云南昭通盆地重磁特征及其地质意义

以区域重磁资料为依据,结合地质资料以及前人的研究成果,分析昭通盆地的重磁特征,对反映昭通盆地的重力低异常进行处理和解释。利用以重力数据为主的基底密度界面反演和剖面反演,详细揭露昭通盆地的基底形态、地层发育特征以及断层构造的展布,并在此基础上分析断层及褶皱构造在盆地的巨厚褐煤层形成过程中的控制作用,更进一步确定了其为构造坳陷型盆地。     

Integrated potential field study on the subsurface structural characterization of the area North Bahariya Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt

The present study aims mainly to delineate and outline the regional subsurface structural and tectonic framework of the buried basement rocks of Abu El Gharadig Basin, Northern Western Desert, Egypt. The potential field data (Bouguer gravity and total intensity aeromagnetic maps) carried out in the Abu El Gharadig Basin had been analyzed together with other geophysical and geological studies. The execution of this study is initiated by transformation of the total intensity aeromagnetic data to the reduced to pole (RTP) magnetic map. This is followed by applying several transformation techniques and various filtering processes through qualitative and quantitative analyses on both of the gravity and magnetic data. These techniques include the qualitative interpretation of gravity, total intensity magnetic and RTP magnetic maps. Regional–residual separation is carried out using the power spectrum. Also, the analytic signal and second vertical derivative techniques are applied to delineate the hidden anomalies. Aeromagnetic anomalies in the area reflect significant features on the basement tectonics, on the deep-seated structures and on the shallow-seated ones. Major faults and intrusions in the area are indicated to be mainly along the NE–SW, NW–SE, ENE–WSW and E–W directions. The Bouguer gravity map indicates major basement fracturing, as well as variations in the sedimentary basins and ridges and subsequent tectonic disturbances. The most obvious anomalous trends on the gravity map, based on their frequencies and amplitudes, are along the NE–SW, ENE–WSW, E–W and NW–SE trends. The main of Abu EL Gharadig Basin depositional center does not show sharp variations, because of the homogeneity of the marine rocks and the great basement depths.     

松辽盆地外围通化地区高精度重磁电特征及其构造格架

通化地区是松辽盆地东部外围的油气调查新区,油气勘探程度极低,关键问题是沉积地层展布形态、盆地深部结构等关键基础地质问题未知。笔者通过高精度重力、磁力和大地电磁等地球物理方法,获取了通化地区岩石地球物理和重磁异常变化特征,揭示了通化地区深部地球物理结构形态;认为通化地区存在4条Ⅰ级断裂和46条次级断裂,主要断裂控制着研究区的基本构造格架;首次圈定出红庙子、桓仁、沙尖子、拐磨子和木齐盆地5个断陷盆地,查明了盆地规模、中生界底面最大埋深和中侏罗统侯家屯组地层的展布形态等深部结构特征;并进一步对桓仁盆地和拐磨子盆地进行构造单元的划分。该研究成果为下一步油气勘探提供重要基础地质信息,亦对松辽盆地东部外围新区的油气勘探部署提供重要的指导意义。     

泥盆纪右江盆地演化与层序充填响应

早泥盆世时东特提斯洋沿金沙江—哀牢山缝合带逐渐向东打开 ,广南—靖西等基底断裂与板块边界断裂——金沙江—哀牢山断裂带平行展布和同步演化 ,边界断裂的向东开裂扩张 ,广南—靖西等基底断裂活动亦逐渐加剧 ,导致右江盆地由陆内裂陷盆地向被动陆缘裂谷盆地演化。据构造活动的强弱和盆地充填物的特征 ,将右江盆地的演化分为洛赫科夫期至布拉格期的陆内裂陷盆地阶段、埃姆斯期—艾费尔期的拉张发展阶段、吉维期至弗拉斯期的强烈拉张阶段、法门期的充填补齐阶段 ,后三者组成被动陆缘裂谷盆地阶段。不同次级盆地的不同阶段 ,其构造沉降和海平面升降幅度不一样 ,层序发育样式各异 ,其中孤立碳酸盐岩台地层序发育主要受控于相对海平面变化和碳酸盐生产率 ,而台盆层序发育则受构造活动、海平面变化、台缘重力流和沉积物供应的综合影响。据此 ,将该区泥盆系划分为两个 级层序 ,18个 级层序 ,并建立了各演化阶段的层序充填模型。这种层序充填的差异性正是对盆地构造演化和全球海平面变化的响应。     

