Stable isotopic composition of precipitation in the River Bhagirathi Basin and identification of source vapour

River Ganges one of important rivers in the northern part of India receives water from two of its tributaries, Alaknanda and Bhagirathi. In this present study, we have tried to characterise the precipitation in the Bhagirathi River Basin. The study shows that isotopic composition of precipitation shows depleted nature during monsoon period due to moisture source from the oceanic region and from African region of Indian Ocean and enriched isotopic composition during non-monsoon period due to moisture source from westerlies and local evaporation. The study also shows that temperature and amount show expected positive and negative relationship with individual locations. A positive relationship is exhibited by amount for the entire region due to depleted isotopic composition with increase in altitude. The altitude effect shows that there is a depletion of up to ?0.24 to ?0.29 ‰ of isotopic composition with an increase in 100 m of elevation.     

青藏高原水汽输送与冰芯中稳定同位素记录*

降水中稳定同位素作为水中的组成成分,与水汽来源的变化存在直接的关系。根据在青藏高原降水中稳定同位素的研究,青藏高原南北降水中δ¹⁸ O和过量氘(d)都存在着显著的空间变化,这种空间变化与西南季风夏季向北推进的位置有关。在时间变化上,青藏高原不同地区降水中δ¹⁸ O和d的季节变化特征也与水汽来源的季节变化有关,而且这种季节变化主要受控于西南季风水汽与西风带输送水汽之间的相互作用,在中国最北端的阿尔泰山区还受到极地气团的影响。由于不同的大气环流造成的水汽来源的差异,青藏高原冰芯中稳定同位素变化也存在空间差异。北部地区冰芯中稳定同位素的年际变化与当地气象站记录显示良好的对应关系,而南部冰芯中稳定同位素的变化与当地气象站降水量在年际变化上显示反相关关系。     

Seasonal variability of oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes in precipitation and cave drip water at Guilin,southwest China

The interpretation of climatic information from stalagmites has traditionally been a complex research problem, with oxygen isotopes playing a particularly important role in global climate change studies. This study investigates the relationship between oxygen isotope composition of the atmospheric in precipitation and cave drip water at Panlong cave in southwest China on seasonal timescales of variability. Time series seasonal variability was derived from Panlong cave in Guilin by collecting daily precipitation samples for stable isotope analysis during 2012. Results indicate that δ¹⁸O of precipitation contains a clear seasonal variation whereby higher values are mainly distributed during winter and lower values during summer. Seasonal variations in water sources affect the precipitation δ¹⁸O values. Drip water δ¹⁸O also displayed a seasonal cycle which is attenuated relative to δ¹⁸O of precipitation. Drip water time series display seasonal cycle ranges from 1.5 to 3.5 ‰ relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, which mainly follow the precipitation δ¹⁸O seasonal cycle. Seasonal variation in drip water δ¹⁸O supports interpretations of the stalagmite δ¹⁸O record as a paleoclimate proxy sensitive to the local environment. This monitoring experiment revealed that drip water must be transported through the epikarst in approximately 1.5 months during cold periods, and <0.5 months during warm periods. Different residence time percolation is mainly affected by the atmospheric precipitation amount, depending on whether soil moisture reaches saturation.     

Dynamics of willow tree (Salix matsudana) water use and its response to environmental factors in the semi-arid Hailiutu River catchment,Northwest China

Sap flow (SF)of a willow tree, meteorological variables, soil water content, and water table depth were measured during the growing period from mid-April to October, 2011 in the semi-arid Hailiutu River catchment, Northwest China. The measurements of SF showed diurnal fluctuations in sunny days and seasonal changes from 1.65 l/h in mid-April to 33 l/h in July. At hourly scale, SF is significantly correlated with net radiation, followed by air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. At daily scale, air temperature affects the dynamics of SF significantly. Daily SF correlates positively with net radiation and negatively with relative humidity. There is no correlation observed between daily SF and wind speed. The measurements of SF do not indicate water stress although the experimental period is dry. Correlation analysis shows that SF is strongly correlated with soil moisture and water table depth, indicating the willow tree uses both soil water and groundwater for transpiration.     

