温盐深变化对波束脚印坐标的影响规律分析

在多波束测深中,温盐深剖面数据的准确性对测量精度起到非常重要的作用,而在实际测量中,温盐深误差又不可避免地存在。为了分析温盐深变化对波束脚印坐标的影响规律并将其影响值量化,本文在声速剖面间接测量数据的基础上,选择精度较高、适应性较强的声速经验公式推导其误差公式,计算温盐深变化所引起的声速误差值,并且在常梯度声线跟踪模型的基础上推导出声波旅行轨迹的水平位移和垂直位移误差公式,然后结合声速剖面计算出声速误差对波束脚印坐标的影响程度。实验结果表明,温度变化对声速的影响最大,盐度和深度依序次之;温度、盐度、深度3个参量的变化引起波束脚印Z坐标的变化量均大于X、Y坐标,最高可达变化前深度的0.6%。温度和盐度的变化引起的三轴坐标值变化量随入射角的增大而减小,而深度变化引起的三轴坐标值变化量几乎不随入射角的变化而变化。本文研究结果可为温盐深误差对多波束测深精度评估工作提供借鉴作用。     

海洋岛附近海域春季海洋水文测量结果分析

利用2006年4月在海洋岛附近海域的CTD测量资料,系统分析了该海域温度、盐度、密度和声速的平面分布和垂直分布特征,并探讨了其形成机理。分析指出:4月份是海洋岛附近海域季节性跃层的生成期,海区会产生正跃层、逆跃层、冷中间层、暖中间层等复杂的垂直结构;中间层和底层水文要素受海流的影响较大,而表层水文要素主要受海面风场和气温的影响。     

海底地形测量成果的质量检核评估(二):深远海海域声速剖面的获取

声速改正是海底地形探测资料处理的关键技术环节之一,而声速剖面的质量则将从源头上影响声速改正的精度。针对当前深远海海域海底地形探测中在何时、何地布放何种声速仪器获取声速剖面性价比更高的技术难题,提出将海底地形和温盐场作为在深度方向和时空间布放声剖站的设计依据,开展了基于WOA13温盐场提高XBT计算声速剖面精度试验。结果表明,基于已有的海底地形和温盐场可提高深远海海域声速剖面站布设的性价比。     

珠江口外海水声速经验正交函数分析

利用珠江口外海多年的水文观测资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF)法分别对该海域表层及21°N垂向断面的声速及其距平值进行了分析.结果表明该海域表层声速自西北向东南增大,21°N垂向断面声速随水深的增加而减小.EOF法分析声速及其距平值得出的第一个特征分量在该区域表层和21°N垂向断面上都是最重要的.声速季节变化显著:自上一年的10月开始减小,2或3月减到最小值后开始增大,7~9月增至最大值,有显著的年变化周期.声速也似有年际变化:1981年冬季声速开始减小,一直持续到1982年秋季,1982年冬季开始呈增大的趋势.声速的年际变化强度随着水深的增加而减弱.     

南海北部海区上层水体平均声速场的变化

对所收集到的南海北部海区的温度、盐度和深度历史资料进行了声速的计算、统计与分析,结果表明该海区上层水体的平均声速场有较明显的年际变化:表层声速的平面分布显示出沿岸水与外海水强弱交替变化的特征,声速等值线的走向几乎与岸线平行,等声速线的值自近岸向外海增加,大陆架外缘海区声速的水平梯度较大;下层声速的分布以环流和水体共同作用的形式出现,50m层声速平面分布的趋势除冬季与表层稍为相似外,其余季节与表层有明显的差别,春、夏季节50m层声速自西向东增加,而秋季与其表层分布相反,自近岸向外海减小;声速的垂直分布受海水升温与降温的影响显著,春、夏季表层海水升温,海表声速最大,声速自海表随深度的增加而减小;秋、冬季表层附近水层降温,声速稍偏低,普遍出现正梯度现象,最大声速移至表层以下的水层,这个深度随季节的改变而改变,随海区的不同而不同.该海区的平均声速有年波动现象,表层波幅最大,随深度的增加波幅变小,至100m水层其波动的位相几乎与表层相反.     