Flexural and gravity modelling of the Mérida Andes and Barinas–Apure Basin, Western Venezuela

The kinematic evolution of the Barinas–Apure Basin and the southern Mérida Andes from Lower Miocene to the Present is numerically modelled using flexural isostatic theory and geophysical and geological data. Two published regional transects are used to build up a reference section, which is then used to constrain important parameters (e.g. shortenings and sedimentary thicknesses) for the flexural modelling. To control the location of the main fault system in the flexural model earthquake information is also used. The estimated flexural elastic thickness of the South American lithosphere beneath the Barinas–Apure Basin and the Mérida Andes Range is 25 km. The value for the final total shortening is 60 km. The flexural isostatic model shows that the Andean uplift has caused the South American lithosphere subsidence and the development of the Barinas–Apure Basin.In addition, gravity modelling was used to understand deep crustal features that could not be predicted by flexural theory. Consequently, the best-fit flexural model is used to build a gravity model across the Mérida Andes and the Barinas–Apure Basin preserving the best-controlled structural features from the flexural modelling (e.g. basin wavelength and depth) and slightly changing the main bodies density values and deep crustal structures. The final gravity model is intended to be representative of the major features affecting the gravity field in the study area. The predicted morphology in the lower crustal level of the final gravity model favours the hypothesis of a present delamination or megathrust of the Maracaibo crust over the South American Shield. This process would use the Conrad discontinuity as a main detachment surface within an incipient NW dipping continental subduction.     

Analyzing the gravity response of the Serra Geral Basalts and its impacts for the gravity interpretation in the northern Paraná Basin

The intraplate Paraná Basin encompasses an area of 1,127,400 km² in the Brazilian territory and is characterized by the presence of thick basalt and intrusive units of the Serra Geral Formation. Around 70% of its surface is covered by flood basalts. The regional interpretation of the dataset, located in the northern portion of the basin, led to new insights regarding the structure of the basin and its relationship with the Proterozoic surroundings. A 3D model of the basalts, which at the center of the basin has a thickness around 2 km, was built in order to analyze its signal content and the effects in anomaly caused by the structure of the depocenter. The gravity effect of the basalt model on the Terrain Corrected Anomaly map was removed, using forward modeling, generating a new residual anomaly map giving a view of the depocenter anomaly without the interference of the basalts. The result suggests a SW-NE depocenter whose plan shape appears to be more irregular than previously thought and a basement structure divided into three clearly defined compartments separated by structural features, some defined in this work and others already known from previous studies. Following the workflow for regional gravity studies, the Moho gravity effect was also removed using three different crustal thickness models. The results of this step completely changed the low frequency framework of the dataset, addressing extensive highs spread from the central to the eastern portion of the survey area, not enhancing any anomalies related to known geological features mapped in prior geophysical studies.     

Integration of data constraints and potential field modelling — an example from southern lower saxony,Germany

Most of interpretational tasks in geophysics require an interdisciplinary knowledge and integration of information from comprehensive data bases. Towards this end a combination of different geophysical surveys employing seismics, gravity and magnetics, provides new insights into the structures and tectonic evolution of natural deposits together with geological and petrological studies. No doubt, any interdisciplinary approach is essential for numerical modelling of these structures and the processes acting on it. The interpretation of garvity and magnetics by 3D modelling requires data from other independent sources, due to the ambiguity of these methods.In close cooperation with geologists and computer scientists we are developing an object oriented model of the southern rim of the Northwest German Basin which consists of information from industry wells, stratigraphy and geophysical parameters (e.g. density and susceptibility). GOCAD is used for geometrical modelling purposes, IGMAS handels the interactive modifications of geophysical model parameters and geometry. Both modelling programs are supported by an object oriented data base system which will guarantee the consistency of data and models.Combined interpretations of the southern basin are presented and show, how the information from different geo-disciplines is visualized in order to ease the modelling process.     

