Spatio-temporal analysis of graffiti occurrence in an inner-city urban environment

Graffiti management often presents policy challenges for municipal authorities. However, the inherent diversity of graffiti culture and its role in defining urban space can be neglected when formulating response strategies. This study investigates spatio-temporal trends in graffiti across inner-city Sydney, New South Wales to support alternative perspectives on graffiti and its role in urban landscapes. Graffiti removal incidence records were geocoded to examine graffiti distribution across the City of Sydney Council Local Government Area over a six-month period. Graffiti removal ‘hotspots’ were identified using spatial cluster analysis and shifts in graffiti activity were examined through trend analysis. Specific sites within the Local Government Area were identified as a focus for repeated graffiti removal activities. Finer spatial scale GPS based mapping for a selected graffiti hotspot area in the suburb of Surry Hills showed diversity in graffiti form. While the rate of return may have decreased in the Surry Hills case study, the overall number of graffiti removal incidents increased. Rapid-removal policies can change the location, form and diversity of graffiti encouraging ‘quick and dirty’ forms of graffiti over more complex design works. Spatio-temporal variability in graffiti occurrence across inner-city Sydney highlights the need to consider graffiti as a diverse urban phenomenon when attempting to understand its occurrence and formulate response strategies.     

道路旅行中的背包客涂鸦：空间实践与新部落的形成

随着道路旅行的兴起,中国背包客将涂鸦活动的阵地转移至道路和停泊点等非城市空间。背包客的道路涂鸦与城市涂鸦、景区涂鸦都存在着较大差别,它所具有的时空特殊性为剖析旅游过程中通道与停泊点的意义、理解旅游者如何参与地方生成、探索处于移动中的人群如何构建共同体提供了生动案例。本研究以川藏公路为案例地,采用移动民族志与多点民族志相结合的方法,探索背包客涂鸦作为空间实践的意义。研究发现,涂鸦实践使得川藏公路及其沿线的节点成为背包客旅程甚至人生经历的见证者,原本功能性、政治性的空间被改写成私人的、情感的空间,涂鸦实践还参与构建了一个后现代的流动新部落。因此,涂鸦重塑了川藏公路的空间意义,在川藏公路独特旅行文化的形成中扮演了重要角色。     

尺度政治视角下的曾灶财涂鸦

现代涂鸦发源于欧美国家,近些年来也在中国的城市街巷空间中大量出现,并带来了一定的社会问题。通过梳理国内外学界相关研究成果,阐明了涂鸦具有建构和改变地方意义的作用。在此基础上运用尺度政治理论分析香港著名涂鸦者“九龙皇帝”曾灶财的个案,探讨了3个时期中香港政府、文化精英和曾灶财本人对其涂鸦性质的不同界定,以及相互之间的博弈过程。分析认为：香港政府在曾灶财去世后对其涂鸦的保护并不意味着对这些涂鸦艺术品性质的承认,而是面对文化精英尺度上推策略的妥协。最后探讨了尺度政治理论在当前中国城市涂鸦问题中的应用前景。     

GRAFFITI HURTS AND THE ERADICATION OF ALTERNATIVE LANDSCAPE EXPRESSION*

Dominant ideology influences political identity, not only through the production of icons and material artifacts but also through attempts to control and eliminate alternative cultural expressions, such as graffiti. Antigraffiti campaigns seek to define notions of legitimacy and appropriateness in urban landscapes. Inscribing graffiti is an inherently spatial practice, one that provides opportunities for alternative expression. These expressions question the power and authority of dominant sociospatial practices and broaden definitions of citizenship and political appropriateness. In this article we analyze Graffiti Hurts, an organization devoted to the eradication of graffiti, in detail. By framing graffitists as outsiders and criminals, Graffiti Hurts seeks to justify the erasure of graffiti, and in so doing it reinforces exclusionary representations of culture, community, and landscape.     

A Review of “Mobilities and Health”

In this article, we examine graffiti abatement policies and programs in three West Coast U.S. cities: Portland, San Francisco, and Seattle. Through this analysis, several similarities in the graffiti abatement efforts of each city emerged. Since the 1990s, graffiti abatement efforts in these cities have become increasingly formalized and coordinated. By the early 2000s, the cities of Portland, San Francisco, and Seattle adopted zero-tolerance approaches toward handling graffiti and those caught making graffiti. City governments have placed increasing responsibility for cleaning up graffiti on private property onto property owners. Despite the increased coordination and effort, annual abatement estimates are hard to obtain because tracking spending on graffiti abatement across agencies and bureaus is difficult and often the cities do not comprehensively compile these data.     

