Comprehensive fuzzy evaluation model and evaluation of the karst collapse susceptibility in Zaozhuang Region, China

Karst collapses in Zaozhuang area are the typical karst collapses induced by groundwater over-pumping in north China, which lead to severe economic loss and negative societal influence. Based on the comprehensive analysis of all natural influencing factors and human influencing factors associated with karst collapse in the Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area, China, this paper establishes karst collapse susceptibility evaluation model by means of fuzzy mathematic method, in which the Quantitative theory method was firstly applied in determination of the factor weights. The karst collapse susceptibility evaluation model with 14 evaluation indicators can be effectively used for quantitative evaluation on the karst collapse susceptibility. So, an analysis and evaluation on the karst collapse susceptibility of Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area is completed by means of karst collapse susceptibility evaluation model. The karst collapse area of Zaozhuang region is divided into very high susceptibility area, high susceptibility area, medium susceptibility area and low susceptibility area, which account for about 6.3, 5.2, 10.4 and 78.1 % of the total karst area and the karst collapse susceptibility evaluation map of Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area is completed. The results above will be helpful for the strategic planning and decision-making processes associated with exploitation of karst water resources and with prevention and control of karst collapse hazards of this region.     

Comprehensive analysis and quantitative evaluation of the influencing factors of karst collapse in groundwater exploitation area of Shiliquan of Zaozhuang, China

Karst collapse is a type of complicated environmental and geological hazard that can be caused by many factors: natural factors, such as rainfall, and human activities, such as overpumping of groundwater. Therefore, it is important to make a comprehensive analysis and evaluation on karst collapse risks and impacts of the influencing factors of karst collapse. However, how these factors affect karst collapse is still a problem, which has not yet been well solved. Taking the karst collapse in groundwater exploitation area of Shiliquan of Zaozhuang, China, as the example, and based on the comprehensive analysis of the formation rule and mechanism of karst collapse in this area, this paper mainly employs Quantification Theory to make a quantitative analysis and evaluation of various influencing factors of karst collapse in the groundwater exploitation area of Shiliquan of Zaozhuang. It thereby determines the impact of different influencing factors on karst collapse strength, and identifies the dominant and minor factors that affect the karst collapse. It also provides some criteria for the prevention of karst collapse and protection of karst water resources and environment.     

枣庄岩溶塌陷形成机理与致塌模型的研究

渗压效应是指由于降雨入渗补给岩溶地下水,而对盖层土体产生的综合作用,包括静水增荷效应、垂直渗透效应、吸水软化效应及负压封闭效应。渗压效应致塌机制是多年持续采水区降落漏斗中心部位岩溶塌陷的主要力学机制。本文根据普氏理论及极限平衡理论分别建立了内部塌陷阶段临界土洞的高度表达式及地表塌陷阶段的渗压效应致塌力学模型,并用表达式及模型对枣庄市的岩溶塌陷进行了验证分析与评价,分析结果与实际塌陷情况符合较好,建立的表达式与模型基本上反映了该地区岩溶塌陷的形成机理。     

Mechanism and mechanical model of karst collapse in an over-pumping area

Through geological investigation of karst collapses at Zaozhuang City, China, it was found that the mechanism of karst collapse in areas of excess water extraction is characterized by a seepage effect and that the seepage-pressure effect is the initial factor that induces karst collapse. The causation mechanisms for karst collapse can be divided into two phases: the inter-collapse phase and the surface-collapse phase. Therefore, based on the limit-equilibrium theory, this paper has established mechanical models for the surface-collapse phase and determined values for the stability of the arch formed by the soil hole in an inter-collapse phase. In addition, an evaluation of a karst collapses at Zaozhuang City, China, was completed using mechanical models. The results show that the mechanical models agree with the theory of karst collapse at Zaozhuang City. Thus, it is proved that the karst collapse models can be used for the evaluation of karst collapse in areas that are over-pumped.     

山东省枣庄盆地岩溶塌陷形成条件及易发区划分方法探讨

枣庄市是碳酸盐岩分布较广的地区之一，也是以开发利用岩溶地下水为主的城市。20a来，岩溶塌陷灾害比较严重，在山东省较为突出，已成为当地发展经济的制约因素和社会不安定因素之一。为防治灾害的发生、发展，在研究岩溶塌陷形成条件、影响因素的基础上，依据岩溶塌陷形成、发育的地质环境条件、规模和强度等，采用袭扰系数法对岩溶塌陷易发性进行分区，划分出高易发区、中易发区、低易发区和不发育区。对高、中易发区提出了监测、勘查、工程和水资源合理开发利用等措施，有的放矢地预防岩溶塌陷灾害，使地质环境与经济协调发展。     