兰州市降水同位素变化特征及影响因素

利用2018年4月至2021年4月在兰州市4个站点收集到的349个降水事件样品,对兰州市降水同位素的变化特征和影响因素进行了研究。结果表明：兰州市降水同位素表现出夏季高冬季低的季节变化特征,并且夏半年降水同位素的空间变异性比冬半年显著。兰州市的大气降水线为δ²H=7.34δ¹⁸O+7.28（R²=0.96,P<0.01）,反映了兰州较为干旱的气候特点。在影响因素方面,兰州市降水同位素表现出温度效应。后向轨迹表明,兰州市夏半年降水受到季风水汽和西风带水汽的影响,冬半年降水主要来自于西风带水汽的输送;利用潜在源贡献因子（PSCF）分析法和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）分析法发现,潜在蒸发源区在夏半年主要分布在兰州东部区域,而冬半年几乎不存在潜在蒸发源区。此外,在夏半年,降水事件前几天的对流活动会对降水同位素产生综合影响,累积时间与对流活动的强度及频率有关,在季风初期和末期累积时间较长,季风强盛期较短;在冬半年,降水事件前几天的温度会对降水同位素产生综合影响,累积时间受到冷空气南下频率的影响。以上认识将为季风边缘区水循环过程的研究提供新的视角。     

Determining the drivers of long‐term aridity variability: a southern African case study

This paper highlights the importance of differentiating between precipitation amount and moisture availability (‘humidity’/‘aridity’) when considering proxy records of climate change. While the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, moisture availability is determined by both (i) precipitation amount and (ii) temperature, through its influence on potential evapotranspiration. As many palaeoenvironmental proxies reflect changes in this water balance rather than purely precipitation amount, it is important to distinguish between the potential relative influences of precipitation and temperature if those records are to be interpreted in terms of climate mechanisms and/or compared with model outputs. As a case study, we explore how precipitation and temperature have determined moisture availability in South Africa's summer rainfall zone over the last 45 000 years. Using quantitative reconstructions of mean annual temperature, summer rainfall amount and an aridity index, our analysis reveals strong spatiotemporal variability in the relative influences of precipitation and temperature on aridity. Temperature is shown to have exerted a considerable and even dominant influence on moisture availability, resulting in elevated humidity during the last glacial period, despite significant reductions in precipitation amount.     

新德里季风降水中过量氘与季风水汽来源

收集和分析了新德里降水中同位素资料(δ¹⁸O和δD),利用季风水线方程对个别年份缺测的δD资料进行估计,建立了新德里36 a夏季过量氘序列.基于降水中过量氘和水汽源区相对湿度关系考虑,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了新德里夏季过量氘序列和水汽源区相对湿度的关系.研究发现,西阿拉伯海相对湿度变化和新德里季风降水中过量氘变化较为一致.结合西阿拉伯海风速和印度西北地区季风降水量资料分析结果,认为西阿拉伯海是新德里季风水汽的主要来源.     

东亚夏季风水汽输送带及其对中国大暴雨与洪涝灾害的影响

东亚夏季风每年给中国东部地区带来充沛的降水，是中国水资源的主要来源，同时也常常给中国造成严重的洪涝灾害。东亚夏季风水汽输送的强度、影响范围和持续性在极端暴雨过程中起着关键的作用。这支夏季风气流的水汽输送带可称为东亚季风水汽输送带，与国际上近期提出的"大气河"概念相近，但又不完全相同。东亚夏季风水汽输送带是东亚夏季风最具地区性的特征，也是东亚地区夏季大暴雨和洪涝的制造者。本文根据近百年来的资料，综合评述了东亚夏季风水汽输送带的特征和形成原因，并以海河、黄河、淮河与长江近百年最强的5次持续大暴雨过程为例，分析了季风水汽输送带的重要作用。最后，提出气候变暖可以通过4个方面影响全球水循环，包括气候变暖后大气可容纳更多的水汽、大气环流发生变化、辐射强迫改变以及气溶胶影响的区域性等，这些变化都会对季风水汽输送带产生重要影响。     

东亚夏季风水汽输送带及其对中国大暴雨与洪涝灾害的影响

东亚夏季风每年给中国东部地区带来充沛的降水，是中国水资源的主要来源，同时也常常给中国造成严重的洪涝灾害。东亚夏季风水汽输送的强度、影响范围和持续性在极端暴雨过程中起着关键的作用。这支夏季风气流的水汽输送带可称为东亚季风水汽输送带，与国际上近期提出的"大气河"概念相近，但又不完全相同。东亚夏季风水汽输送带是东亚夏季风最具地区性的特征，也是东亚地区夏季大暴雨和洪涝的制造者。本文根据近百年来的资料，综合评述了东亚夏季风水汽输送带的特征和形成原因，并以海河、黄河、淮河与长江近百年最强的5次持续大暴雨过程为例，分析了季风水汽输送带的重要作用。最后，提出气候变暖可以通过4个方面影响全球水循环，包括气候变暖后大气可容纳更多的水汽、大气环流发生变化、辐射强迫改变以及气溶胶影响的区域性等，这些变化都会对季风水汽输送带产生重要影响。     

