关于直立倾滑断层运动的几个问题

直立倾滑断层运动的一个重要特点是:其驱动力应该是产生于断层带附近深部物质的差异升降运动。在这种条件下,断层的扩展将是一个从深到浅的过程。地壳强度按深度峰形分布可能是这种过程缓慢地进行到某一阶段出现失稳的一个重要原因。另一个对直立倾滑断层运动有重要影响的因素是围压按深度的分布。在深部,因为围压很大,所以断层能够沿平面扩展;而在浅部,当围压足够小时,在断层的端都会出现侧向张性破裂。     

滇西北地区断层破碎带宽度与断层错距的统计关系

本文以非粘土断层泥带宽度与断层错距在断层(带)发育中期线性相关的实验结果为依据,对滇西北地区断层破碎带宽度(W)与断层错距(D)的关系作了统计分析,目的在于建立一种从断层破碎带几何特征反演断层背景位移的新方法。通过对该区中等发育程度的33条断层48组样本的统计,得到相关性较好的D=18.5W的经验关系式,同时还就这一关系式的适用范围及影响因素进行了分析讨论。应用D—W关系,确定了直线型的剑川断裂中北段的背景位移分布,并提出断层的背景位移分布可作为断层分段的一个重要指标。     

应用化探方法研究断层活动性及发震构造

应用与断层活动有关的断层气资料研究断层的活动性,首先是要确定测区的背景值和异常下限,进而研究断层的活动性和分段特征,查找隐伏断裂及其产状,比较不同强震区断层气的异常值及峰值,判断潜在震源区的未来危险地段。重复测定活动断层的活动段以了解断层的动态变化,为预测断层的活动趋势与孕震关系提供依据。     

非粘土断层泥带厚度与断层错距关系的实验研究

通过济南辉长岩双剪摩擦实验,笔者研究了非粘土断层泥带厚度随断层滑移的变化特征及主要影响因素。结果表明:非粘土断层泥的形成过程具有明显的分段特征。在断层演化的中期阶段,非粘土断层泥带厚度与断层错距呈明显的线性关系。该关系的建立,为从构造物理角度反演断层错距提供了一个可尝试的途径;凹凸体作用的结果,为非粘土断层泥的形成提供了丰富的物质来源,同时,凹凸体的几何尺度又控制着断层泥带的极限厚度。这一发现不仅对于研究断层泥的形成过程,而且对于研究断层发育的后期阶段的摩擦滑动性状都有重要意义。     

数值模型显示的隐伏弯曲断层同震地表位移特征

余震精定位资料显示,芦山7.0级地震破裂面可能为弯曲程度较高的三维弯曲断层.相关研究显示,这种弯曲断层的位错方式和破裂面同震应力加卸载模式与普通平直断层有明显不同.文中采用无限半空间位错模型模拟显示,隐伏弯曲断层和平直逆断层引起的地表位移特征相似,但是弯曲断层引起的地表水平位移更接近区域整体的地壳缩短方向,缩短方向水平位移的量明显高于同等规模的平直逆断层,因此能更好地传递断层上盘大范围物质的水平运动.相对于平直断层,弯曲断层下盘水平位移随距离衰减十分明显.同等规模的弯曲断层导致的同震地表抬升小于平直逆断层或左旋逆断层引起的同震抬升,但能造成更明显的地表下降.由于地震规模较小,GPS等低密度空间分布的形变观测可能无法有效分辨芦山地震震源结构是否为弯曲断层.对震源结构的细节研究,还有待于利用高空间密度和高分辨率的形变观测资料.     