基于地下水模型的岩溶塌陷风险性评价方法在临沂市城区的应用

岩溶塌陷是山东省临沂市区最重要的地质灾害类型,一旦发生,会带来较大的经济和财产损失,因此对岩溶塌陷的风险评价十分必要。风险评价包括现状评价和预测评价,主要分3个步骤来完成：危险性评价,易损性评价和期望损失评价。利用地下水流模型确定调采方案下的相关评价因子,预测了岩溶塌陷的风险性。通过比较发现,经过地下水调采后,原岩溶塌陷高风险区范围大为缩小。地下水流数值模型和风险评价方法结合,可以确定合理的岩溶水规划开采方案,对于指导和防治岩溶塌陷具有重要意义。     

基于AHP和GIS技术的湖南怀化地区岩溶塌陷易发性评价

湖南省怀化市为新兴区域交通枢纽城市,在近年来的大量工程活动影响下,城区发生多起岩溶塌陷灾害,对当地人民群众生命财产安全和城市发展造成较大威胁。依托岩溶塌陷专项地质调查成果,选择岩溶发育程度、到断层的距离、土层结构、土层厚度、岩溶水位波动幅度、岩溶水位与基岩面关系、地下水开采强度、岩溶塌陷密度8个因素作为评价因子,运用层次分析法建立岩溶塌陷易发性多因素判别模型,并系统研究各因素对岩溶塌陷形成的影响作用,确定各因素权重赋值。在此基础上,运用地理信息系统（GIS）技术,对怀化地区进行岩溶塌陷易发性评价,结果显示:怀化地区岩溶塌陷高、中易发区面积分别为107.48 km2、157.13 km2,分别占易发区总面积的34.7%、50.7%;区内穿越岩溶塌陷高易发区、中易发区的各类交通线路长度分别为16.4 km、88.9 km,占穿越易发区总线路长度的12.9%和69.9%,受岩溶塌陷地质灾害威胁较大。      

广州市白云区岩溶塌陷风险初探

识别出广州白云区岩溶塌陷风险因素,构建岩溶塌陷层次递阶结构模型,运用层次分析法的相关原理计算出基本风险因素对岩溶塌陷风险事件的影响权重。定义极易塌陷区Ⅰ、易塌陷区Ⅱ、次易塌陷区Ⅲ、不易塌陷区Ⅳ和稳定区Ⅴ共5个岩溶塌陷等级分区,建立各基本风险因素5个等级与岩溶塌陷等级分区的对应关系。为实现岩溶塌陷风险的定量评价,定义单因素致塌概率pi,引入伯努利试验建立岩溶塌陷概率计算模型,选取覆盖层厚度、岩溶发育程度、地下水位埋深、基岩岩性、覆盖层结构与底板岩性、地下水开采强度、地下活动强度和地表施工加载与振动等8个基本风险因素参与评价单元塌陷概率计算,并据此确定岩溶塌陷风险等级狭义标准,为区域岩溶塌陷等级分区的划分提供参考依据。岩溶塌陷风险等级分区表明：极易塌陷区集中在分析区内的江村、古楼岗、泉溪、西湖、社岗一带;易塌陷区和次易塌陷区主要分布在江高镇和原石井镇等地带。风险等级分区与白云区已有岩溶塌陷历史统计资料及塌陷危害程度评价结果较为吻合,从而验证了评价方法的有效性。     

广东省某隧道区岩溶塌陷危险性评价

岩溶塌陷的产生会严重影响隧道的安全施工及运营,而隧道的开挖又加剧了岩溶塌陷发生的可能性,并使其发生机制变的更加复杂。本文选择隧道埋深、隧道涌水量及距离隧道的远近3个因素来衡量隧道开挖对岩溶塌陷的影响。并以长基岭隧道为例,运用模糊数学理论结合层次分析法,选择了包括隧道埋深、涌水量等在内的14个因素,建立研究区岩溶塌陷模糊综合评判模型,并通过程序与GIS集成实现了研究区岩溶塌陷危险性分区。评价结果对岩溶地区隧道的施工及运营提供依据。     

基于权重反分析的岩溶地面塌陷危险性评价方法研究

为能快速、准确地对覆盖型岩溶发育区进行地面塌陷危险性评价,提出了基于权重反分析的岩溶地面塌陷危险性评价方法。该方法在确定岩溶地面塌陷主要影响因素的基础上,收集整理了唐山地区100个典型工程实例,进而采用权重反分析方法,求得了岩溶地面塌陷各主要影响因素的权重,并建立了岩溶地面塌陷危险性综合评价的评分表。权重反分析结果表明,选取的5个主要因素的权重分别为：岩溶发育程度0.338、第四系底部隔水层隔水能力0.255、覆盖层厚度0.186、基岩水水位埋深0.174、距断裂距离0.047,采用新建立的评分表对100个工程实例的评价结果显示,其评价的正确率达到99%,证明该表具有良好的可行性与有效性。此外,该评分表具有评价因子易于获取、评价过程简单易懂等特点,可准确、快捷地对与唐山岩溶发育区相似区域的岩溶地面塌陷危险性给出评价,因而值得推广和应用。     

