贵州独山石炭系露头层序地层学研究

通过黔南独山数条剖面的追踪，对比，从岩石和生物组合特征等方面分析和研究了石炭系的副层序，沉积体系域及层序关键面和层序。副层序反映了向上变浅的过程。在滨浅海沉积过程中，地表暴露是副层序的顶界面标志之一，但不足为层序界面的标志。独山地区，从汤粑沟组至马平组共识别出30个层序，171个副层序，其中从泥盆系Cystophrentis-石炭系Pseudouralinia间隔带中的最大海泛面至马平组Pseudoschwagerina首现之下的石炭系可识别出26个层序，156个副层序。与北美大陆相比，独山地区下石炭统的层序仅在相当Homceras带的德坞阶上部少一个层序，这与下、上石炭统之间明显的沉积间断相关继承岩关期末海退的大塘期早期的第一个层序界面，即祥摆组第一层煤，可与杜内阶／维宪阶之间的层序界面相对比。独山上石炭统的副层序大体与北美大陆上石炭统的层序大体相当，仅在达拉阶／马平阶的沉积间断面之上少1个，之下少17个。石炭纪冈瓦纳冰期冰盖面积和体积的增大，可能反映到滨浅海沉积相的层序和副层序的缺失程度的增大。     

石炭系全球界线层型研究进展

早石炭世晚期开始的全球大规模构造运动和冈瓦纳大陆的冰川,为石炭系的地层划分和对比带来了困难。通过国际石炭系分会的努力,近年来石炭系各阶的界线层型研究取得了显著的进展。维宪阶已有了古生物学界线定义,即有孔虫Eoparastaffella simplex的首现,其余各阶也有了意向性的界线定义,它们均以牙形刺作为主导化石类群。其中,谢尔普霍夫阶以L ochriea ziegleri的首现为底界;莫斯科阶以Idiognathoides postsulcatus或Declinognathodus donetzianus的首现为底界;卡西莫夫阶的底界为Idiognathodus sagittalis的首现层位;格舍尔阶的底界是Idiognathodus simulator的首现层位     

云南保山地区的下石炭统

<正> 云南保山地区下石炭统及其生物群曾引起许多学者的兴趣(Reed l927;王鸿桢,1945;段丽兰,1973,1985;宋学良,1982;金玉玕、方润森,1983;杨宗仁,1983;陈重泰,1984;陈根保,1984;金苏华,1992),其主要原因在于丰富而特殊的生物类群,悬而未决的地层问题以及独特的生物地理位置。本文以4条剖面(图1)为基础,依据多门类的生物化石对诸如本区杜内/维宪阶界线、Siphonophyllia-Keyserlingophyllum(Humboldtia)动物群的时代、冷水(凉水)珊瑚动物群、岩石地层单位等问题进行讨论。     

对比确定地层界线的一个新方法

对比确定地层界线是地质研究中的一项基础工作。本文基于已知标准剖面与待对比剖面的地层岩性序列结构，运用句法模式识别技术，提出了一个确定标准剖面中某地层界线在待对比剖面中的位置的新方法。该方法亦可用于两剖面岩性段之间的相似性的对比。     

Triassic biochronology: State of the art and main problems

According to known resolution of the IUGS, the International Stratigraphic Commission entrusted its subcommissions with a task to prepare proposals for the official approval of boundaries between Phanerozoic stages. Specially organized working groups were later renamed as special teams for seeking the Global Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP) for these boundaries. In 2001, the GSSP of lower boundary for the Induan Stage, the basal one in the Triassic System, was officially approved to be in the Meishan section of southern China. The selection appeared to be lame, because the Permian-Triassic boundary layers of the stratotype section are lacking ammonoids. As a result, this boundary is now based only on the first occurrence level (FO) of conodont species Hindeodus parvus. Soon, the proposal of Chinese paleontologists to consider the western Pingdingshan section in the Anhui Province as the GSSP for the lower boundary of the Olenekian Stage may win the official recognition. This boundary between the Olenekian and Anisian stages, which is placed at the FO of conodont species Neospathodus waageni is the least debatable. The Mt. Desli Caira section in northern Dobrogea (Romania) is most appropriate for its global stratotype. In contrast, the Anisian-Ladinian boundary appeared to be most disputable. The Subcommission on Triassic Stratigraphy should select one of three GSSP candidates proposed. The lower Carnian boundary traditionally drawn at the aon Zone base suffered some changes. It is proposed to place it at the FO of the ammonoid genus Daxatina with the GSSP in the Dolomites of Italy. The Norian and Rhaetian boundaries are under discussion.     