Satellite Gravity Anomalies and Their Correlation with the Major Tectonic Features in the South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS) is a region of interaction among three major plates: the Pacific, Indo-Australian and Eurasian. The collision of the Indian subcontinent with the Eurasian plate in the northwest, back-arc spreading at the center, and subduction beneath the Philippine plate along Manila trench in the east and the collision along Palawan trough in the south have produced complex tectonic features within and along the SCS. This investigation examines the satellite-derived gravity anomalies of the SCS and compares them with major tectonic features of the area. A map of Bouguer gravity anomaly is derived in conjunction with available seafloor topography to investigate the crustal structure. The residual isostatic gravity anomaly is calculated assuming that the Cenozoic sedimentary load is isostatically compensated. The features in the gravity anomalies in general correlate remarkably well with the major geological features, including offsets in the seafloor spreading segments, major faults, basins, seamounts and other manifestations of magmatism and volcanism on the seafloor. They also correlate with the presumed location of continental-oceanic crust boundary. The region underlain by oceanic crust in the central part of the SCS is characterized by a large positive Bouguer gravity anomaly (220–330 mgal) as well as large free-air and residual isostatic anomalies. There are, however, important differences among spreading segments. For example, in terms of free-air gravity anomaly, the southwest section of mid-ocean has an approximately 50 km wide belt of gravity low superimposed on a broad high of 45 mgal running NW–SE, whereas there are no similar features in other spreading segments. There are indications that gravity anomalies may represent lateral variation in upper crustal density structure. For instance, free air and isostatic anomalies show large positive anomalies in the east of the Namconson basin, which coincide with areas of dense volcanic material known from seismic surveys. The Red River Fault system are clearly identified in the satellite gravity anomalies, including three major faults, Songchay Fault in the southwest, Songlo Fault in the Northeast and Central Fault in the center of the basin. They are elongated in NW–SE direction between 20±30'N and 17°N and reach to Vietnam Scarp Fault around 16°30'N. It is also defined that the crustal density in the south side of the Central Basin is denser than that in the north side of the Central Basin.     

Crustal structure and sedimentation history over the Alleppey platform,southwest continental margin of India:Constraints from multichannel seismic and gravity data

The Alleppey Platform is an important morphological feature located in the Kerala-Konkan basin off the southwest coast of India. In the present study, seismic reflection data available in the basin were used to understand the sedimentation history and also to carry out integrated gravity interpretation. Detailed seismic reflection data in the basin reveals that:(1) the Alleppey Platform is associated with a basement high in the west of its present-day geometry(as observed in the time-structure map of the Trap Top(K/T boundary)),(2) the platform subsequently started developing during the Eocene period and attained the present geometry by the Miocene and,(3) both the Alleppey platform and the Vishnu fracture zone have had significant impact on the sedimentation patterns(as shown by the time-structure and the isochron maps of the major sedimentary horizons in the region). The 3-D sediment gravity effect computed from the sedimentary layer geometry was used to construct the crustal Bouguer anomaly map of the region.The 3-D gravity inversion of crustal Bouguer anomaly exhibits a Moho depression below the western border of the platform and a minor rise towards the east which then deepens again below the Indian shield. The 2-D gravity modelling across the Alleppey platform reveals the geometry of crustal extension,in which there are patches of thin and thick crust. The Vishnu Fracture Zone appears as a crustal-scale feature at the western boundary of the Alleppey platform. Based on the gravity model and the seismic reflection data, we suggest that the basement high to the west of the present day Alleppey platform remained as a piece of continental block very close to the mainland with the intervening depression filling up with sediments during the rifting. In order to place the Alleppey platform in the overall perspective of tectonic evolution of the Kerala-Konkan basin, we propose its candidature as a continental fragment.     

Gravity Investigation in Area East of River Nile （Khartoum State）

The purpose of the study is to investigate the subsurface geology of the area. For quantitative interpretation of the resulting Bouguer anomalies, borehole data are explored. This is done along several profiles obtained from software program G.model @ version 2.2 No.175. This program is base don two -dimensional mass distribution. The interpretation reveals two basinal features filling depressions in the basement complex named as Abu Harira basin and Kabbashi basin. They are structurally related to Khartourn basin. As a result, a geological/structural map of the area in east of the Nile is produced. The basinal features in the study area are considered as parts of the central Sudan (Khartourn basin) that had been subjected to several tectonic events that resulted in the formation of several fracture systems associated with block subsidence and formation of these basins.     