EOF重构声速剖面对深水多波束的声速改正分析

声速误差是多波束水深地形测量主要误差源之一,通常采用现场声速剖面测量的方式加以改正,但在深远海多波束水深地形测量时,现场获取全深度的声速剖面并非易事。针对这一问题,利用东南印度洋海洋调查工作中采集到的17个站位的CTD数据,将所有站位声速剖面拓展到全深度,采用经验正交函数分析法(Empirical Orthogonal Functions,EOF)构建调查区声速剖面场,可获得声速剖面场内任意一点的声速值。然后通过EOF重构声速剖面场获得的声速值对测区内多波束水深地形数据进行改正,并与实测声速剖面对多波束水深地形数据的改正结果进行对比,结果表明,5000 m水深范围内2种声速改正结果相差很小,EOF重构法对深水多波束的声速改正满足水深测量的要求。     

基于连续帧间差分的抛弃式探头三维下沉运动处理方法研究

抛弃式探头由无人机装载,能够在较远目标区域和危险海域开展海洋水文环境剖面参数的测量。通过安装不同传感器,可以实现对温度、盐度的剖面测量,其深度的测量采用数学方法计算得到。针对双摄像机水箱实验获得的5个不同攻角实验结果,分析了常用的运动目标的检测方法,最终选择基于连续帧间差分法,确定探头的三维坐标位置,进而得到探头下沉运动的三维运动轨迹和速度曲线等信息。探头从水面释放后攻角在下沉过程中不断调整,改变运动姿态,同时伴随自身的旋转,抵消水平方向阻力作用,初始攻角产生的深度测量误差主要体现在加速过程,探头达到匀速运动后测量误差不变,在不考虑横流的情况下,探头最后以匀速垂直下落运动。     

One-Dimensional Unsteady Analytical Solution of Salinity Intrusion in Estuaries

Based on the one-dimensional salinity transport equation with constant diffusion coefficient, and separated water flow velocity into runoff and tidal current with the single-frequency in an idealized estuary, the simplest unsteady analytical so- lution of salinity intrusion is deduced and the estimation formula of diffusion coefficient is obtained in this paper. The unsteady solution indicates that salinity process in estuaries results from the interaction of runoff and tidal current, and its amplitude is in direct proportion to the product of the velocity of runoff water and the amplitude of tidal flow velocity and in inverse proportion to the diffusion coefficient and the tidal angular frequency, and its phase lag tidal flow with 7/2 which reveals the basic features of the maximum salinity appearing after flood slack and the minimum salinity appearing before ebb slack under the effect of runoff （the advance or lag time is relative to the magnitude of runoff and tidal flow）. According to the measured flow velocity and salinity data, the salinity diffusion coefficient could be estimated. Finally, with the field data of observing sites on the deepwater navigation channel of the Yangtze Estuary, the diffusion coefficient is calculated and a comparative analysis of simulated and measured of salinity process is made. The results show that the solution can comprehensively reflects the basic characteristics and processes of salinity intrusion under the interaction of runoff and tidal flow in estuaries. The solution is not only suitable for theoretical research, but also convenient for estimating reasonable physical parameters and giving the initial condition in the salinity intrusion numerical simulation.     

第二岛链以东附近海域冬季水文要素特征分析

利用西太平洋冬季海洋综合调查获取的数据资料,分析了第二岛链以东附近海域冬季温度、盐度、声速和密度的分布特征和变化规律。使用Ocean Data View海洋数据软件对资料进行网格化处理,同时采用Wilson方法和垂直梯度法计算声速和声速梯度。分析数据结果表明:第二岛链以东附近海域冬季温度随深度增加而减小,且750 m以浅变化幅度较大;而盐度和声速的垂直结构特征均表现为从表层向下先减小后增大,但各自存在不同的临界深度。海区存在温度和声速双跃层结构,上跃层强度大,厚度小;下跃层强度较小,厚度较大。     

中国黄渤海沉积物声速与物理性质研究

In order to investigate the correlation between a sound velocity and sediment bulk properties and explore the influence of frequency dependence of the sound velocity on the prediction of the sediment properties by the sound velocity,a compressional wave velocity is measured at frequencies of 25–250 k Hz on marine sediment samples collected from the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea in laboratory,together with the geotechnical parameters of sediments.The results indicate that the sound velocity ranges from 1.232 to 1.721 km/s for the collected sediment samples with a significant dispersion within the series measuring frequency.Poorly sorted sediments are highly dispersive nearly with a positive linear relationship.The porosity shows a better negative logarithmic correlation with the sound velocity compared with other geotechnical parameters.Generally,the sound velocity increases with the increasing of the average particle size,sand content,wet and dry bulk densities,and decreasing of the clay content,and water content.An important point should be demonstrated that the higher correlation can be obtained when the measuring frequency is low within the frequency ranges from 25 to 250 k Hz since the inhomogeneity of sediment properties has a more remarkably influence on the laboratory sound velocity measurement at the high frequency.     