Zero graffiti for a beautiful city: the cultural politics of urban space in San Francisco

San Francisco, like many cities in the United States and across the world, has an official zero-tolerance policy on graffiti. In this article, we examine the academic literature concerned with graffiti and then present a case study of zero-tolerance abatement policies in San Francisco. Our analysis yields three main findings. First, zero-tolerance policy stimulates an anti-graffiti industry with vested interest in perpetuating an endless war for control of public space. Second, zero tolerance may generate an unintended result—the proliferation of tags and other forms of graffiti that people tend to dislike the most. Third, we find little evidence that the general public shares the same desire for zero tolerance as the San Francisco Government. Ultimately, we believe that more nuanced readings of graffiti allow greater numbers of people to make sensible, local, place-specific policies regarding graffiti.     

The Pen or the Sword: A Situated Spatial Analysis of Graffiti and Violent Injury in Vancouver,British Columbia

Graffiti is a ubiquitous feature of the urban landscape commonly perceived to be a symptom of disorder, deprivation, and violence. Broken windows theory asserts that it is also a cause. To examine this, we conduct a geographic correlation study of graffiti and violence using geographic information systems. A strong spatial covariation is observed, with spatially dependent residual clusters suggesting that the graffiti–violence relationship is context dependent and varied. Ferrell and Weide's spot theory provides a lens for situating hot spots and facilitating a more nuanced interrogation of graffiti and violence in several Vancouver neighborhoods. We advocate for situated spatial analyses of interpersonal violence to inform public health interventions and advance policymaking beyond the popular aesthetic symbolism of urban space.     

THE 'LITTLE ICE AGE': RE-EVALUATION OF AN EVOLVING CONCEPT

ABSTRACT. This review focuses on the development of the ‘Little Ice Age’ as a glaciological and climatic concept, and evaluates its current usefulness in the light of new data on the glacier and climatic variations of the last millennium and of the Holocene. ‘Little Ice Age’ glacierization occurred over about 650 years and can be defined most precisely in the European Alps (c. AD 1300–1950) when extended glaciers were larger than before or since. ‘Little Ice Age’ climate is defined as a shorter time interval of about 330 years (c. AD 1570–1900) when Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures (land areas north of 20°N) fell significantly below the AD 1961–1990 mean. This climatic definition overlaps the times when the Alpine glaciers attained their latest two highstands (AD 1650 and 1850). It is emphasized, however, that ‘Little Ice Age’ glacierization was highly dependent on winter precipitation and that ‘Little Ice Age’ climate was not simply a matter of summer temperatures. Both the glacier‐centred and the climate‐centred concepts necessarily encompass considerable spatial and temporal variability, which are investigated using maps of mean summer temperature variations over the Northern Hemisphere at 30‐year intervals from AD 1571 to 1900. ‘Little Ice Age’‐type events occurred earlier in the Holocene as exemplified by at least seven glacier expansion episodes that have been identified in southern Norway. Such events provide a broader context and renewed relevance for the ‘Little Ice Age’, which may be viewed as a ‘modern analogue’ for the earlier events; and the likelihood that similar events will occur in the future has implications for climatic change in the twenty‐first century. It is concluded that the concept of a ‘Little Ice Age’ will remain useful only by (1) continuing to incorporate the temporal and spatial complexities of glacier and climatic variations as they become better known, and (2) by reflecting improved understanding of the Earth‐atmosphere‐ocean system and its forcing factors through the interaction of palaeoclimatic reconstruction with climate modelling.     