An artificial boundary approach for unbounded transient seepage problems

A new artificial boundary approach for transient seepage problems in unbounded domain is presented. The artificial boundary condition at the truncated boundary is derived from the analytical solutions for transient seepage problems in one dimension, including solutions, respectively, for flow in one‐dimensional infinite space and for radial flow in an infinite layer, and then it is tentatively applied for some two dimensional problems in addition to the one‐dimensional problems mentioned above. The boundary conditions derived relate the time‐dependent boundary flux with the time derivative of the hydraulic head at the truncated boundary, which makes the implementation much easier compared with the infinite element method. The accuracy and efficiency of the artificial boundary are validated by several numerical examples, which shows that the proposed boundary can give very good results for one‐dimensional transient seepage problems, as expected, whereas reasonable results can be also obtained for two‐dimensional problems, such as two‐dimensional axisymmetric flow and flow in an infinite plane. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The boundary between Cambrian and Precambrian

Generally, the Olenellus -bearing beds and associated fauna have been regarded by Russian geologists as occurring in the upper one-third of a continuous sedimentary sequence which was unfossiliferous below and which rested on crystalline basement. Presumably early fossil groups began producing carbonate skeletal material at different times and migrated so as to arrive in various areas earlier or later than elsewhere. Hence, paleontological identification of the Lower Cambrian boundary requires knowledge, now lacking, of vertical distribution of the skeleton-producing organisms, of the conditions of their emergence, and of related sedimentary facies. Previously used physical criteria for the recognition of the Cambrian-Precambrian boundary are unsatisfactory. It is suggested that this boundary be determined by absolute dating. The author reviews recent findings on geologic age, absolute age, and faunal content of many formations in the Siberian Platform and adjacent regions that bear on this problem. — C. G. Tillman.     

纹理特征辅助的S AR影像冰川识别

青藏高原的冰川监测对气候变化研究有着重要的意义,通过遥感图像可以大范围长时间的监测冰川的变化,识别冰川边界是研究的重点。为了研究SAR影像纹理特征在冰川识别中的作用,以喀喇昆仑山地区的克勒青河上游为研究区,利用2018年Sentinel-1A数据进行干涉处理得到相干系数,然后基于相干系数提取了均值、方差、同质性、反差、相异性、熵、相关性共7种纹理特征,并对不同纹理特征组合之间的提取效果进行了比较。结果表明VV极化方式下均值、方差、同质性、相异性的特征组合冰川识别效果最好。据此提取了克勒青河上游区域的冰川边界,最高精度达到91.36%,该方法明显优于基于相干系数图的阈值分割法和基于光学影像的波段比值法,冰川识别精度提高了约2%。     

贵州三叠系拉丁阶-卡尼阶界线层牙形石生物地层

对贵州关岭拉丁阶-卡尼阶界线层附近的竹杆坡组和瓦窑组等间距采集牙形石样品,在详细区分牙形石Paragondolella属内各种特征的基础上,结合地层分布情况,认为Paragondolella属在晚拉丁末期沿两个分支方向演化:P.foliatainclinata→P.polygnathiformis→P.maantangensis和P.foliatainclinata→P.foliatafoliata→P.tadpole。从谱系观点出发认为P.polygnathiformis的首次出现点作为卡尼阶底界的标志是合理的,并在竹杆坡剖面首次将拉丁阶-卡尼阶界线置于第2层距底3.38m处,即杨柳井组和竹杆坡组岩石界线以上3.38m处。以上谱系关系的识别也为P.polygnathiformis带细化打下了基础。     

昆中蛇绿岩岩石学和地球化学

作为昆南变质地体与柴达木-中阿尔金地块边界的中昆仑缝合带,沿带断续出露蛇绿杂岩.本次研究涉及布青山蛇绿岩、诺木洪蛇绿岩和阿其克库勒湖西缘蛇绿岩,通过对其岩石学、岩石化学和微量元素与稀土元素地球化学特征分析,确定其属蛇绿岩类,证明蛇绿杂岩带性质属板块缝合带.     