珠江口低盐透镜现象的声传播特性分析

低盐透镜现象是珠江口陆架海域常见的一种中尺度现象,它的出现会影响水下声传播环境。利用南海北部陆架区的CTD资料分析了低盐透镜的结构特征,基于简正波和射线模型,建立二维波导环境,设置不同声源条件,对低盐透镜环境的声传播特性进行了研究。结果表明:低盐透镜会在海水上层形成声道,距离15 km处其传播损失较没有低盐透镜的情况小约15 dB。虽然低盐透镜声道厚度通常较小,但是较大的盐度梯度可以保证声道对声能的有效传播。当频率高于截止频率的声源置于低盐透镜内,声道效应有助于声音的远距离传播。     

台湾海峡南部声速垂直、断面分布的区域特征

根据台湾海峡南部1997年8月的CTD资料,分析存在的几种主要类型的声速垂直、断面分布状况以及它们的一些重要特征,并简略讨论了声速分布与温度、盐度的关系以及声速的时间变化特征.     

台湾海峡中、北部海区1998年2～3月声速的分布特征

根据台湾海峡中、北部海区 1998年 2～ 3月实测的温、盐资料计算得出的声速 ,分析了该海区存在的几种主要类型的声速垂直分布状况以及声速垂直分布和平面分布的一些重要特征。     

多波束测深系统在航道测量中的关键问题探讨

介绍了多波束测深系统与GPS RTK技术集成的工作原理及优势,并以秦皇岛港航道疏浚前后多波束扫海测量为例,论述该作业模式中的几个关键问题,即在声速改正和参数校准的前提下,RTK三维水深测量省去传统水深测量中繁琐的水位测量,能够自动消除波浪起伏和动态吃水变化的误差影响。航道疏浚结果表明,在近海海域该方法可以取代有验潮的常规水深测量,既能指导疏浚施工,又能方便检查疏浚结果,为今后的相关工作提供参考。     

Sound velocity in carbonate sediments from the Whiting Basin,Puerto Rico

A series of sediment cores were obtained from the Whiting Basin southeast of Puerto Rico to investigate the factors affecting the velocity of sound in marine carbonate deposits. The cores indicated that the deposits in the Whiting Basin are similar to abyssal-plain deposits with lenticular turbidite sequences alternating with pelagic sediments. The sediment, comprised of highly porous sands and silts, averaged 80% calcium carbonate consisting of aragonite, low-Mg calcite and high-Mg calcite.Normal methods for predicting sound velocity from the physical properties of the deposits were found to be inaccurate for these samples. The established relationships of grain size and porosity to sound velocity were invalid because the sands found in the cores consisted of hollow-foram tests, causing high porosity independent of grain size. The rigidity of the deposit was the most significant factor determining sediment sound velocity and was itself controlled by the sediment source, transportation effects and the packing of the deposit. Future work is needed to accurately measure the effect of these factors on the rigidity modulus.     

联合WOA2018温盐模型及实测温盐资料重构全深度声速剖面(四):声速剖面应用

在深远海海域开展多波束水深测量时,受海上苛刻作业条件等多种影响,获取全深度声速剖面往往比较困难。首先联合WOA2018温盐模型和多个站位CTD、XCTD实测温盐剖面资料开展了全深度声速剖面重构,进而使用三组来源不同的全深度声速剖面开展了多波束测深声速改正对比分析。从试验结果看,这几组声速剖面对多波束测深精度的影响基本一致。特别是当假定CTD站位采用XCTD设备并由此推算深度大于1099m的温盐及声速剖面时,多波束测深的声速改正结果也能满足海底地形成果的质量要求。     

一种提高深远海全深度声速剖面重构精度的方法

开展多波束水深测量应同步进行声速剖面探测。因海上作业条件恶劣、作业时间受限及设备性能局限等影响,在深远海海域常获取不到全深度的实测声速剖面。尽管利用温盐场模型可将声速剖面直接延拓至实地水深的最大深度,但这种气候态平均声速剖面与实际的声速剖面间存在不可控的系统性偏差,会给声速改正及水深测量成果带来质量隐患。给出了一种提高深远海全深度声速剖面重构精度的方法,即利用有效探测深度附近的实测温度盐度值,对大于有效探测深度的各水层的模型温度盐度值施加程度不一的约束控制。结果表明,经优化后全深度声速剖面的重构精度得到明显提高,其中2个XCTD站点声速剖面的互差SSPD分别由-2.5～1.0 m/s优化为0.0～1.0 m/s、0.0～2.6 m/s优化为-1.5～0.0 m/s; 2个CTD站点声速剖面的互差SSPD分别由-0.5～1.7 m/s优化为-0.4～0.3 m/s、-2.15～0.8 m/s优化为-1.4～0.8 m/s。     