基于改进鱼骨模型的岩溶塌陷区风险评价——以柳州地区为例

文章以广西柳州地区岩溶塌陷区为研究实例,对研究区岩溶塌陷的主要影响因素进行了野外实地调查和分析。考虑了鱼骨模型中各要素之间的联系以及要素断裂的分级影响,建立了断裂的分级缓冲区,进而划分了五个综合要素图层,基于改进的鱼骨模型对各影响因素矢量数据格式的要素图层进行空间叠加分析,绘制出“柳州地区岩溶塌陷风险预测区划图”。由区划图可知,已发现的塌陷群75%以上均落在强风险与中等风险区内,强风险区和中等风险区总分布范围约为研究区总面积的一半,主要分布在柳州地区中南部,覆盖层厚度较薄,较容易发生岩溶塌陷。已发现塌陷群25%以下分布在弱风险区以及很弱风险区内,主要分布在柳州地区的北部和西部,发生岩溶塌陷的概率较小。建议城市规划和建设选择在很弱风险区和弱风险区进行。      

论岩溶地下水位对岩溶塌陷形成的控制作用——以山东枣庄市岩溶地面塌陷区为例

枣庄市是山东省岩溶地面塌陷的主要发育地区之一,岩溶地面塌陷灾害连年发生,给当地的生产、生活造成巨大经济损失,已成为该地区经济发展的制约因素。本文对该地区的地质条件、塌陷现状及岩溶地面塌陷的分布规律进行了分析归纳,从中得出枣庄岩溶地面塌陷容易发生在:在第四系厚度为5～10m的地段,时间为每年4～9月份,地势低洼处。本文从压力差的角度,在简要分析岩溶管道的发育程度、盖层条件的基础上,分析了地下水位在枣庄地面岩溶塌陷的控制作用,并以此为依据简要提出了几个防治建议。     

基于层次分析-模糊综合评价法的徐州市岩溶塌陷易发性评价

为定量评价城市岩溶塌陷灾害,在详细分析徐州市地质条件的基础上,选取了岩溶发育程度、覆盖层条件、水动力条件等8个致灾因子,运用层析分析-模糊综合评价法对研究区岩溶塌陷易发程度进行评价,得到徐州市岩溶塌陷易发程度分区图。研究结果表明:徐州市岩溶塌陷易发程度分为高易发、中易发、低易发、不易发共4个等级。高易发区主要位于市区溶剂厂-新生街一带及张集水源地邓楼水厂-梁堂水厂一带。区内岩溶水水位长期在基岩面附近波动是诱发岩溶塌陷的主要因素,因此在岩溶塌陷高易发区内应加强对岩溶地下水的开采控制,建立岩溶塌陷监测预警系统,预防岩溶塌陷的发生。      

临沂市城区岩溶塌陷危险性控制

通过分析临沂市城区岩溶塌陷与地下水活动的关系,确定了岩溶塌陷的主控因子为地下水水位。借助已建立的地下水流模型,提出控制岩溶塌陷的方法,即使岩溶水水位不低于控制水位。以此为目标在研究区选定若干具有代表性的水位控制点,并设计了三种地下水规划开采方案,将其带入地下水流模型演算,最终获得合理的地下水开采方案,即未来城区岩溶水开采量与现状开采相比减少了11.65×104m3/d,减少的水量由临沂市岸堤水库地表水工程解决。该方案实施后可在一定程度上控制岩溶塌陷发生的危险。     

覆盖型岩溶地面塌陷综合地质预测与危险性评估

为了给覆盖型岩溶地面塌陷防治提供依据,以岩溶地面塌陷的沙漏型、土洞型和泥流型等三个塌陷机理为基础,根据岩溶地质结构,结合岩溶发育程度和触发因素,提出了覆盖型岩溶地面塌陷综合地质预测和危险性评估方法。根据塌陷变形中土颗粒行为特征,将可溶岩上覆盖层土体区分为砂性土、粘性土和软弱土三种基本类型。依据三类土层在剖面上的组合关系,划分出三大类九个亚类岩溶地质结构。首先,依据岩溶地质结构的平面分布特征,结合岩溶发育程度和研究区可能存在的触发因素,对岩溶地面塌陷进行综合地质预测,即区分为高、中、低三个易发区;然后结合塌陷灾害对周围环境的可能影响程度,进行地面塌陷危险性评估,即划分为高、中、低三个危险区。覆盖型岩溶地面塌陷综合地质预测与危险性评估方法的地质理论依据充分,具有较好的实用性和可操作性。     

