强夯能量利用率反演及加固影响范围研究

强夯法具有高效的地基处理能力而被广泛应用,但加固地基的同时会对周围工程结构和环境产生一定的振动危害。以能量转换原理为基础,近似将夯击能分为振动波能和土体塑性功两部分,通过建立的强夯椭球体分区加固模型,导出塑性功计算格式,提出利用监测强夯夯坑深度变化信息来反演强夯能量利用率的反演方法,并导出了相应的反演公式。依据加固压实区和加固影响区椭球体分布假设和夯坑深度变化监测结果,给出了强夯加固范围和影响范围大小的计算思路和方法。以北京园博园回填土地基强夯加固工程为背景,利用现场监测试验信息对强夯能量利用率和加固范围及影响范围进行了反演分析和计算。分析表明,文中方法不仅能够有效地反演出强夯能量利用率和计算出强夯加固范围和影响范围,且可利用分析结果能够方便地估算地基强夯加固时的有效夯击次数,进行加固方案设计等。通过分析结果与现场地基测试结果的比较,验证了文中方法的有效性和实用性。     

强夯法加固的主要设计参数研究

综合利用土体动力学理论,结合弹塑性有限元分析,研究了不同地基条件、不同的夯击方式下土体的应力-应变特征,从理论上确定了不同地基条件下,强夯法施工中的设计参数选定方法,包括锤重、落距、夯距等。在常用的地基或填方参数情况下,有效加固范围是夯锤直径的1.5～2.5倍。以此作为强夯设计依据,对工程实践具有一定的指导意义。     

不同夯点布置形式下群夯加固效果研究

强夯作为一种高效的地基加固技术已被广泛地应用于各类工程建设中,针对强夯的理论研究主要集中于单点夯作用下的土体响应方面,对群夯作用下相邻夯点的相互作用研究较少。为研究不同夯点布置形式对强夯加固效果的影响,在LS-DYNA的框架内,采用非线性大变形显式有限元算法和“帽子”本构模型计算了强夯作用下土体的压密程度。首先,基于单点夯试验,通过夯周土体侧向位移的数值计算结果与实测数据的对比,验证了模型的合理性。在该基础上对菱形、正方形两种常见夯点布置形式下的强夯施工过程进行了数值模拟,研究不同夯点布置形式对强夯过程中土体压密程度的影响。结果表明,夯点间土体同时受相邻夯点的影响,临近后期夯点的一侧土体的加固效果要优于临近先期夯点的一侧;夯点按菱形布置（等边三角形）时土体的加固效果要优于夯点按正方形布置（等腰直角三角形）。此外,夯坑深度、有效加固深度可以将强夯影响深度以内的土体划分为土体剪胀区、强加固区和轻微扰动区三部分。     

土-石混合填土强夯动应力的简化与修正算法

强夯法是一种加固某些土体的施工操作较为简单的方法,合理分析其夯击作用在土体中产生的动应力是工程实践中的关键环节之一。针对成都平原地区的典型土-石混合填土,通过现场夯击试验,测得了在4 000 k N·m的夯击能作用下土体中不同深度处的竖向夯击动应力,鉴于既有算法与试验值的差异,从两个方面确定了适于土-石混合填土夯击动应力的简单计算方法。一方面针对较为复杂的既有理论公式问题,采用敏感性分析与回归分析法,建立了以夯锤质量、夯锤落距、夯锤半径、土体密度、土体动力剪切模量、土体泊松比、土体阻尼比、夯锤入土的速度损失率等8个参数表征夯击点冲击应力的线性回归方程;另一方面采用竖向动应力传递指数对理想弹性静力学理论公式进行修正,得到了基于拟静力法的土体中夯击动应力计算表达式,进而可分析确定强夯有效加固深度。试验结果显示,土-石混合填土的竖向动应力传递指数约为1.673 57,土-石混合填土地层的强夯有效加固深度约为8.0 m。     