柴达木盆地北缘石炭系顶、底界线再认识

根据近年来确定的国际年代地层界线标准讨论了柴达木盆地北缘石炭系的顶、底界线。把石炭系的底界置于陆相沉积的阿木尼克组和海相沉积的穿山沟组之间。认为阿木尼克组可以与泥盆、石炭纪之交的全球性海退事件层对比 ,穿山沟组底界是这个海退事件层之上的海进面 ,相当于三级层序初始海泛面。把石炭、二叠系界线置于扎布萨尕秀组上段类Pseudoschwagerina组合带或Sphaeroschwagerina带之底部。这个界线大体相当于以牙形石Streptognathodusisolatus首现为标志确定的二叠系底界。     

Global correlations of mid Early Triassic events: The Induan/Olenekian boundary in the Dolomites (Italy)

The Dolomites (Southern Alps, Italy) are a reference-area for research on the end-Permian mass extinction and its Early Triassic aftermath. The effects on shallow marine benthic biota are recorded in the Werfen Formation, a thick mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sedimentary succession. Only in its lower (Griesbachian) and upper (Spathian) parts, this formation is bio-chronologically constrained by means of conodonts and ammonoids, whilst no significant bioevent occurs in its middle part. This represents an impediment to the biochronologic recognition of the Induan/Olenekian boundary (IOB).The Bulla/Pufels (Val Gardena) succession is a key-section for the P/T boundary and Early Triassic for global correlation due to the abundance of studies on biostratigraphy (mostly on conodonts), magnetostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy carried out there by stratigraphers of various nationalities. Recent chemostratigraphic studies have permitted the recognition of some carbon isotope positive peaks, the strongest of which is considered to approximate the IOB. However, various authors have reached different conclusions on the position of the maximum peak and thus on the IOB location. This leads to important stratigraphic consequences for the calibration of conodont biostratigraphy. The critical revision of the traditional stratigraphic units (litho- and biostratigraphy), under-evaluated in most of the recent literature, and magneto-, chemo- and sequence stratigraphic units allowed herein an integrated stratigraphic scale for the Bulla/Pufels section to be proposed. This contribution highlights the mid Early Triassic Dolomites record for regional and global correlations.The most significant results attained herein regard the different lithostratigraphic subdivisions of the middle Werfen Formation and its consequences on the position of the IOB with respect to the conodont and bivalve biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphic units. The upper part of the section is attributed herein to the Gastropod Oolite Member, which is represented by the lithozone A, a predominant supratidal episode, and the lower part of the subtidal lithozone B. Between the lithozones A and B, a sequence boundary of 3th order (Sc2/Sc3) is located. The maximum carbon isotope excursion is near this boundary, which therefore approximates the IOB in the Dolomites. This proposal suggests a Dienerian age for the FO of the conodont Pachycladina obliqua, which occurs about 60 m below the stage boundary. No significant biotic event, either for molluscs or conodonts, occurred across this stage boundary.     

Palaeozoic micro-pelmatozoan thecae from the bedload of the River Maas (province of Limburg,the Netherlands)

In the Netherlands, Late Palaeozoic pelmatozoans – that is, stalked echinoderms – are known from building stones and cobbles in rivers, but there are no in-situ carbonate rocks from which they might be collected. Unsurprisingly, most recognisable specimens are columnals and pluricolumnals. Two small thecae, collected in the mid-1970s from silexite cobbles in the bedload of the River Maas in the Venlo-Tegelen area (province of Limburg, south-east Netherlands) are exceptional finds. One specimen, the diplobathrid camerate crinoid Rhodocrinites sp., has an unsculptured theca and some minor differences of form, yet otherwise satisfies the diagnosis of this genus. The other, the pentremitid blastoid Doryblastus? sp. is rather poorly preserved, yet is the first blastoid to be recorded from the Netherlands. Either or both of these specimens may be juveniles, particularly the blastoid. They are unlikely to be coeval, coming from separate cobbles and being of slightly different preservation. Their provenance from silexite cobbles suggest they originated from Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Visean = Mississippian) carbonates in the southern Ardennes (south-central Belgium).     

“转换面”的概念及其层序地层学意义

不整合面作为层序界面,是经典层序地层学派的基本观点,对沉积盆地层序地层格架的建立具有不可替代的作用。但对高频层序分析而言,由于三维空间中沉积作用的连续性、不整合面分布的局限性,以及不整合面并不是一个严格意义上的等时面。因此以不整合面作为层序界面具有明显的局限性。由此在高分辨率层序地层分析中,引入了"转换面"的概念。转换面包含两层意思,一是基准面由上升变为下降或由下降变为上升的转换,一是由于基准面的升降转换所引起的沉积作用的转换。转换面可分为两大类,基准面由下降变为上升的转换面,包括不整合面、顶超面及进积与退积转换面;基准面由上升变为下降的转换面,主要为洪泛面。作者探讨了顶超面、进积与退积作用的转换面和洪泛面的特征及层序意义。"转换面"概念的提出对高频层序(如四级、五级层序)划分具有重要的意义,使层序地层理论与分析方法能更有效地应用于油气勘探与开发实践。以济阳坳陷博兴洼陷沙三段的辫状三角洲-滑塌浊积扇体系为例,通过内部转换面的识别,将沙三段划分为4个长期旋回和8个中期旋回,并以此为基础,建立了研究区较高精度的层序地层格架。     

四川广元上寺剖面二叠系-三叠系界线位置在那里?