基于层次分析法的城市岩溶塌陷危险性评价——以武汉市南部为例

文章依据武汉市岩溶塌陷形成机理及影响因素,选取岩溶发育程度、土层厚度、覆盖层结构、岩溶水水位波动幅度、抽水井影响、工程施工强度等6个评价因子,构建研究区岩溶塌陷危险性层次分析评价模型,对武汉市南部可溶岩分布区183个岩溶塌陷危险性评价单元进行岩溶塌陷危险性综合指数计算,绘制出了研究区岩溶塌陷危险性等级分区图。结果表明,高危险区有3个,主要集中在研究区西北侧青菱乡毛坦港、长征村-光霞村一带;中危险区有92个,主要为第四系中更新统黏土覆盖型岩溶区;低危险区有88个,包括部分覆盖型岩溶区以及所有埋藏型岩溶区。      

我国岩溶塌陷研究综述

随经济的不断发展,对岩溶区资源的开发日益增强,由此引发的岩溶塌陷问题也日趋频繁、严重,已成为岩溶区可持续发展的一大障碍,有效减轻其造成的危害势在必行。文章根据近年来国内外岩溶塌陷的研究现状及发展,概述了岩溶塌陷的三大形成条件:一定发育程度的岩溶、上覆盖层、岩溶地下水系统;以及中国岩溶塌陷的时空分布规律,分别举例例证了它的几种成因机制,如重力致塌、潜蚀致塌等。由于其突发性及危害性,有必要对岩溶塌陷的预测防治进行深入研究,做到防灾减灾。基于此,总结了中国岩溶塌陷的监测预报和安全评价等方面的新方法和措施等。针对塌陷的形成条件、塌陷现象或其危情的存在状况及其危害性,归纳了有针对性的防治措施。     

Numerical simulation and environmental impact prediction of karst groundwater in Sangu Spring Basin,China

The changes of development and utilization of karst groundwater in Sangu Spring Basin have made the original groundwater resource evaluation unable to meet the needs of future economic development. Based on analysis of existing data, combined with the characteristics of supplement, runoff and draining of regional karst groundwater, the Visual Modelflow software was used to build a numerical simulation model of Sangu spring Basin. The amount of karst groundwater resource and groundwater environment of the Basin were evaluated under different exploitation schemes, and the changes of karst groundwater environment in the future ten years were also predicted. The fitting error which is less than 0.5 m between the calculated value and measured value of the water level in the fitted borehole accounts for 93%. For the lithologically and structurally complex Sangu Spring Basin, the fitting effect of numerical simulation model was ideal. On the basis of the current mining amount of 111.80 million m³/a, the total redistributed exploited amount in the spring region was 61.79 million m³/a. Under the condition that the quantity of recoverable resources reached 173.59 million m³/a and under different precipitation schemes, all constraint conditions were satisfied, such as regional water level drawdown, maximum allowable water level drawdown in every simulated water source area and the flow rate of Guobi Spring. The results will provide a scientific basis for the rational development and utilization of karst groundwater in Sangu Spring Basin.     

枣庄岩溶地面塌陷的影响因素及其发展趋势

从枣庄市岩溶地面塌陷的基本条件入手,分析了枣庄地区塌陷的影响因素,认为降水量的大小直接影响水力梯度的大小,而且其导致的地表积水使得上部荷载增加,抗塌力降低;水位降深越大,水力梯度也将增加,潜水与地下水之间的水头差变大,补给造成的渗流场较强,使地下水动力条件增强,塌陷数量也相应增加。该文根据区内塌陷的成因分析了枣庄岩溶地面塌陷的发展趋势,认为目前情况下不会发生塌陷,但若持续过量开采地下水或遇到强干旱年份,塌陷是极易发生的。     

Characteristics of karst groundwater system in the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area

Guided by the theory of groundwater system, based on the groundwater level data from the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area, the authors took into account factors such as the lithology, geological structure and topography to study the relationship between groundwater recharge, runoff and drainage in this area. It was concluded that the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation is the main source of groundwater supply in this area; the upper layer of the Spring area is distributed with the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician karst water, and the lower layer is filled with the Jixian system karst water. The upper layer of karst water supplies to the lower layer of karst water or the pore water in loose strata through the fault while the lower layer of karst water runs to the three strong runoff belts from the east and west sides of the watershed, southwards into the basin, partially replenishing the pore water in loose strata, or forming fault Springs (e.g. Nanguan Spring, Beihai Spring) when dolomite movement encounters faults. Replenished by atmospheric precipitation and the upper and lower layers of karst waters, the pore water in loose strata joins the groundwater in the southern basin and then flows eastwards, in the end it flows out of the system in Shangfanpu. Through the analyses of groundwater level data and hydrogeological drilling data, based on groundwater D and 18O isotope test results, the karst groundwater circulation system in the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area is further verified, which provides hydrogeological basis for water resources development and utilization as well as protection in this area.