基于体应变的强夯加固范围研究

通过数值模拟分析地基的强夯加固效果,把夯后地基土的体应变与工程要求的干密度联系起来,用控制体应变作为评价加固范围的标准。通过对数值模拟及试验数据的分析发现,夯击冲量越大,加固效果越好。相同夯击能可以产生不同加固效果的规律,得出了用夯击冲量替代夯击能作为施工参数的控制标准更为合理的结论。改进了夯锤尺寸影响强夯加固效果的研究方法,分析时固定夯锤厚度比固定夯锤质量更具归一性。研究表明,在土性参数相同的条件下,夯击沉降量仅与单位面积夯击冲量有关,而加固深度不仅与单位面积夯击冲量有关,还与夯锤半径有关。在以控制体应变作为加固范围的评价标准、研究各参数影响规律的基础上,采用量纲分析法得到了加固范围的计算公式,并与工程实例进行对比分析,得到了强夯作用下土的干密度分布特征。所得结论对类似工程具有一定的参考价值。     

强夯法施工参数的分析研究

由强夯法加固机理出发,通过土体孔隙比、在粉土中夯点的布置形式、以及在湿陷性黄土中锤重、落距几方面的选择来探讨强夯法处理地基的效果,给出了在粉土及湿陷性黄土质中选用强夯参数时的几点建议：1.可用极限孔隙比作为夯击效果检测的标准.当极限孔隙比与夯击后土体的孔隙比接近,说明土体已被充分夯实.2.在小面积加固时,夯点采用三角形布置会取得更好的夯击效果,若加固面积较大时,在两种布置形式都能满足工程要求时,建议作经济分析后决定采用何种布置形式.3.在选择强夯法时,优先选用重锤低落距加固地基土.     

福州长乐机场浅层地基强夯施工

这是一篇关于福州长乐机场用强夯加固浅层地基土的工程实录。文中详尽地介绍了强夯施工的设计工作，包括夯点布置及夯击流水，机具选用，夯锤及夯击能量的确定，以及在强夯时的地基土中孔隙压力和土体变形等的监测等。     

离石地区湿陷性黄土地基强夯参数的试验研究

针对离石地区超高填方下深厚湿陷性黄土地基强夯加固参数及效果开展了系列试验研究,分析了强夯前、后各试验区平均夯沉量和土体主要物理力学指标的变化规律,并给出2 000、3 000、6 000 kN•m 能级条件下强夯加固的夯点中心距、最佳击数、停夯标准及有效加固深度等主要参数,在此基础上确定了强夯有效加固深度的估算方法。试验结果表明,离石地区深厚湿陷性黄土地基强夯处理后加固效果显著,有效加固深度范围内黄土湿陷性基本消除;离石或类似地区湿陷性黄土地基采用2 000 kN•m及其以上能级进行强夯处理后,地基承载力特征值均可达到300 kPa以上,土体变形模量大于25 MPa,强夯有效加固深度可采用修正Menard公式进行估算,修正系数可取0.35～0.37;2 000、3 000、6 000 kN•m 能级强夯最佳击数分别为11、10、10击,有效加固深度分别为5、6、9 m,夯点中心距分别为4、4、5 m,且分别可将点夯最后两击的平均夯沉量不大于5、5、10 cm作为停夯标准。试验研究成果可为同类工程的设计与施工提供参考。     

强夯在大连油库地基处理中的应用

大连保税区油库工程一期工程强夯加固地基先试验夯击确定参数,后正式施工。通过对试验区强夯参数的分析(包括有效加固深度、夯击能、夯击遍数、夯点间距、夯击击数及消散期等),为正式施工提供了参数依据。     

基于强夯应力波传播模型的夯击参数研究

夯击参数比选是决定强夯地基处理经济性与加固效果的关键环节,当前主要依靠试夯结果确定停夯标准及参数调整。对此,建立了非辐射平面发射型一维强夯应力波传播模型,推导了单次夯击作用下波阵面应力沿土体深度的分布,揭示了地基压密变形、剪切波横向扩散和土体阻尼特性3种独立因素耗能作用的机制,基于应力衰减规律探讨了加固深度分层标准、应力波传播与能量耗散过程。结果表明：当静接地压力由40.8 kPa增至122.3 kPa时,地基加固深度显著增加,同等静接地压力下提高落距和增大夯锤半径对地基加固效果提升有限;采用偏重锤低落特征的夯击参数组合对应力波向土体深层传播更为有利;随着土体深度增加,应力波时程依次呈现冲击加固、振动密实与弹性振动特征,冲击加固区深度可参照5%体应变等值线包络地基范围估计;依据任意拉格朗日-欧拉法仿真结果对单次强夯理论解进行修正,得出了连续夯击地基加固深度计算流程;通过对比现场检测结果可优化夯击参数,提高施工效率及经济性。     