城市“腾笼换鸟”产业转型升级的困境与出路——基于北京市的调查研究

剖析北京“腾笼换鸟”产业转型升级的现状,在针对“新鸟”进笼“老鸟”去哪问题,“老笼”空间结构合理优化问题,“老鸟”涅槃“新鸟”培育问题,“老鸟”和“新笼”承接问题的分析基础上,提出应完善京津冀产业链协作,“腾笼换鸟”拓展区域联动发展空间;东西城合并成首都特区,“腾笼换鸟”保护北京历史文化名城;切实发挥政府的职能作用,“腾笼换鸟”提升企业内在动力机制;规划建设“微中心”小城镇,“腾笼换鸟”促进北京人口有效疏解的建议。     

空间认同:城市空间研究转向中的知识前沿、趋势与启发

中国城市化进程的快速发展,促使人们不断解构、调整和重构对城市空间的认同,这是城市化发展中不容忽视的新问题。以Web of Science（WoS）为数据源,对国外城市空间认同研究进行了分析和知识再现。研究发现：① 城市空间认同是人们对城市发展中社会经济认同、文化认同、集体认同、身份认同与情感认同的集合。作为重要的国民意识,城市空间认同主题是国外学者关注的重要领域,对该领域研究的本质上是对城市空间实践中人文主义空间诉求的知识表征;② 在2008~2017年的国外城市空间认同研究中,美国、英国、澳大利亚等国家具有明显优势,国际合作研究网络主要在美洲-欧洲、欧洲-澳洲,以及澳洲-欧美之间;国外城市空间认同研究高被引文献注重对“空间多中心性”“地方与连续性”“城市社区”“城市公民身份”“空间绅士化”“地方主义”等方面的讨论。③ 未来研究更加倾向在“认同”“空间”“城市”“地理”“政治”“地方”,以及“社区”等新主题方面。相比较而言,国内对城市空间认同的研究较为欠缺,随着中国城市空间实践不断推向纵深阶段,需要强化城市空间认同研究的“理论自觉”。     

东北地区城镇化质量测度及其时空格局特征

采用熵值法确定权重,运用探索性空间数据分析方法对东北地区34个地级及以上城市2008—2018年城镇化质量进行测度并分析其时空格局特征。结果发现：从整体变化趋势来看,东北地区整体的城镇化质量呈现显著提升趋势,但2015—2018年增长曲线呈现出“U”字型波动特征,各子系统中“城市活力”得分呈现显著下降趋势。从时空格局特征来看,东北地区城镇化质量分布的时空分异明显,整体显著提升趋势下部分城市出现“阶段性”下降,通过LISA集聚图分析发现,东北地区城镇化质量的“高值”集聚区域主要分布在“哈长”城市群和辽中南城市群,“低值”集聚区域主要分布在黑龙江省北部地区。     

Notisartikkel – Short article

The Department of Geography at the University of Oslo has for some time been the place for cross-national and comparative research concerning structural economic change and industrialization. Attempts are being made to submit economic and industrial development in selected countries to causal analysis by means of ‘retroduction’ (as construed in a recent work by Anthony Sayer 1984): to search for factors which have compounded to produce what are conventionally described as economic growth and stagnation, a ‘tertiarization’ or ‘quaternarization’ of the labour force, public sector growth, industrialization, ‘de-industrialization’ and ‘re-industrialization’, to name some topics covered by actual and planned research. The editor of the NGT has kindly given me the opportunity to present in brief my own ‘macro-geographic’ studies in this field, to use a term which suggests their methodological resemblance to ‘macro-geography’, or ‘historical social analysis’ (Skocpol 1984). (See also the contribution of B. T. Asheim (1988) in this issue of NGT, ‘Macro-geography II: Technological change and capitalist development’.) I will therefore spend a few pages on two research projects.     

Motivation for mountain biking in Norway: Change and stability in late-modern outdoor recreation

The paper presents empirical data on motivation for mountain biking in Norway. In the study a mountain biker was defined as a person who had cycled on rough trails or in difficult terrain more than ten times during the previous year. The research sought to establish the degree to which the motivation for the ‘modern’ activity of mountain biking differs from the motivation for more ‘traditional’ outdoor recreational activities. In 2002 two surveys were conducted among bikers to take into account two different ways of practising mountain biking. A factor analysis was undertaken with 27 items from the Recreation Experience Preference (REP) scales to establish the relative importance of various kinds of motivation. Participants rated the importance of the factors on a scale from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (very important). ‘Physical exercise’ scored a mean value of 4.46, ‘contemplation’ 3.91, ‘nature & place’ 3.52, ‘speed & excitement’ 3.43, ‘managing challenges’ 3.35, ‘social relations’ 2.49, and ‘equipment & appreciation’ 2.02. The paper concludes that a theoretical perspective which focuses on both change and stability in cultural development in the late-modern period is necessary for a nuanced understanding of the complexities of Norwegian outdoor recreation today.     

