水成型铁锰成矿的纳米成因研究进展

新生代深海铁锰矿床的大规模成矿是地质历史上特有的现象,其形成的海底铁锰结核/结壳因富含巨量的有用金属而备受关注。水成型铁锰成矿的胶体成因模型自20世纪90年代中期提出以来已被广泛接受并采用。随着近20年来纳米地球科学的迅速发展,人们意识到纳米颗粒作为胶体的最小部分,能够以其独特的性质显著影响铁锰成矿过程。通过总结已有研究,发现铁氧化物与锰氧化物会以纳米颗粒的形式普遍共存于多种表生地质环境,还证实了水成型铁锰结核/结壳中的主要铁锰矿物（如水羟锰矿和水铁矿）都是纳米颗粒。铁氧化物纳米颗粒对二价锰[Mn(Ⅱ)]的表面催化氧化可能是水成型铁锰矿物通常在纳米尺度密切共生的原因。此外,在铁锰结壳中还观测到大量在以往研究中被普遍忽视的三价锰[Mn(Ⅲ)]矿物,其含量在结壳顶部最高,随深度增加逐渐下降,四价锰[Mn(Ⅳ)]矿物的含量则呈相反的变化趋势。不同价态锰氧化物纳米颗粒的表面能差异导致Mn(Ⅲ)矿物在Mn(Ⅱ)的氧化过程中最先沉淀,并可能在沉淀之后逐渐转化为Mn(Ⅳ)矿物。相信随着纳米地球科学与高精度原位实验技术的发展,必将不断深化对海水铁锰循环及海底铁锰成矿的认识。     

大洋锰结核氨浸渣制备纳米态钾锰矿的研究

利用大洋锰结核还原氨浸渣为原料通过水热法合成了纳米态钾锰矿,并分析了反应pH值对合成产物物相、晶体形态的影响.实验结果表明,合成反应较佳pH值为5～7,反应体系中存在K+、SO42-对合成纳米态钾锰矿十分有利.该方法降低了钾锰矿合成成本,为钾锰矿商业化生产提供了思路,同时为大洋锰结核氨浸渣的资源化利用和清洁生产开辟了新的途径.     

磁黄铁矿在纳米碳管生长中的作用

本文采用天然磁黄铁矿矿物－六方磁黄铁矿和单斜磁黄铁矿分别作催化剂,引入电弧法生长纳米碳管,发现二者具有截然不同的催化效果。在此基础上,探讨了在合成纳米碳管实验中磁黄铁矿的催化作用及催化机理。     

天然黏土矿物和腐殖酸对纳米乳化油吸持的实验研究

为探讨天然黏土矿物及有机质对纳米乳化油在多孔介质中迁移滞留的影响，本文选取高岭石和蒙脱石这两种黏土矿物以及有机质的典型代表腐殖酸，开展了单一矿物、有机质及有机矿质复合物对纳米乳化油的吸持批实验研究，并运用比表面积全分析、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)等技术手段探讨了吸持机理。实验结果表明，介质对纳米乳化油的吸持均符合Freundlich模型；单一矿物及腐殖酸对纳米乳化油的吸持能力表现为：蒙脱石>腐殖酸>高岭石，有机矿质复合样品的吸持能力表现为：蒙脱石-腐殖酸>高岭石-腐殖酸，且均大于其对应的单一样品，出现了“1+1>2”的现象，表明介质组成越复杂，对纳米乳化油的吸持滞留程度越大。进一步分析证实，纳米乳化油主要通过氢键和疏水作用吸持在矿物和腐殖酸表面，表面结构性质是高岭石和蒙脱石吸持过程中的主导因素，因此蒙脱石具有更强的吸持能力，而腐殖酸的吸持主要通过颗粒间聚集作用来实现；对于复合样品，吸持主要通过氢键、配体交换和疏水作用结合来实现。腐殖酸与矿物的复合会增加吸持位点并且增强矿物表面疏水性，从而促进吸持。腐殖酸与纳米乳化油的共吸...     

钠离子对于海洋成因10-水锰矿结构稳定性的影响

10-水锰矿是海洋成岩型铁锰结核和很多陆生锰矿的主要矿物,铜、镍等过渡金属元素对于10-水锰矿结构的稳定起着重要的作用,而对于碱金属元素钠离子在其中的地球化学行为则少有涉及.利用取自东太平洋海底的成岩型铁锰结核,借助化学方法,利用矿物学和晶体化学的理论对碱金属元素钠离子在成岩型铁锰结核中的存在状态以及对结核组成矿物10-水锰矿结构的影响进行了研究.结果显示,10-水锰矿中钠离子可以被弱酸析出并且会导致其结构的破坏,使得10-水锰矿转换成7-水锰矿;析出钠离子并且结晶状态变差的10-水锰矿吸附钠离子后,其结晶状态可明显好转并且部分非10相转化为10-水锰矿,但是这种结构的破坏在自然条件下不能完全恢复.因此,钠离子对于10-水锰矿结构的稳定性起着非常重要的作用.     