Temperature and density of the Tyrrhenian lithosphere and slab and new interpretation of gravity field in the Tyrrhenian Basin

The gravity anomaly field of the Tyrrhenian basin and surrounding regions reflects the complex series of geodynamic events active in this area since the Oligocene–Miocene. They can resume in lithospheric thinning and asthenospheric rising beneath the Tyrrhenian Basin, coexisting with the roll-back subduction of the African plate margin westward sinking beneath the Calabrian Arc. The geographic closeness between these processes implies an intense perturbation of the mantle thermal regime and an interference at regional scale between the related gravity effects.A model of the litho-asthenospheric structure of this region is suggested, showing a reasonable agreement with both the evidences in terms of regional gravity anomaly pattern and the results concerning thermal state and petro-physical features of the mantle. The first phase of this study consisted of the computation of the isotherms in the crust–mantle system beneath the Tyrrhenian Basin and, afterwards, of the density distribution within the partially melted upwelling asthenosphere. The second phase consisted of a temperature/density modelling of the slab subducting beneath the Calabrian Arc. Finally, a 2^1 / 2 interpretation of gravity data was carried out by including as constraints the results previously obtained. Thus, the final result depicts a model matching both gravity, thermal and petrographic data. They provide (a) a better definition of the thermal regime of the passive mantle rise beneath the Tyrrhenian basin by means of the estimation of the moderate asthenospheric heating and (b) a model of lithospheric slab subducting with rates that could be smaller than generally suggested in previous works.     

勃利盆地中生界地质特征与油气资源量计算

黑龙江省东部勃利盆地在早白垩世为陆缘断陷盆地。经晚白垩世和新近纪的构造反转改造后，呈改造残留型含油气、含煤盆地。该盆地在下白垩统发育有厚度较大的暗色泥岩和多套煤系地层。盆地内源岩有机质以生气为主，煤系地层为重要的气态烃的来源。在研究了勃利盆地中生界地质特征的基础上，运用蒙特卡罗法初步估算了盆地内的油气资源量，得出盆地油气资源量的概率分布函数图，取得不同概率下的油气资源量值。盆地的中部断陷为有利含油气区。研究结果为进一步在松辽盆地外围寻找油气资源提供了参考依据。     

Água Bonita pull apart basin and its relationship to Transbrasiliano Lineament

The Transbrasiliano Lineament (TBL), a NE-SW trending strike slip system at least 2700 km long, is one of the main structures of the South American Platform. This lineament, along with other structures, influenced greatly the installation and depositional history of the Paraná and Parnaíba sedimentary basins. The Água Bonita Basin (ABB) occurs at an intermediate position between both basins. This work aims to provide information on the origin and evolution of the Água Bonita Basin, considered a Silurian-Devonian basin, as well as its relationship with the Transbrasiliano Lineament.Geological, aero and ground geophysics data were used to determine a structural geological model for the ABB located in the Brasilia Fold Belt in the Tocantins tectonic province. The airborne geophysical magnetic data used in the study were acquired in the 1970s by the existing 147 ground gravity stations in addition to the 498 new ground gravity and geodetic stations that were added to the existing ones.The analysis of the outcrops allowed identifying the sedimentary facies associations providing new information on the depositional environments. The compilation of existing data, satellite images analysis, geological maps and shaded relief provided an integrated model for the study area.A geological model was proposed for the ABB based on the interpretation, integration, depth analysis and 2D gravity forward modeling according to a theoretical model for an extensional duplex in a strike slip system with flower structures. We observed several segmented gravity anomalies, which were interpreted as steps/faults. This interpretation is consistent with a pull apart basin. According to the depth data estimated by this model, the maximum thickness of the Água Bonita Formation is 1.6 km and 2.4 km for the precursor rift. The basin has two dextral faults on each border, whose main fault of the TBL strike slip system and the master fault controlling the ABB are observed on the east border of the rift phase. Lineaments perpendicular to the west edge, in addition to those crossing the ABB in the N65E, delineate peculiar magnetic, gravity and geological signatures in the northern part of the basin. The basin is located in the weak region of the TBL and its main eastern fault is dipping sub-vertically to the west. This fault modeled up to the 8 km depth using the gravity data, was also observed in the Tilt Angle of the Total Horizontal Gradient (TAHG) matched filter grid result at approximately 8 km, however this may not be this fault maximum depth.Three main sedimentary-tectonic stages were observed, (i) a Pre-Devonian precursor rift present in the Água Bonita Basin and Jaibaras Group; (ii) the sag stage developed during the Devonian, when the Paleozoic basins of Paraná, Parnaíba and Água Bonita Basin were connected evidenced by the sedimentary facies and similar thicknesses; and (iii) the Pos-devonian rocks that are probably not preserved in the Água Bonita Basin.     

