繁茂膜海绵中具有促进细胞粘附成团作用蛋白质的分离纯化研究

用凝胶层析和离子交换层析方法从黄海的繁茂膜海绵(Hymeniacidon perleve)中分离得到一种蛋白质D1,相对分子质量为2,3ku,pI为6．6。纯化的蛋白质富含疏水性氨基酸和酸性氨基酸。研究表明蛋白质D1对繁茂膜海绵细胞培养表现出很强的使海绵细胞贴壁且快速粘附成团的作用。凝集实验表明该蛋白对人的A、B、O、AB血,兔和鼠的红细胞没有凝集活性。     

繁茂膜海绵清除大肠杆菌的过程

通过分析海绵清除大肠杆菌的过程,研究海绵净化细菌的机理。作者利用荧光显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜观测等手段,监测和分析了绿色荧光大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)在繁茂膜海绵(Hymeniacidon perlevis)体内、体外水环境中数量变化过程。在1 L含有3×107个/m L绿色荧光大肠杆菌的海水中放入鲜重(1.02±0.11)g的繁茂膜海绵24块,处理7 h,海水中的荧光大肠杆菌数量逐渐降低;而海绵体内荧光大肠杆菌数量在2 h时内逐渐增多,之后的2 h趋于稳定,4 h以后开始逐渐减少。水体中大肠杆菌不仅进入海绵体内,而且进入海绵细胞内。含有荧光大肠杆菌的海绵块转入无菌海水中后,海绵体内及细胞中大肠杆菌逐渐消失,而且大肠杆菌没有被释放到环境海水中。分析表明,繁茂膜海绵能够以摄食的方式净化水环境中的大肠杆菌。     

太平洋侧花海葵的营养成分分析

本文测定了太平洋侧花海葵中的蛋白质、脂肪和无机元素等营养成分,分析了太平洋侧花海葵中构成蛋白质的17种常见氨基酸和主要脂肪酸含量。结果表明,太平洋侧花海葵是一种高蛋白、低脂肪的海产品;必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸的含量较高,但必需氨基酸之间的比值不太符合人体的氨基酸平衡,宜与其他食物搭配食用。各类脂肪酸中,油酸(18∶1)含量最高,其次为C22∶2。无机元素丰富,尤其是Zn,含量可达254.4 mg/kg。     

大气CO2浓度升高对繁茂膜海绵滤食海水细菌能力的影响

通过模拟大气CO_2浓度升高,研究其对海绵滤食细菌功能的影响。在模拟大气CO_2浓度升高生态系统中,探究了大气CO_2浓度387、500、750和1 000mmol/mol环境下繁茂膜海绵(Hymeniacidon perlevis)滤食灭菌海水中大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli AS 1.1017)和灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus)的能力。结果表明:在24 h实验期间,模拟大气CO_2从目前约387mmol/mol升高至500mmol/mol,繁茂膜海绵滤食大肠杆菌和灿烂弧菌效率提高了。当模拟大气CO_2 750mmol/mol时,繁茂膜海绵滤食海水中大肠杆菌和灿烂弧菌功能都下降了,说明繁茂膜海绵已经受到大气较高浓度CO_2损害。模拟大气CO_2为1 000mmol/mol时,繁茂膜海绵基本丧失了滤食海水中大肠杆菌和灿烂弧菌的功能。上述结果可为了解大气CO_2浓度对近岸海洋生态系统的影响提供科学依据。     

中国黄海海域繁茂膜海绵生长生殖周期的组织学特征

利用组织学和超微结构方法,对大连黄海海域的繁茂膜海绵(Hymeniacidonsp.)在自然海域的生长和生殖过程的组织学特征进行了近2a的观察。结果表明:繁茂膜海绵的生长呈现周期性变化,分为4个阶段:复苏期(3～5月)、生长旺盛期(6～8月)、衰退期(9～11月)和冬眠期(12月—次年2月)。繁茂膜海绵可以通过有性生殖进行繁殖,显著生殖期为8～10月,期间可以观察到卵细胞、精细胞囊、胚胎和幼虫。研究结果为深入研究繁茂膜海绵自然生长生殖特点,进而实现海绵组织块的继代培养和人工育种提供实验依据。     