软土动力排水固结的室内模型试验研究

以广州国际会展中心一期工程动力排水固结软基处理项目为工程背景进行了室内模型试验,重点观察和分析了插设塑料排水板过程中、全部夯击过程中及夯击完成后饱和软黏土内的孔压响应。结果表明,塑料排水板插设完毕时刻与各个位置孔压达到峰值时刻不同步,孔压增长体现出滞后性特点。夯击过程中,离夯击点越近,其孔压增长越快,孔压增长幅度也越大,达一定夯击击数后浅部孔压增长趋于平缓,而深部处全部夯击完毕后其孔压依然继续增加,但各个位置孔压消散情况基本一致。     

Ⅳ级自重湿陷性黄土区客运专线铁路路堤处理地基的现场试验研究

试验段为自重湿陷性Ⅳ级黄土场地,分3种不同地基处理措施试验分区,分区之间设地基不处理过渡段。柱锤冲扩桩段对22 m深湿陷性黄土层全部处理,水泥挤密桩段仅处理上部15 m深湿陷性黄土层,强夯段处理上部6 m深湿陷性黄土层。结果表明,处理深度范围内黄土的湿陷性已消除,地基承载力均大于标准值。柱锤冲扩桩与水泥土挤密桩复合地基沉降量小于15 mm,满足高速铁路对工后沉降量的要求,而强夯地基的沉降量不满足要求。柱锤冲扩桩区段,桩间土的最小和平均挤密系数不低于0.88和0.93的标准,但是桩身平均压实系数和压缩模量却分别低于0.97和100 MPa的标准。水泥挤密桩区段,桩间土的最小和平均挤密系数、桩身平均压实系数和压缩模量也低于同样的标准值。强夯地基的压缩模量小于15 MPa的标准。检测标准的合理取值有待深入研究。     

Numerical study of the coupled hydro-mechanical effects in dynamic compaction of saturated granular soils

Dynamic compaction is a widely used method for improvement of loose granular deposits. Its applicability in saturated layers generally considered to be less effective because of the fact that part of the applied energy is absorbed by pore water. Up to now the majority of numerical simulations have focused on the analysis of dynamic compaction in dry/moist soils. In this paper, a fully coupled hydro-mechanical finite element code has been developed and employed to evaluate the dynamic compaction effects on saturated granular soils. After verification of the results by comparing the numerical results with those measured in a real field case of DC treatment in a highway, some sensitivity analyses have been performed to evaluate the effect of water phase on the dimensions of the zone of improvement in the soil beneath the tamper. The results indicate that in the DC process the soil demonstrate two different behaviors. At the very early stage after impact, the soil behaves in an undrained manner and high oscillation of pore pressure occurs. After this phase, consolidation begins during which the pore-water-flow out of the soil mass takes place. The numerical analysis reveals that most of the DC improvement occurs during the undrained phase. The main mechanism responsible for the densification of soil during the undrained phase seems to be the compressibility of pore water. The simulation results indicate that the improvement zone diminishes when the degree of saturation increases.     

Coupled three-dimensional discrete element–finite difference simulation of dynamic compaction

Discrete element method has been widely adopted to simulate processes that are challenging to continuum-based approaches. However, its computational efficiency can be greatly compromised when large number of particles are required to model regions of less interest to researchers. Due to this, the application of DEM to boundary value problems has been limited. This paper introduces a three-dimensional discrete element–finite difference coupling method, in which the discrete–continuum interactions are modeled in local coordinate systems where the force and displacement compatibilities between the coupled subdomains are considered. The method is validated using a model dynamic compaction test on sand. The comparison between the numerical and physical test results shows that the coupling method can effectively simulate the dynamic compaction process. The responses of the DEM model show that dynamic stress propagation (compaction mechanism) and tamper penetration (bearing capacity mechanism) play very different roles in soil deformations. Under impact loading, the soil undergoes a transient weakening process induced by dynamic stress propagation, which makes the soil easier to densify under bearing capacity mechanism. The distribution of tamping energy between the two mechanisms can influence the compaction efficiency, and allocating higher compaction energy to bearing capacity mechanism could improve the efficiency of dynamic compaction.