跨学科视角下“地缘政治”概念及其研究范式

分析1982—2019年中国核心学术刊物和著作，梳理地理学和政治学对于“地缘政治”概念和研究范式的不同理解。研究发现：① 地理学和政治学有很多相似之处，包括对“地缘战略”等概念的关注，对“大国安全与崛起”等议题的探讨，以及在分析框架中对案例和质性分析方法的强调等；② 地理学和政治学有各具特色，地理学衍生“地缘环境”等概念，政治学也衍生“地缘安全”等概念；地理学在议题上更具空间和系统思维，对海洋地缘政治等话题更偏好，而政治学更强调时事性，侧重于分析时事政治及其地缘政治逻辑等；在分析框架上，地理学受计量革命的影响深远，对质性和定量分析都有所关注，而政治学对案例分析和质性分析的依赖度更高。这些发现说明了当前学科分工并没有改变地理学中的“地缘政治”概念和政治学中的“地缘政治”概念源出一脉的事实，同时也发现，其中的差异正是学科壁垒形成关键所在。     

Art,public spaces,and private property along the streets of New Orleans

In this article, I investigate how and why a street art controversy that emerged in post-Katrina New Orleans was transformed from a dispute over property transgressions to a broader struggle over the meanings of art amidst the city’s devastated condition. The controversy began when a street art initiative by the New Orleans artist Rex Dingler invoked a backlash of anti-graffiti activism. In response, local artists began painting on the walls. When the locals were joined by artists from different cities, the discussion intensified about the merits of street art as well as commentary on and reflection of a city facing systemic decline and property abandonment. Street artists, anti-graffiti activists, and property owners negotiated local private property by placing, removing and retaining graffiti, and both locals and those with no New Orleans attachments had influence. The controversy illustrates how private property functions as a public institution in addition to a system of private ownership.     

State‐led talent return migration programme and the doubly neglected ‘Malaysian diaspora’: Whose diaspora,what citizenship,whose development?

This paper questions the assumptions of ‘diaspora’, ‘citizenship’ and ‘development’ underlying diaspora strategies targeting a specific pool of overseas Malaysian ‘talent’ migrants. I examine the Malaysian state's discursive attempts to construct a carefully contained economic ‘diaspora'—the ‘Malaysian diaspora'—through its talent return migration programme. In this process, there is a portion of the ‘Malaysian diaspora’, especially non‐bumiputeras (sons of soil), who are doubly neglected and excluded: first, from access to full and equal citizenship (which arguably contributed to their emigration in the first place); and second, from eligibility and recognition to participate in Malaysia's talent return migration programme. However, recent political activism calling for electoral reform and overseas voting rights challenges state‐constructed visions of the ‘diaspora’ and their expected roles in advancing ‘development’. This paper concludes by highlighting questions raised by the Malaysian case, linking these explicitly to how diaspora strategies—as they have been conceived, practised and contested—challenge the broader Migration and Development paradigm.     

新型基础设施建设与战略性新兴产业耦合协调发展测度及其耦合机制

利用2013—2018年中国30个省（市、区）数据,运用耦合协调模型对“新基建”发展水平及其与战略性新兴产业间的耦合协调度进行测度,结果发现：中国“新基建”及其三大子系统的发展水平均偏低,其中以“创新基建”发展水平最低;总体看,各省（市、区）的“新基建”与战略性新兴产业发展尚未达到良性耦合状态,且其失调风险趋于扩大;历年各省（市、区）的耦合协调发展存在“高者恒高、低者恒低”的锁定效应,并在数量分布上呈耦合水平两头区域少而中间区域多的“橄榄”形结构,且多数区域的“新基建”领先于其战略性新兴产业发展。分子系统来看,“信息基建”与战略性新兴产业耦合发展的锁定效应最强,“融合基建”与战略性新兴产业的耦合发展突破了“橄榄”形结构,“创新基建”与战略性新兴产业的耦合协调水平相对最低,而东部地区经济社会强省的3类耦合协调发展均具辐射引领效应。实证检验发现,除自身因素驱动效应外,经济集聚、人力资本、固定资产投资、产业结构、研发投入、市场化程度等能不同程度促进“新基建”与战略性新兴产业的耦合协调发展。     