黄海、渤海沉积物中生物硅的测定及存在问题的讨论

硅是水生态系统中构成生物群落的重要元素[1].海洋中硅主要来源于河流输入(4.2±0.8)×1014g/a和热液喷发(1.9
.77;10)×1014g/a[2].另外冰川风化、低温海底玄武岩风化、沉积物的成岩作用和大气沉降亦是其来源之一[3].沉积物中的生物硅又称生物蛋白石(简称蛋白石),指化学方法测定的无定形硅的含量,主要由硅藻、放射虫、硅鞭毛虫和海绵骨针组成.沉积物中蛋白石的积累反映了生产力在时间和空间尺度的变化[4,5].对于生物硅的测定,至今已提出了许多种方法.其中最灵敏、应用最广泛的是化学提取法[6,7].     

兰蛤营养成分的研究

对兰蛤的主要营养成分 ,以及氨基酸、脂肪酸、无机元素等的组成进行了研究 ,并同贻贝、蛤蜊、虾夷扇贝、牡蛎进行了比较分析。研究结果表明 ,兰蛤的蛋白质含量仅低于虾夷扇贝 ,其粗脂肪的含量居中 ,碳水化合物的含量最低 ,无机元素的含量最高。兰蛤的氨基酸组成非常全面 ,必需氨基酸总量高于牡蛎的 ,丙氨酸含量居于 5种贝类之首。兰蛤的 EPA和 DHA含量之和明显高于其它 4种贝类。兰蛤中还含有丰富的无机元素 ,Fe、Mn的含量均高于其它 4种贝类 ,其它无机元素的含量也较高     

第五节 海水中可溶性无机硅

海水巾可溶性无机硅(以下简称硅)，是海洋浮游植物所必须的营养盐之一，尤其是对硅藻类浮游植物、放射虫和硅质海绵，硅更是构成机体不可缺少的组分。在海洋浮游植物中硅藻占很大部分，硅藻繁殖时摄取硅使海水中硅的含量下降。浮游植物死亡下沉分解又释放出硅，使海水中硅的含量再生。另外放射虫也能排泄出二氧化硅，硅质死亡迅速释放二氧化硅进入海水中。总之硅的含量对于海洋生物产量具有直接和间接影响，由此可知生物活动使海水中硅的含量随季节呈现周期性变化。     

海水中可溶性无机硅

海水中可溶性无机硅(以下简称硅),是海洋浮游植物所必须的营养盐之一,尤其是对硅藻类浮游植物、放射虫和硅质海绵,硅更是构成机体不可缺少的组分。在海洋浮游植物中硅藻占很大部分,硅藻繁殖时摄取硅使海水中硅的含量下降。浮游植物死亡下沉分解又释放出硅,使海水中硅的含量再生。另外放射虫也能排泄出二氧化硅,硅质死亡迅速释放二氧化硅进入海水中。总之硅的含量对于海洋生物产量具有直接和间     

兰蛤营养成分的研究

对兰蛤的主要营养成分，以及氨基酸、脂肪酸、无机元素等的组成进行了研究，并同贻贝、蛤蜊、虾夷扇贝、牡蛎进行了比较分析。研究结果表明，兰蛤的蛋白质含量仅低于虾夷扇贝，其粗脂肪的含量居中，碳水化合物的含量最低，无机元素的含量最高。兰蛤的氨基酸组成非常全面，必需氨基酸总量高于牡蛎的，丙氨酸含量居于5种贝类之首。兰蛤的EPA和DHA含量之和明显高于其它4种贝类。兰蛤中还含有丰富的无机元素，Fe、Mn的含量均高于其它4种贝类，其它无机元素的含量也较高。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.