Correcting the errors from variable sea salt retention and water of hydration in loss on ignition analysis: Implications for studies of estuarine and coastal waters

The standard technique of determining the concentrations of total suspended solids (TSSs), particulate inorganic matter (PIM), and particulate organic matter (POM) by filtration with glass fiber filters is subject to an error or bias from sea salt plus water of hydration retention, when applied to saline waters. The sea salt plus water of hydration retention by the filters occurs even after washing the filter with 300 ml of deionized water, a greater volume than any wash recommended in the literature. We determined that the mass retention on a glass fiber filter, at a given salinity, is essentially constant, no matter the volume of seawater passed through the filter. We also determined that the sea salt plus water of hydration retention on glass fiber filters is directly proportional to the salinity of the seawater filtered. Sea salt plus water of hydration retention causes an overestimate of TSS; sea salt retention causes an overestimate of PIM; volatilization of water of hydration causes an overestimate of POM. Thus a correction curve is required for sea salt and water of hydration errors in the determination of TSS and PIM. Corrected POM comes from the difference between the two. Also, filter blanks (procedural control filters), run with deionized (DI) water rather than the seawater sample, are required to correct for possible filter mass loss during the analysis. We demonstrate correction curves for sea salt plus water of hydration retention for Whatman GF/F filters, 47 mm diameter, utilizing the methods of the APHA Manual, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Application of other glass fiber filter types or an analytical technique differing significantly from that employed here requires a different correction curve for retention of sea salt and water of hydration. These methods can be used to reanalyze older data on PIM, POM, and TSS.We apply these corrections to PIM and POM data from the northern Gulf of Mexico and examine the interactions of these filter corrections with corrections for structural water volatilization from suspended clay minerals in the determinations of PIM and POM. We analyze published data on PIM and POM determinations and their application to remote sensing. We conclude that sea salt and water of hydration retention on filters has an adverse effect on remote-sensing algorithms inverting radiance reflectance to estimate concentrations of suspended matter.     

Modeling the generation and gravity-capillary waves using an underwater sound source

This is an experimental study of the acoustic method of surface-wave excitation using an underwater source of high-frequency (950 kHz) sound. The surface waves are excited at the sound-beam modulation frequency (3–55 Hz). For a normal fall onto the free surface, the modulated sound beam efficiently generates waves in the gravity-capillary range. This provides flexible electronic control of the main wave parameters (frequency and amplitude) in the packet and continuous modes. The amplitude-frequency characteristics of the process of surface-wave generation were obtained by numerical calculations (based on equations for the rate of acoustic flux and propagation of gravity-capillary surface waves) and by experiments (based on surface wave measurements by optical and contact methods). Both values are very consistent: on the background of a similar monotonic attenuation with frequency, they have a local dip near the minimum of the phase velocity and oscillation in the frequency range above 20 Hz. The experiments on the excitation of wave packets by single acoustic messages with varying lengths and powers, as well as by falling water drops, indicated that, in all cases, the phase characteristics are satisfactorily consistent with one another and the time needed for the signal to arrive at the measurement point is determined by the group velocity.     

First arrival cycle-based calculation methods of in situ sound speed and attenuation in sediments

The acoustic properties of seafloor sediments are of great importance in geoacoustic modeling, detecting, and oceanic engineering. The methods based on the first arrival cycle are investigated to calculate sound speed and attenuation of sediment more precisely in in situ measurements. The comparison of different data analysis methods based on the first arrival cycle approach for in situ measurement results in the following conclusions: (1) the calculated methods can help find the effective cycles and reduce the errors in calculating sound speed and attenuation; (2) using this approach, the point judgment method-based data analysis has the same effectiveness as the cross-correlation method-based data analysis in calculating group sound speed and has the same effectiveness in calculating attenuation in the time domain as the spectrum analysis method-based data analysis has in calculating attenuation in frequency domain; and (3) measurement in water can help not only calibrate the transmitting distance but also can calculate the time delay for the sound speed and the attenuation loss in the transmitting process. Finally, theoretical calculation was used to calculate the measured results, indicating a good agreement, which supports that first arrival cycle-based calculated methods can be used to analyze the measured data and the effective density fluid model can be used to analyze more acoustic properties and invert several physical properties in this experiment.