<正> 四川广元上寺剖面是我国著名的二叠系-三叠系界线剖面之一,李子舜等(1986)和杨遵仪等(1987)曾推荐它为国际二叠系-三叠系界线候选层型剖面。60年代初中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所川北地层队率先对这个剖面的二叠系和三叠系进行调查。此后,四川二区测队、西南地质研究所、四川石油管理局、武汉地质学院、成都地质学院等均先后到此作了大量工作。70年代末杨遵仪教授组织的界线专题小组(IGCP 106项和 203     

滨里海盆地碳酸盐岩高频层序特征及其油气勘探应用--以M区块石炭系KT-I含油层系为例

KT-I是滨里海盆地M区块盐下重要含油层系,该层灰泥频繁互层,相带类型多样,非均质性严重,储层展布认识不清。本文应用高频层序地层学研究思路,提出碳酸盐岩高频层序及超层序划分体系域的可行性及思路,以及淹没不整合面作为碳酸盐岩层序界面的重要作用。在此基础上,岩-电-震相结合,通过淹没不整合面和暴露间断面等层序界面的分级识别与分析,首次将研究区KT-I含油层系划分为3个四级层序、9个五级层序,并对高频层序进行体系域划分;建立了研究区快速海侵（对应淹没不整合）和慢速海侵条件下对应的高频层序体系域发育模式,理清研究区地层发育特征及储层展布规律。进而讨论淹没不整合及高频层序体系域在碳酸盐岩油气勘探中的应用。     

准噶尔盆地滴南凸起二叠系、三叠系层序地层格架的建立

通过区域地质背景分析、地震反射特征等识别出准噶尔盆地滴南凸起二叠系底面、三叠系顶面以及两系之间的分界面均为层序界面,且这3个界面均是区域性的岩性突变面.受其启示,对三叠系克拉玛依组和白碱滩组的分界面进行了分析,发现该界面同样为区域性的岩性界面,同时还是地层缺失面、地震强反射界面,判断其亦为层序界面.因此,本区二叠系、三叠系共划分为3个层序,在每个层序内部又进行了体系域的划分.     

河南省西峡—内乡北部元古界与古生界间的构造边界

构造制图和详细的构造解析,在东秦岭造山带核部识别出一个原先未曾注意的元古代变质岩区与古生代变质岩区间的构造边界——军马河-马蹄湾断裂带。实际上,这个构造边界是一个底部韧性变形带,带内发育构造混杂岩、糜棱岩和强直片麻岩。本文阐述了各种几何学特征,它们表明变形是发生在一个缓倾斜的剪切带之上。大量的运动学标志指出,在中生代花岗岩类岩体就位前,再造的元古代变质岩区沿着构造边界向北逆冲于古生代变质岩区之上。     

层序地层学研究现状及进展:模式多样化

1977年至1988年,层序地层学从诞生逐渐走向成熟,并且形成了一套完整的概念体系和工作方法,这段特殊时期被称为层序地层学的Exxon时代.之后,将最大海泛面作为层序界面的R-T层序模式则代表了后Exxon时代模式多样化的开始.随后,对Exxon层序地层学概念体系不协调的认识则代表了由模式多样化所表征的后Exxon时代...     

济阳坳陷古近系区域层序地层格架地层特征对比

综合生物地层学、磁性地层学（ESR测年法）、地震地层学及层序地层学等地层学的研究成果,通过对断陷盆地区域等时界面的识别、界面级次和界面性质的分析与对比,以三级层序为基本组构单元建立了济阳坳陷古近系区域等时地层格架系统。通过分析济阳坳陷四大次级凹陷古近系各二级层序和隐蔽油气藏最为发育的重点三级层序的可对比性,认为二级层序完全受构造幕的直接控制,具有很好的可对比性。四个次级凹陷的重点三级层序地层格架的旋回性质具有一致性,标志性沉积物出现于相同或类似的旋回位置。然而,T2(沙一段底)、T4（沙三段上亚段底）和T6(沙三段中亚段底)的三级层序界面性质在不同凹陷间具有明显的差异性。从层序成因动力学角度来解释,这种旋回性质的相似性和界面性质的差异性分别表明了同一层序地层格架中沉积环境对沉积物类型起决定性的影响作用以及渤海湾盆地构造沉降沉积中心的迁移对层序界面性质所起的主要控制作用。