岚山港海洋临时倾倒区水质评价及变化趋势分析

根据2009年9月岚山港海洋临时倾倒区海域水质监测数据,采用单因子质量指数法对该倾倒区的水质进行了评价;采用多项水质参数综合评价法、营养状态质量指数法及有机污染指数法对该倾倒区2000-2009年水质状况的变化趋势进行了分析.结果表明:2009年9月影响该海域表、底层水质的主要因素为无机氮、铜、铅和锌;海水水质综合评价指数Q表明2000年至2009年该倾倒区海水水质优劣顺序为:2000年＞2006年＞2004年＞2009年＞2008年,2000年至2009年该倾倒区海水营养状态质量指数NQI、有机污染指数A呈上升趋势,但海水水质为贫营养水平,无富营养化现象,水体质量状况良好.     

近15 a来三门湾海域氮、磷营养盐分布与富营养化状况的变化分析

以1997年8月中旬和2011年10月中旬对三门湾附近海域开展的海域水质现状调查为依据,分析了近15 a间该海域水体环境氮、磷营养盐的分布现状及变化特征。结果表明:近15 a来,三门湾海域的无机氮和活性磷酸盐含量均成倍增长,水体营养程度由轻度富营养化逐步上升为重度富营养化;从营养结构来看,活性磷酸盐仍为限制性富营养化因子;大量的海水养殖是导致该海域营养盐大幅提高的直接原因。因此,为控制三门湾的富营养化现象进一步加剧,建议适度控制海水养殖规模,调整海水养殖结构,加强对三门湾沿岸排污控制,以获得养殖经济效益和生态环境效益的协调、可持续发展。     

杭州湾丰水期主要污染因子的分布变化及成因

利用2000年～2001年杭州湾交通通道工程海域环境调查与监测、大小洋山海域跨海大桥和码头建设以及宁波镇海炼化项目的环境影响评价资料,结合浙江省海洋污染基线调查的成果,分析了杭州湾丰水期主要污染因子的分布变化规律及其成因,结果表明:(1)杭州湾海域水质受陆源影响显著,面源和无组织排放的污染物以及沿岸径流携带入海的污染物,使水体处于严重的富营养化状态。(2)无机氮、活性磷酸盐是丰水期杭州湾海域水体的主要污染因子,其在水体中的含量从湾顶至湾口逐渐降低。无机氮在水体中的含量较高,均超过四类海水水质标准;活性磷酸盐在水体中的含量在湾顶和湾中段超过四类海水水质标准,在湾口段超过三类海水水质标准。(3)化学需氧量和石油类物质也是丰水期杭州湾海域水体重要的污染因子,湾顶段的化学需氧量、石油类物质平均含量超过二类海水水质标准。石油类污染物质含量呈现湾中段低,湾顶段和湾口段高的分布态势,表明石油类污染物质的含量除了受陆源排污的影响外,还与各类船舶及大型石化企业等长期排污有密切关系。(4)由于钱塘江潮汐的作用,杭州湾海域水体交换剧烈,湾内高含量的悬浮物质一定程度上促进了水体中污染物质的降解。     

象山港Chl-a的分布及其与环境因子关系研究

根据2012年5、8、10月在象山港海域的监测资料,分析了该海域Chl-a的时空分布特征,及其与水温、盐度、溶解氧、COD以及营养盐等主要环境因子的相关关系。结果表明:象山港海域Chl-a浓度在0.27~27.29μg/L范围内,平均浓度为2.80μg/L。海域Chl-a浓度的季节性变化非常明显,峰值出现在夏季,而秋季浓度最低;并且具有从内湾港顶向港外逐渐递减的空间分布规律。相关性分析显示,在夏季,影响Chl-a含量的主要因素是盐度和溶解氧;在秋季,Chl-a与活性磷酸盐和硅酸盐间的相关性非常显著,但与无机氮(DIN)不具显著意义相关关系。总体看来,象山港海域Chl-a的时空分布受到海域水动力条件、海水养殖活动等的共同影响,夏季还可能受到台风影响。     

三门湾蛇蟠海域环境质量现状评价

根据 1 997年 8月三门湾蛇蟠海域现场调查结果 ,采用环境质量指数法 ,对该海域的环境质量现状进行了初步的分析与评价。结果表明 ,该海域除营养盐及锌含量超标外 ,其它环境要素基本符合一类海水水质标准及底质标准。水体中营养盐含量普遍偏高 ,无机氮含量 98%超一类海水水质标准 ;活性磷酸盐 66%超一类海水水质标准。沿岸锌矿的开采在一定程度上影响了该海域重金属中的锌含量     

广东柘林湾海水增养殖区环境质量评价

根据1999年10月至2000年9月对广东柘林湾每月进行1次环境监测的结果,用单因子污染指数法、营养指数(E)法和有机污染评价指数(A)法对广东柘林湾海水增养殖区环境质量进行评价。评价结果表明：柘林湾海域主要污染因子为总氮、无机氮、总磷、POLP和石油类,其中除无机氮超标率为71％外,其它指标超标率都为100％;整个柘林湾海域富营养化极为严重,平均E值达5．145。柘林湾水体生态系统已处于严重的不健康状态,影响了海水增养殖区主导功能的发挥。     

埕岛油田海底管道工程海域环境现状及质量评价

利用实测资料采用《中国近海水质评价方法》对工程海域环境现状进行分析和质量评价。结果表明工程海域水体主要污染为有机污染和石油污染,主要污染物为无机氮、无机磷、石油类、铅、海域为三类海水。靠近采油平台、油井组的站位水质差,远离平台、井组水质较好,说明海上石油开发带来了一定的污染。工程海域内的底质尚未受到污染。     

象山港特征污染物浓度分布反演研究

文章首先简述2009年象山港海域环境现状,总结该海域中化学需氧量(COD)、无机氮 (DIN)、活性磷酸盐 (DIP)3项主要水质因子的超标情况及海水富营养化状态,并与往年数据进行对比,叙述象山港海域水质发展趋势;其次,利用FVCOM中的污染物输运数学模型对象山港海域中以 COD、DIN、DIP为代表性水质指标进行现状模拟,将几组不同工况的模拟结果分别与实测数据进行对比,从而确定可用于模拟象山港海域现状水质环境的排放口浓度。     

象山港养殖海域水体和沉积物中营养元素的分布特征及其控制过程的初步研究

利用2005年5月到9月对象山港海域五个航次的监测结果,对象山港海域水体和底质中营养元素的分布特征及其控制因素进行了初步的探讨。结果表明,象山港海区水体和沉积物中营养元素含量较高,水质恶化严重;海产养殖是造成本海区营养元素超标的主要因素,也是控制营养元素在空间和时间上变化的主要因素。     

渤海无机氮年际变化分析

根据1985－1998年渤海断面资料分析，高浓度无机氮水体从断面近岸海域通过底层水体逐年向渤海中剖迁移和扩散。断面海域底层一无机氮浓度的年际变化可以比较稳定地反映水体的富营养化程度。渤海断面海域硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮年际变化的主要部分原本呈现准平衡态变化，由于海水污染程度的持续增长，破坏了这种准平衡态年际变化，海洋生物－化学过程仅能够维持其年际变化的次要部分呈现准平衡态变化，但是不足以阻止其主要部分脱离准平衡态变化。海洋生物的繁殖和聚集密度对无机氮浓度的空间分布有重要影响。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.