新疆天山（独山子）—西昆仑（泉水沟）地学断面地震与重力联合反演地壳构造特征

利用滑动平均的布格重力异常剖面结合地震资料和大地电磁资料,参考介质纵波速度与密度的经验转换关系,通过二维均匀介质模型人机交互式计算得到了新疆天山(独山子)-西昆仑(泉水沟)地学断面走廊域中心剖面的地壳构造特征.所得的反演结果表明,准噶尔盆地与北天山地体、中天山地体为一整体;准噶尔盆地和天山构造带的中、下地壳之间存在低密度层,但塔里木盆地不存在低密度层;由于受到南北两侧板块挤压,造成塔里木盆地的地壳结构在横向上似一南陡北缓、中部隆起的不对称"拱形"弯曲;塔里木盆地南缘与西昆仑构造带间呈"V型盆山耦合关系",其下方恰好是莫霍面上隆区.     

Tectonics of the Virgin Islands Basin,north eastern Caribbean

The tectonics of the Virgin Islands Basin are controlled by the plate boundary between the Puerto Rico‐Virgin Islands Microplate and the stable part of the Caribbean Plate. Several contradicting theories about the formation and development of this basin have previously been proposed. As part of the Danish Galathea 3 expedition, extensive marine geological investigations of the basin were carried out in March 2007 including sediment coring and acquisition of multi‐beam and two‐dimensional seismic data. This paper represents a summary of the key observations from the multi‐beam and the seismic data set. The interpretation of these observations leads to the proposition of a tectonic model for the Virgin Islands Basin. The model consists of N–S to NW–SE directed extension combined with E‐W trending sinistral strike‐slip and the new structural evidence from the Virgin Islands Basin is entirely consistent with the most recently published GPS data.     

Tectonosedimentary subdivisions in the neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian cover of the taoudenni Basin (Algeria-Mauritania-Mali)

During two mapping campaigns in Algeria, in the eastern part of the northern edge of the Taoudenni Basin, the imprints of tectonic events in the sediments of the Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian cover was observed. These were obviously linked to tectonic activity in the nearby domain of the Pan-African Orogenic Belt towards the east. This allows the definition of new subdivisions in the cover and the proposal of correlations with the Mauritanian part of the basin to the west, which can be extended to the entire northern Taoudenni Basin cover. A new geodynamic interpretation of the sedimentation history within the cratonic basin is proposed.     

珠江口盆地深水区晚中新世以来构造沉降与似海底反射（BSR）分布的关系*

2007年中国在南海北部神狐海域通过钻探首次获得天然气水合物样品,证实了珠江口盆地深水区是水合物富集区。通过对珠江口盆地深水区构造沉降史的定量模拟研究,发现晚中新世以来区内构造沉降总体上具有由北向南、自西向东逐渐变快的演化趋势;从晚中新世到更新世,盆地深水区经历了构造沉降作用由弱到强的变化过程：晚中新世(11.6～5.3 Ma),平均构造沉降速率为67 m/Ma;上新世(5.3～1.8 Ma),平均构造沉降速率为68 m/Ma;至更新世(1.8～0 Ma),平均构造沉降速率为73 m/Ma。而造成这些变化的主因是发生在中中新世末-晚中新世末的东沙运动和发生在上新世-更新世早期的台湾运动。东沙运动（10～5 Ma）使盆地在升降过程中发生块断升降,隆起剥蚀,自东向西运动强度和构造变形逐渐减弱,使得盆地深水区持续稳定沉降;台湾运动（3 Ma）彻底改变了盆地深水区的构造格局,因重力均衡调整盆地深水区继续沉降,越往南沉降越大。将似海底反射（BSR）发育区与沉降速率平面图进行叠合分析,发现80％以上的BSR分布趋于构造沉降速率值主要在75～125 m/Ma之间、沉降速率变化迅速的隆坳接合带区域。     