2021年度自然科学基金申请书关键词透视地理科学研究前沿热点与发展方向

地理科学是提升人类对地球表层认知、探索人地关系、解决资源、环境、发展所面临的复杂问题的重要支撑。引领科学发展,支撑领域人才队伍的建设与培育,是国家自然科学基金委员会的使命与职责。追踪地理科学领域前沿,优化学科布局并开展战略引导是基金委地理科学学科工作的重要任务。以2021年国家自然科学基金地理科学领域4 479项申请书为样本,运用词云分析方法,对申请书的关键词进行统计分析,剖析了地理科学及各分支学科的研究热点。结果表明：“深度学习”“气候变化”“生态系统服务”“高光谱遥感”“青藏高原”“可持续发展”等是2021年地理科学研究内容与方法的热点关键词。在分支学科间交叉融合方面,信息地理学与人文地理学的共现关键词主要有“空间分析模型”“地理信息系统”“遥感”“机器学习”等;自然地理学与人文地理学的共现关键词主要有“生态系统服务”“土地利用”“土地利用变化”“可持续发展”“情景分析”等;自然地理学与信息地理学的共现关键词主要有“遥感监测”“尺度效应”“机器学习”“数字土壤制图”等。未来,国家自然科学基金委员会将从关键词设置、学科间交叉融合等途径入手,进一步从战略层面优化地理科学研究布局,引导科学家聚焦地理学基础理论与热点前沿问题,服务碳中和、乡村振兴等国家重大战略需求。     

Understanding Place as ‘Home’ and ‘Away’ through Practices of Bird-watching

Bird-watching is an increasingly popular leisure activity. Previous research has taken for granted the identity of people who watch birds, often categorised by their level of skilled practice as ‘dude’, ‘birder’ or ‘twitcher’. Feminist geographers encourage us to explore identity work as an outcome of the reciprocal relationships between practices and place. Our feminist approach illustrates that the practices of bird-watching are always much more than categorising birds as species. This paper illustrates how the practices of bird-watching are integral to the making and remaking of sense of place as ‘home’ and ‘away’, to sustain identities beyond accepted categories of ‘dude’, ‘birder’ and ‘twitcher’. The creation and application of different types of ‘bird-lists’ helps to explain the ways in which practices of bird-watching facilitate making sense of place as simultaneously ‘home’, ‘away’ and habitat, as well as the identity work of home-maker, citizen-scientist and tourist. Our insights into these leisure practices of bird-watching are drawn from analysis of data gathered from 21 people who actively bird-watch and reside on the South Coast, New South Wales, Australia by combining research methods of talking, walking, drawing and photography.     

Cross‐border rubber cultivation between China and Laos: Regionalization by Akha and Tai rubber farmers

This paper is a multi‐sited ethnography of cross‐border rubber cultivation between China and Laos. Smallholder minority rubber farmers from Xishuangbanna (China) have forged successful informal share‐cropping arrangements to grow rubber trees on the land of relatives and friends in neighbouring Laos. By becoming rich and entrepreneurial rural citizens, Akha and Tai farmers have also, in their own eyes, raised their own ‘quality’ (suzhi) and see themselves as ‘modern’. By examining various meanings of ‘modern’ in China, and contrasting the rubber farmers' experience with Jacob Eyferth's notion of rural ‘deskilling’, this paper shows how through learning to plant, cultivate and tap rubber, these farmers have taken on the discipline and technical knowledge of ‘modern’ workers and become ‘skilled’. By rising in ‘quality’, minority farmers on China's periphery challenge the entrenched binaries of urban/rural, modern/backward, prosperous/poor and Han/minority nationality. Xishuangbanna minority farmers acknowledge that they are also ‘backward’ in the Chinese social hierarchy, but their extension of rubber cultivation to kin and others in Laos has confirmed their modernity as dispensers of development, technical know‐how and ‘superior’ Chinese culture to Lao farmers who are ‘backward and poor’. In contrast to large state rubber farms that have failed to establish rubber plantations in northern Laos, minority farmers have created regionalization.