辽南核电站厂址区断层的评价问题

作者通过对核安全法规的学习和前人对辽南核电站厂址区断层的调查，并结合对断层实际踏勘，认为厂址区附近的东岗断层属于现行法规（ＨＡＦ０１０１）中规定的能动断层。但是，仅此一点并不能构成对推荐厂址的威胁，因为断层距厂址直线距离约４ｋｍ，断层的地表或近地表错动不会直接影响到核反应堆的安全。     

断层泥显微结构的特征与断层滑动习性的研究

天然断层中普遍存在含有粘土矿物的断层泥，大量的实验研究和野外观察证实，不同应变速度的变形作用在断层泥中留下特殊的显微构造特征。因此，我们可以根据断层泥的变形特征，来推测变形时断层的滑动方式和次序。     

辽宁瓦房店温坨子原核电场场址东岗断裂的活动性

位于辽宁瓦房店温坨子的东岗断裂是一条隐伏断层，靠近该地区原曾选定的核电站场址，通过详细的野外地质工作，查明了该断裂的地理位置、几何形态，发现断裂带东延至尉屯就转向北去，并确定它没有与金州断裂相接。经系列探槽的开挖，断层构造岩及有关地层样吕作绝对年龄测定，证明东岗断层错断了中更新世地层；但约５万年以来断层的上覆地层没有被错断，因此认为东岗断层不是能动断层。     

产生火山环形断层的应力场

对火山中环形断层的认识已有很长时间了,但对其形成机制仍知之甚少。尽管来自相应岩浆房的岩浆在大喷发期间,在一环形断层上的沉陷是容易理解的,但很难解释这种断层本身的产生。     

南澳强震区北部断裂活动性与断层气异常的关系

南澳强震区北部柘林地区断层气的测试结果表明，北西向黄岗水断裂带的主干断裂断层气含量较高，次级断裂和其它方向断裂的断层气含量较低，根据断层气异常，结合断裂新活动的表现形式和地震分布特征，大致可将区内断裂的活动性划分为三类。     

沂沭断裂带古应力值的探讨

本文侧重于利用变形矿物显微构造估算断裂带古应力值的一些理论分析和方法介绍。并以变形石英晶内自由位错密度ρ和方解石变形双晶百分比分别估算了沂沭断裂带西支北段的沂水-汤头断裂及鄌郚-葛沟断裂燕山晚期(K_1后)构造活动的应力值,其结果分别为1000—1500巴和700—1100巴量级。断裂带显微构造可能表明在地质时期的构造应力场作用中,稳态位错蠕变既可发生于韧性变形,又可发生于脆—韧性变形过程中。考虑到断层带“水”的因素,估算中采用McCormick关系式较Weathers关系式可能更接近实际     

北京北石城断层带与河防口断层带断层岩石显微构造研究

本文论述了糜棱岩类与碎裂岩类的变形特征,它们各自代表了不同的成因机制,反映了断层带经历过早期韧性剪切和后期脆性破裂的发育历史。根据断层岩石的显微构造特征,估算了断层带发育过程中两个阶段的温度、压力、应变速率、差异应力大小和方位,并讨论了韧性剪切带、地壳中弹塑性过渡带与大陆地震多发层之间的关系     

Reconstructing the evolution of fault zone architecture: Field‐based study of the core region of the Atera Fault,Central Japan

In order to reconstruct the architectural evolution of a fault zone with heterogeneous structures, we studied the Atera Fault in Central Japan, and described the detailed mesoscopic and microscopic features of the zone. The fault zone studied consists of a 1.2‐m wide fault core of fault breccia mixed with fragments derived from welded tuff, granite, and mafic volcanic rocks. The 1.2‐m wide fault core is bordered by a western damage zone characterized by a welded tuff fault breccia and an eastern damage zone characterized by a granite cataclasite. A secondary fault core, a 30‐cm wide granite‐derived fault gouge, cross‐cuts the granite cataclasite. Although welded tuff fault breccia and granite cataclasite are also pervasively fractured and fragmented, the fault cores are significantly affected by fragment size reduction due to intense abrasive wear and comminution. The 1.2‐m wide fault core includes fragments and a sharp dark layer composed of mafic volcanic rocks, which can be correlated with neighboring 1.6 Ma volcanic rocks. This observation places a younger constraint on the age of the fault core formation. Carbonate coating on basalt fragments in the 1.2‐m wide fault core has also been fractured indicating the repetition of intense fragmentation. Bifurcated, black and gray veins near the 1.2‐m wide fault core are likely injection veins, formed by the rapid injection of fine material within fault zones during seismic events. The granite‐derived fault gouge, characterized by hard granite fragments without intense brecciation and microfracturing, in a kaolinite‐rich clay matrix, is interpreted as the most recent slip zone within the exposed fault zone. A preview of published geological and hydrological studies of several fault zones shows that clay‐rich fault cores can exhibit much lower permeability than the adjacent damage zones represented in this present case by the welded tuff fault breccia and granite cataclasite.     