松辽盆地布格重力异常小波多尺度分解与解释

松辽盆地是中国东北盆地群的代表性盆地之一。松辽盆地及其邻区的布格重力异常分布特征以北东—北北东向为 主,其次为东西向,重力场分区分块特征明显,显示了明显的拼贴构造背景,依据布格重力异常特征对研究区构造单元进 行分区,共分成松辽盆地异常区、大兴安岭重力梯级带等 5 个特征区。利用小波多尺度分解方法对松辽盆地重力场进行分 离,选择最佳的分离阶数(4 阶),随后利用对数功率谱确定每阶异常的视深度,提取区域异常,分层研究地壳顶部(D1G)、基 底(D2G,D3G)及深部密度界面(A4G)的起伏特征,共圈定基底凹陷 14 个,并绘制了研究区的 Moho 面埋深图。地球物理特征 揭示了松辽盆地的深部构造,为研究盆地油气勘探及构造演化提供了重要依据。     

Issues associated with the distinction between climatic and tectonic controls on Permian alluvial fan deposits from the Kotzen and Barnim Basins (North German Basin)

Facies analysis focussing on coarse-grained sediments has been carried out on more than 2500 m of drill cores from seven wells from southern margins of the North German Basin (NGB). The NGB forms a central element of the Southern Permian Basin (SPB). The wells exposed conglomerates and sandstones of the Rotliegend Grüneberg and Parchim Formations deposited in the Kotzen Basin and the Barnim Basin.17 lithofacies types have been grouped into six lithofacies associations. The studied successions are dominated by fluid gravity flow deposits (hyperconcentrated flows and stream flows) of alluvial fan and alluvial plain systems. Maximum particle size/bed thickness plots (MPS/BTh) support the interpretation as fluid gravity flow deposits. The MPS and BTh data have also been used to differentiate coarsening–thickening and fining–thinning trends of the fan systems.The dominance of water-rich mass flow processes together with sedimentary structures such as dewatering structures and outwashed tops suggests the presence of wet-type fans and plains under semi-humid to semi-arid seasonal climates in the central SPB. The investigated sediments show variation in clast composition subsequent to deep erosion processes on basin margins and changes of source areas. Synsedimentary normal faults and clastic dykes have been interpreted as indicators of tectonic activity of grabens itself and its frames. On a larger scale, then evolution from a half-graben to a graben is apparent for the Tuchen Sub-basin at least. The progradational/retrogradational cycles of the studied alluvial fan systems document combined local tectonic movements and influences of climatic changes. However, our data did not allow for a clear distinction between climatic and tectonic signals. Furthermore, a one-to-one correlation of fan cycles with depositional trends in the NGB basin centre would appear to be oversimplistic.     

南沙中部海域北康·曾母盆地重磁异常特征及解释

通过对南沙中部海域北康、曾母盆地重、磁资料的定量计算、定性解释,认为空间重力异常主要受浅部地质因素影响,空间重力异常的高低间接地反映了海底地形起伏变化、新生代沉积层厚度大小、沉积岩密度变化以及基底的坳、隆等特征;磁力异常资料通过预后处理及反演计算,推测北康、曾母盆地新生代火成岩以中酸性-中基性岩为主,磁性基底与声波基底基本一致,可划分为2处坳陷及3处隆起;北康、曾母盆地位于减薄的大陆壳上,莫霍面深度约21～2 km.重、磁资料综合解释结果为沉积盖层构造分区、基底断裂推断及火成岩岩性识别提供依据.