we compared classification results with that derived from TM images. An accuracy of better than 89% can be achieved if we consider the classification result from TM image as the ground truth. Results show that this method provides an effective way to identify icy areas from the coherent image.