亚洲树轮稳定氧同位素研究进展

树轮稳定氧同位素作为一种高精度的古气候代用指标,在亚洲地区的发展起步晚进步快。树轮稳定氧同位素比率（δ¹⁸O）对区域气候信息有较强的记录能力,且与水汽循环关系密切,对于理解复杂的亚洲气候起着重要作用。亚洲地区树轮δ¹⁸O对温度的响应主要出现在高纬度地区,中低纬度树轮δ¹⁸O主要记录与水分（降水、相对湿度、PDSI等）有关的信号。对亚洲地区已发表的树轮δ¹⁸O与气候要素（温度、降水、相对湿度）的相关分析显著性统计显示,生长季气候对树轮δ¹⁸O至关重要,树轮δ¹⁸O 与温度的显著相关关系呈正相关,与降水和相对湿度的呈负相关,温度和降水通过降水δ¹⁸O影响树轮δ¹⁸O,但各自的信号强度存在区域差异,而相对湿度信号则广泛记录在不同区域不同树种之中。亚洲树轮稳定氧同位素研究集中于中低纬度地区,因而对大气水文循环的响应主要侧重于对亚洲夏季风和ENSO的研究,对季风降水的记录反映了季风活动的变化特征以及与之有关的环流信息;季节分辨率的树轮稳定氧同位素研究限于低纬热带亚热带区域,但对于理解区域气候和季风活动的年内变化、挖掘年轮不清晰树种的树轮学研究潜力具有重要的意义。     

Characterizing groundwater recharge using oxygen and hydrogen isotopes: a case study in a temperate forested region,South Korea

In the cool temperate region of South Korea, oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of groundwater, lake water, and precipitation were studied to determine the season of groundwater recharge. All the groundwater samples, irrespective of season, on δ¹⁸O–δ²H scale plotted along the summer precipitation, suggesting summer precipitation largely modulates recharge. The deuterium excess values of groundwater (d-excess) show clear seasonal difference, higher in winter (> 18‰) and lower in summer (< 10‰). And its resemblance to the summer precipitation d-excess value further suggests dominant role of summer precipitation in groundwater recharge. Based on the mass balance equation, with end-member d-excess values of seasonal precipitation and groundwater as input variables, groundwater is composed of 66% summer and 34% winter precipitation. Despite the study area being heavily forested, summer rainfall contribution higher than winter suggests that evapotranspiration effect is minimal in the region; may be due to thin sand–gravel-based porous soil overlying highly weathered granitic rock system.     

Characteristics and sources of atmospheric composition based on precipitation chemistry in the Shiyang River Basin,Northwestern China

Through collected precipitation samples continuously to research the precipitation chemical characteristics and the water vapor source in Shiyang River Basin, Northwestern China, a total of 121 precipitation samples had been collected in the Shiyang River Basin from July 2013 to July 2014. The results showed that, during the period of sampling, the variation range of pH value of precipitation ranged from 6.62 to 8.53 in Shiyang River Basin and the average was 7.46. The EC values ranged from 17.28 to 787.00 μs/cm, with a mean 186.66 μs/cm. Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ dominated cations and accounted for 71.80% of total cations composition, while SO₄ ^2? and NO₃ ^? dominated anions with a contribution of 82.18%. The main ionic sources are local dust aerosols and the dust from Central Asia and Northwestern China arid regions brought by the westerly, and the back trajectories also supported it. Back trajectories suggested that the air mass arrived in Shiyang River Basin mainly from the dust sources region in Central or West Asia or Northwestern China through westerly circulation in dry season, while from the Indian Ocean or the Pacific Ocean through monsoon circulation in wet season. The precipitation can be divided into three types based on the vector of water vapor transportation: the monsoon precipitation, the westerly precipitation, and the interaction precipitation (precipitation influenced both by monsoon and westerly). The type of interaction precipitation was major precipitation patterns in study area, and the westerly precipitation came next. The results are also helpful for further understanding the air pollution situation caused by dust events in study area and providing scientific basis for the effective prevention and control of atmospheric pollution.     