DEFORMATION OF THE BRITTLE-PLASTIC TRANSITION ZONE AT THE POST-SEISMIC RELAXATION PERIOD: A CASE STUDY OF THE RED RIVER FAULT

The transition from microscopic brittle deformation to microscopic plastic deformation is called brittle-plastic transition, which is considered as a key layer for determining the limit of lower continental crust seismicity. The depth and deformation mechanism of the brittle-plastic transition zone is controlled mainly by temperature. Besides, the strain rate and fluid pore pressure also affect the transition during the different deformation stages at the seismic cycle. In this paper, microstructure observation of catalcastic samples collected from the Red River Fault was carried out using optical polarized microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The morphology, microstructures of deformation characteristics, mineral composition, water-rock reaction, pressure solution, exsolution, crack healing in the samples were systematically observed. The mineral components quantitative analyses were examined using the EDS. Water-rock reaction and pressure solution were systematically observed under SEM. The fabric of the main minerals in the samples was measured using electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD). Based on these analyses, the deformation mode was setup for the brittle-plastic transition zone of the fault during the post-seismic relaxation period. Both brittle deformation and plastic deformation were developed in the cataclastic samples. EBSD data shows that the c axial fabrics of quartz present low-temperature plastic deformation characteristics. The feldspar deformed as cataclastic rock, and the micro-fracture in feldspar was healed by static recrystallized quartz and calcite veins. The calcite vein underwent plastic deformation, which represents the post-seismic relaxation deformation. Based on the analysis of deformation mechanism of cataclastic samples in brittle-plastic transition zone of the Red River Fault, and combined with previous studies, we concluded that the brittle fracture and fracture healing is the main deformation mode at brittle-plastic transition zone in the post-seismic relaxation. High stress and high strain rate at post-seismic relaxation lead to brittle fracture of high-strength minerals such as feldspar in rocks. Plastic deformation occurs in low-strength minerals such as quartz and mica. Under the fluid condition, micro-fractures were healed by quartz and calcite. The minerals such as quartz and calcite in the fracture transformed from static recrystallization to dynamic recrystallization with stress gradually accumulating. With fracture healing and stress accumulation, the fault strength gradually increases which could accumulate energy for the next earthquake.     

地震应力降与岩石破裂应力降

从应力降的静态理论,讨论了地震应力降的精度,并利用野外观测的最大位移和由地震波得到的地震矩,分别计算了十个研究较充分的地震应力降.对不同作者的结果作了比较,可以看出,应力降有因子为2的变化范围.但从统计观点看,地震应力降是分布在几巴到几百巴的数量级,大多数位于20-60巴;总结了地壳中代表性岩石在地壳温度、压力条件下,粘滑及脆性剪切破裂时的应力降,它们与温度、压力、岩性、含水矿物的存在有关.取值范围是从零到几千巴数量级;讨论了地震断层的物理状态,指出地震应力降是一种平均结果,并由于静态理论忽略了断层面破裂所消耗的能量,所以地震应力降比实际的应力降要低.      