土壤铁锰结核中锰矿物类型鉴定的探讨

用化学选择溶提、X射线衍射 (XRD)等技术 ,对土壤铁锰结核中锰矿物类型的鉴定进行了探讨。结果表明 :根据 0 .1mol·L-1盐酸羟胺 (HAHC)处理前后土壤铁锰结核的XRD峰的变化 ,可鉴定出其所含的锂硬锰矿和钙锰矿 ;分析HAHC处理前后同一XRD谱线上不受锰矿物干扰的相邻层状硅酸盐矿物衍射峰与所含锰矿物衍射峰强度的比值变化 ,确定了水钠锰矿的存在 ;结合铁锰结核中与锰矿物类型相关的元素含量 ,可鉴定出其所含的钡硬锰矿和铅锰矿。     

钠离子对于海洋成因10(A)-水锰矿结构稳定性的影响

10(A)-水锰矿是海洋成岩型铁锰结核和很多陆生锰矿的主要矿物,铜、镍等过渡金属元素对于10(A)水锰矿结构的稳定起着重要的作用,而对于碱金属元素钠离子在其中的地球化学行为则少有涉及.利用取自东太平洋海底的成岩型铁锰结核,借助化学方法,利用矿物学和晶体化学的理论对碱金属元素钠离子在成岩型铁锰结核中的存在状态以及对结核组成矿物10(A)-水锰矿结构的影响进行了研究.结果显示,10(A)-水锰矿中钠离子可以被弱酸析出并且会导致其结构的破坏,使得10(A)-水锰矿转换成7(A)-水锰矿;析出钠离子并且结晶状态变差的10(A)-水锰矿吸附钠离子后,其结晶状态可明显好转并且部分非10(A)相转化为10(A)-水锰矿,但是这种结构的破坏在自然条件下不能完全恢复.因此,钠离子对于10(A)-水锰矿结构的稳定性起着非常重要的作用.     

几种氧化锰矿物对As(Ⅲ)的氧化特性及针铁矿的影响

用化学分析、氧化还原平衡、X射线衍射(XRD)及透射电镜(TEM)等方法与技术研究了水钠锰矿、钙锰矿和黑锰矿等三种不同结构类型的氧化锰矿物对As(Ⅲ)的氧化特性,及针铁矿对上述氧化的影响。结果表明:三种氧化锰矿物对As(Ⅲ)的氧化能力差异较大,氧化能力受矿物组成、结晶度和表面性质等因素影响。水钠锰矿的氧化能力最强,其次是钙锰矿。低价矿物黑锰矿的氧化能力最弱,但其氧化过程释放Mn2+的量比水钠锰和钙锰矿的均高。对As(Ⅲ)的最大氧化量大小顺序为:水钠锰矿(480.4mmol/kg)>钙锰矿(279.6mmol/kg)>黑锰矿(117.9mmol/kg)。体系中存在针铁…     

几种铁（氢）氧化物对溶液中磷的吸附作用对比研究

铁(氢)氧化物不仅是土壤中广泛存在的矿物,也是重要的矿物资源。表生地质作用形成的针铁矿、赤铁矿和无定形氢氧化铁都具有纳米尺度,具有很高的表面积,表现出对磷的专性吸附,是低浓度磷的潜在吸附材料。本文通过铁(氢)氧化物对水溶液中磷酸根的等温吸附实验,初步对比研究了针铁矿、合成氧化铁黄、赤铁矿和无定形氢氧化铁对水中低浓度磷的吸附作用。结果表明,无定形氢氧化铁对水溶液中磷酸根的吸附能力最强(对低浓度磷的吸附达到5.5mg/g),其次是氧化铁黄和针铁矿,赤铁矿的吸附能力最差。几种铁(氢)氧化物对磷吸附容量的差别主要受比表面积控制。无定形氢氧化铁、合成氧化铁黄、针铁矿、赤铁矿对磷的吸附符合Freundlich等温方程。针铁矿和赤铁矿对磷的吸附动力学符合双常数速率方程。     

伟晶岩里铌钽矿物量的测定

某伟晶岩体含有钽铌铁矿、铌钽铁矿、重钽铁矿、钽锰矿、锡钽锰矿五种铌钽矿物,需要对该岩体的不同带定量测定这五种矿物的含量,以研究其成因。这五种矿物都呈黑色,根据矿物的光性及物性在显微镜下难以区分开,也不能准确地测定这五种矿物的含量。对于物相分析,也很难选择出合适的溶剂将这五种矿物各自分离开来进行测定。本工作是采用激光显微光谱分析手段试验出这五种矿物的光谱特征,依此将它们区分开     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of