季风区长沙站大气水汽和降水中δ18O的模拟

利用稳定同位素大气水平衡模式(i AWBM)模拟了季风区长沙站大气水汽和降水中δ18O的时间变化,并与实际监测结果进行比较,其目的在于检验i AWBM在模拟季风区大气中水稳定同位素循环方面的能力,揭示影响水稳定同位素变化的主要原因,改善对季风区水循环中稳定同位素效应的理解和认识.模拟结果很好地再现了长沙降水中δ18O的季节变化,季风区降水中稳定同位素雨季被贫化旱季被富集的基本特点以及存在的显著降水量效应均被模拟出.在2010年1月-2012年12月,模拟的冬季风盛行期间的加权平均δ18O为-6.58‰,与该时段的实际监测值相当;模拟的夏季风盛行期间的加权平均δ18O为-9.58‰,低于该时段的实际监测值.i AWBM主要利用大气的可降水量、水汽通量、蒸发量和降水量4个驱动变量来模拟水稳定同位素的循环.其中,可降水量对水稳定同位素变化的贡献被包含在其他3个驱动变量中.水汽通量对水汽同位素变化的贡献具有富集和贫化的双重作用,蒸发量和降水量对水汽同位素变化的贡献分别具有富集和贫化的作用.在对水汽同位素起富集作用的两个因子中,水汽通量的平均同位素贡献为1.66‰,贡献率为63.97%;蒸发量的平均同位素贡献为0.91‰,贡献率为36.03%,水汽通量的同位素贡献起主要作用.在对水汽同位素起贫化作用的两个因子中,水汽通量的平均同位素贡献为-1.40‰,贡献率为53.47%;降水量的平均同位素贡献为-1.09‰,贡献率为46.53%,水汽通量和降水量的同位素贡献大致相当.     

下垫面蒸发和云中凝结分馏对降水稳定同位素影响的数值试验——时间变化的比较(以长沙降水同位素为例)

利用稳定同位素大气水平衡模式（iAWBM）的模拟数据,分析了在不同的下垫面蒸发和不同的凝结分馏条件下降水中δ¹⁸O的时间变化、降水量效应、负温度效应和大气水线。并通过与长沙站5年实测数据的比较以及模拟试验结果之间的相互比较,揭示下垫面蒸发水汽中稳定同位素的季节性变化和云中稳定同位素分馏对降水中稳定同位素变化的可能影响,增进对季风区水稳定同位素效应的理解和认识。iAWBM给出的4个模拟试验均很好地再现了监测站降水中δ¹⁸O的时间变化,模拟出季风区降水中稳定同位素在暖半年被贫化、在冷半年被富集的基本特点。与平衡分馏相比,动力分馏下降水中稳定同位素被贫化的程度加强、季节差和离散程度减小;由下垫面蒸发水汽中稳定同位素δ_e季节性变化所引起的降水中稳定同位素的变化在不同季节完全相反：在长沙,暖半年降水中δ¹⁸O更低,冷半年降水中δ¹⁸O更高,使得降水中稳定同位素季节差和离散程度增大。4个模拟试验均很好地再现了季风区的降水量效应和负温度效应。与平衡分馏相比,动力分馏下模拟的降水量效应和负温度效应的斜率相对较小;δ_e季节性变化导致模拟的降水量效应和负温度效应的斜率增大。利用iAWBM,模拟出季风区湿热气候条件下的MWL。动力分馏以及δ_e季节变化均使模拟得到的MWL的斜率和截距减小。     

Relative role of sea surface temperature and snow on Indian summer monsoon seasonal simulation using a GCM

Indian summer monsoon is a global scale phenomenon controlled by different land, ocean, and atmospheric parameters. Sea surface temperature (SST) and snow are two of the major parameters, which may alter the spatial and temporal patterns of circulation and rainfall during Indian summer monsoon. In the current paper, we study the monsoon variability using long integrations (20 years) of the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD) Spectral model at T80L18 resolution with observed and climatological SST and snow. Study shows response of IITD GCM in simulating the Indian summer monsoon rainfall and circulation relative to the snow and SST as boundary conditions. The model’s response to SST and snow is examined by conducting four types of experiments by varying observed and climatological values of snow and SST. This paper discusses the seasonal total rainfall for country as a whole and 850 and 200 hPa wind for the period of 20 years starting from 1985 to 2004. The model has been integrated in the ensemble mode with five different initial conditions from the last week of April and first week of May. The model is able to capture the climatological patterns of seasonal total rainfall and averaged wind at lower and upper levels. Observed snow in the presence of climatological SST as a boundary condition shows much impact on rainfall and circulation than observed SST in the presence of climatological snow. Model performance is good in simulating the normal and excess monsoon conditions; it shows poor skill in capturing deficit monsoon years.     