广州抽水蓄能电站场址区断层活动性研究

抽水蓄能电站建于基岩中。文中运用变形岩石显微构造分析方法和同位素年龄测定法重点分析测试了场区三个主要断层—F_(7012)、F_1和F_9中的断层岩和方解石脉。测试结果得出三条断层都有多期活动,早期活动相当强烈,并在规模较大的F_1断层上发现有古地震遗迹,后来断层活动的强度逐斩衰减。F_(7012)断层最后一次较强烈活动的时代为距今20万年前左右,活动时的差应力约120MP,具有左旋滑动的性质,断层活动的上限时间为距今15万年前左右。     

New indicators from bedding-parallel beef veins for the fault valve mechanism

Beef structures(bedding-parallel veins of fibrous calcite)are widespread within the Lower Triassic carbonate rocks in the Sichuan Basin of China,especially within clay-rich strata of low permeability.In the veins,fibrous calcite occurs in the outer zones,and coarse equant calcite in the inner zones.At least two generations of calcite crystallization took place during aqueous alteration,at the same time as deformation recorded by the calcite.The first-generation calcite fibers are at steep angles to the hydrocarbon-bearing host beds,and they grew vertically against the force of gravity at a time when the source rocks were maturing.Second-generation calcite occurs as coarse equant grains that sealed pores via localized fluid flow during horizontal tectonic compression,so that shear stresses acted at the fracture margins.Shearing of the host rock was accommodated in part by dissolution-precipitation creep(DPC),grain rotation,and grain slippage,recorded in crystallographic preferred orientations(CPOs)of the host calcite grains beside the crack walls.The beef veins formed during high pore-fluid overpressures along hydrofractures.We propose that the bedding-parallel veins with beef structures are evidence of a"crack-seal slip"fault valve process during hydrocarbon generation.The hydrocarbon-bearing calcite beef structure may be a good indicator of oil or gas migration,and of the flow direction of aqueous solutions.     

用裂变径迹法研究断层活动年龄的初步探讨

裂变径迹年代测定是研究断层活动年龄的新方法,它基于磷灰石中裂变径迹的退火效应。本文报导了取自郯庐断裂带等地区12个磷灰石和一个榍石的裂变径迹年龄,结果表明,在断裂带中磷灰石裂变径迹的退火效应非常明显,效应随离断层带的距离增加而减弱。结合断层带的活动特点和原岩的年龄,对断层带中磷灰石裂变径迹年龄的解释及今后的研究方向作了探讨     

Alteration and mass transfer inferred from the Hirabayashi GSJ drill penetrating the Nojima Fault, Japan

Abstract Mineralogical and geochemical studies on the fault rocks from the Nojima–Hirabayashi borehole, south-west Japan, are performed to clarify the alteration and mass transfer in the Nojima Fault Zone at shallow depths. A complete sequence from the hornblende–biotite granodiorite protolith to the fault core can be observed without serious disorganization by surface weathering. The parts deeper than 426.2 m are in the fault zone where rocks have suffered fault-related deformation and alteration. Characteristic alteration minerals in the fault zone are smectite, zeolites (laumontite, stilbite), and carbonate minerals (calcite and siderite). It is inferred that laumontite veins formed at temperatures higher than approximately 100°C during the fault activity. A reverse component in the movement of the Nojima Fault influences the distribution of zeolites. Zeolite is the main sealing mineral in relatively deep parts, whereas carbonate is the main sealing mineral at shallower depths. Several shear zones are recognized in the fault zone. Intense alteration is localized in the gouge zones. Rock chemistry changes in a different manner between different shear zones in the fault zone. The main shear zone (MSZ), which corresponds to the core of the Nojima Fault, shows increased concentration of most elements except Si, Al, Na, and K. However, a lower shear zone (LSZ-2), which is characterized by intense alteration rather than cataclastic deformation, shows a decreased concentration of most elements including Ti and Zr. A simple volume change analysis based on Ti and Zr immobility, commonly used to examine the changes in fault rock chemistry, cannot account fully for the different behaviors of Ti and Zr among the two gouge zones.     

热释光年代测定方法在鱼洞水库地区断层活动性研究中的应用

用作者研制的RS 81 1型热释光仪对云南昭通鱼洞水库地区两条断层的破碎带内发育的方解石脉进行了热释光年代测定和显微构造分析 .结果显示 :2条断层破碎带内发育 4期方解石脉 ,其中有 3期发生了变形 .F1 断层距今 5× 1 0 4 a以来 ,F2 断层距今 2 5× 1 0 4 a以来没有强烈活动的迹象 .断层泥中石英颗粒表面形态分析结果与热释光法相同 .