     

Dynamic compaction properties of bentonite-based materials

Dynamic compaction tests of bentonite-based materials (BBMs) with 100, 70 and 50% bentonite contents have been performed using five powdery bentonites with different physicochemical properties to establish the simplified evaluation method for dynamic compaction properties of BBMs. For a given bentonite content and a total compaction energy condition, the maximum dry density, ρ_dmax, and the optimum water content, w_opt, which are well-known indexes of compaction properties, for BBMs were determined according to the type of bentonite used for BBMs. For evaluation of those values of BBMs derived in this study, the plastic limit of BBM, w_pbbm, was defined as the plastic limit that was measured using the sample pulverized to a maximum grain size of less than 425 μm in the case of BBM with sand having a maximum grain size of more than 425 μm and was measured using the powdery bentonite itself in the case of BBM without sand. This study proposed equations for evaluating ρ_dmax and w_opt of BBMs with more than 50% bentonite content under the total compaction energy conditions of 551–2755 kN-m/m³ using w_pbbm. Finally, we related the equations derived in this study to the equation for evaluating hydraulic properties of compacted BBMs proposed in previous work and proposed the preparation method of BBMs with more than 50% bentonite content for constructing BBM buffer by in-situ compaction method.     

某港口工程地基处理中的强夯影响范围研究

强夯法是地基处理的一种常用方法,而确定强夯影响范围是强夯法应用的关键。结合某港口工程地基处理的实测资料,分析强夯振动在深度和广度上的影响范围,进而得出振动的位移、速度、加速度随距夯击点距离增大而逐渐衰减的曲线关系式。     

强夯法加固沙漠土地基处理试验研究

对内蒙沙漠土进行8 000 kN m、6 000 kN m、4 000 kN m、3 000 kN m能级强夯法地基处理试验,通过标准贯入试验、动力触探试验和平板载荷试验对强夯后的沙漠土进行检测,得出各种能级强夯对沙漠地区填方区、挖方区处理后的有效加固深度和承载力。对强夯法处理沙漠土的一些规律进行总结,给出各种强夯能级能够处理的有效加固深度、夯点间距等设计施工参数,供类似地质条件下强夯地基处理工程借鉴参考     

INVESTIGATION OF IMPACT STRESSES INDUCED IN LABORATORY DYNAMIC COMPACTION OF SOFT SOILS

The majority of currently available analytical tools to predict ground stresses due to impact are based on linear spring-dashpot dynamic models. Although these simple models adequately represent stiff ground possessing linear visco-elastic behaviour, they suffer from two striking limitations when applied to relatively softer ground; (1) the inability to account for the permanent deformation resulting from impact, (2) failure to incorporate stiffness changes of softer soil within the impact duration. In this paper, the authors present an improved analytical approach formulated on the basis of a series of laboratory impact tests, to address the shortcomings of the current dynamic models in relation to soft soils. In this procedure, the impact zone is modelled as three distinct zones; (1) a zone beneath the falling weight undergoing non-linear axial deformation while being in vertical motion, (2) an inner zone immediately surrounding zone 1 with non-linear shear deformation, and (3) an outer zone undergoing a relatively lower degree of (linear) shear deformation. The soil constitutive parameters pertinent to the model are obtained from a modified dynamic compression test that simulates the impact conditions. It is shown that analytical predictions of the impact stress history and penetration are in agreement with test results. The findings are useful in the exploration of dynamic compaction techniques that will be effective in soft soil improvement.     

Comparison of vibrocompaction methods by numerical simulations

Soils can be best compacted by repeated shearing. The strain amplitude plays an important role for the maximum compaction that can be reached. Experimental evidence emphasizes a vital impact of simultaneous multidirectional shear loading on the rate and magnitude of soil compaction. Two different vibrocompaction methods were analysed by the numerical simulations in the light of these findings. In an elastic finite element (FE) analysis, strain paths were determined. A strain amplitude‐dependent stiffness at small strains was introduced by multiple runs of the FE calculation to reach an appropriate stiffness for particular distances from the vibrator. Subsequently, the obtained strain paths were used to control single element simulations using hypoplasticity with intergranular strains. The calculated compaction profiles show three zones known from practical evidence: a limited compaction close to the vibrator, a zone of maximum compaction and a non‐densified zone remote from the vibrator. The deep vibrator produces a faster compaction than the top vibrator, especially in the more distant zone. The more efficient work of the deep vibrator can be attributed to a more general multidirectional shearing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.