中国全新世气候适宜期东亚夏季风时空变迁

本文据湖面、花粉和风成堆积等地质资料，分析１２０００年以来主要由夏季风决定的降水或湿度状况的时空分布，并运用数值模拟结果计算夏季(７月)降水增量、有效降水和季风强度指数。两者的结果一致表明，全新世适宜期有效降水增量的峰值在中国中、东部具有明显的穿时性，即以东亚夏季风降水或有效湿度为标志的全新世气候适宜期盛期在各地的出现时间并不相同，东北、西北和华北三区偏早，长江中下游区稍晚，华南区最晚，而西南区又偏早。作者对导致这种穿时性的轨道驱动力和季风锋面移动的机理进行了初步分析，对于尚待深入研究的问题也有简要讨论。     

巴丹吉林沙漠降水稳定同位素特征与水汽再循环

了解沙漠降水稳定同位素特征,有助于研究干旱区水循环过程.根据2015-2016年取自巴丹吉林沙漠4个站点的降水样品,分析了δ2H、δ18O的时空分布特征及影响因素;借助后向气团轨迹模型分析了降水水汽来源;采用氘盈余模型计算了水汽再循环比.结果显示,降水δ2H、δ18O均表现出季节效应,夏高冬低;沙漠腹地较外围山区δ2H、δ18O偏正,d-excess偏负,反映出腹地降水的蒸发程度更高.年内降水主要来自西风水汽,夏季部分受东南季风影响.沙漠湖泊区再循环比为10.3%~10.9%,略大于山区的8.5%;再循环水汽在总蒸发量中占比11.1%,反映出沙漠强烈的蒸发对本地降水的贡献较为有限.      

Geochemical and isotopic constraints on the interaction between saline lakes and groundwater in southeast Australia

Major ion and stable isotope geochemistry allow groundwater/surface-water interaction associated with saline to hypersaline lakes from the Willaura region of Australia to be understood. Ephemeral lakes lie above the water table and locally contain saline water (total dissolved solids, TDS, contents up to 119,000 mg/L). Saline lakes that lack halite crusts and which have Cl/Br ratios similar to local surface water and groundwater are throughflow lakes with high relative rates of groundwater outflows. Permanent hypersaline lakes contain brines with TDS contents of up to 280,000 mg/L and low Cl/Br ratios due to the formation of halite in evaporite crusts. These lakes are throughflow lakes with relatively low throughflow rates relative to evaporation or terminal discharge lakes. Variations in stable isotope and major ion geochemistry show that the hypersaline lakes undergo seasonal cycles of mineral dissolution and precipitation driven by the influx of surface water and evaporation. Despite the generation of highly saline brines in these lakes, leakage from the adjacent ephemeral lakes or saline throughflow lakes that lack evaporite crusts is mainly responsible for the high salinity of shallow groundwater in this region.     

青藏高原中部降水稳定同位素变化与季风活动

根据1998年夏季中日GAME／Tibet项目在青藏高原中部进行的降水中稳定同位素研究结果以及相关的气象观测资料，分析了青藏高原中部夏季降水中δ^18O的变化规律。研究结果发现，青藏高原中部夏季降水中δ^18O的波动与大规模天气活动有关，而不是地方性的气象条件。该地区降水中δ^18O对水汽来源的变化以及水汽的输送过程十分敏感。夏季伴随西南季风进入高原南部的水汽形成的降水中δ^18O较低，而且季风活动越强，降水中δ^18O也越来低。从青藏高原北部而来的水汽或地方蒸发水汽形成的降水，其δ^18O值较高。     

中国西南季风区不同水体稳定同位素特征分析——以重庆市北碚区为例

通过对重庆市北碚区大气降水和马鞍溪上游龙滩子水库水的氢氧同位素进行的一个水文年（2014年）的样品采集监测,研究了降水与水库的水的氢氧同位素之间的变化特征和规律。结果表明:(1)北碚区大气降水线方程为δD=8.82δ18O+18.97,r=0.99,n=101,P<0.01,δD、δ18O相关性极为显著,该区大气降水线斜率和截距大于全球大气降水线和中国大气降水线,表明研究区主要受西南季风和东南季风双重影响所致;(2)大气降水中δD、δ18O具有明显的季节变化,夏半年偏负,冬半年偏正;(3)大气降水中的δD、δ18O与降水量及温度呈现负相关关系,降水量效应显著,并且该效应远远掩盖了温度效应;(4)水库中水的δD、δ18O具有极好的相关性,其δD、δ18O样点落于全球大气降水线和区域大气降水线附近,并且水库中水d的变化趋势与降水d基本一致,表明前者主要补给来源是降水,而水库中水的δD、δ18O和d的变化幅度远远小于降水,表明前者不仅受降水补给,还受土壤水和地下水的补给。