台湾海峡西部海域大气中金属的特征Ⅰ.金属的浓度和粒度分布

1991～1993年,收集了台湾海峡西部海域上空大气中的181个颗粒样品和2个颗粒分级样品．采用原子分光光度法分析了其中的颗粒金属Al、Fe、Cu、Pb、Cd和Na．台湾海峡西部海域大气中颗粒金属Fe、Cu、Pb、Cd的含量明显低于大陆城市大气中的含量．大气颗粒物中Al、Cu和Pb显示了明显的年变化．Al、Fe、Cu、Pb和Cd表现出明显的季节变化,于季大于湿季,影响大气颗粒金属元素浓度季节变化的主要因素是雨水的冲刷作用和季风．大气中颗粒Fe的粒径分布呈现双峰,Al主要分布在小于2．1μm粒径上,Na主要分布在小于等于3．6μm粒径上,而Cu、Pb和Cd则主要分布在小于等于0．52μm的小颗粒上．     

珠江口海域气溶胶中重金属含量的时间变化特征及入海通量初步估算

采用2009～2011年珠江口海域获取的代表春、夏、秋、冬4个季节的240个气溶胶样品,分析重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、ca）质量浓度和大气干沉降通量的年、季变化特征．结果表明：气溶胶中zn的质量浓度最高,其次是Pb和Cu,Cd的质量浓度最低,年平均质量浓度依次为69,2、31．2、12．6和0．58ng／m3．Cu、Pb和Zn的年平均质量浓度和入海通量表现为2009年〉2011年〉2010年．Cd的年平均质量浓度和入海通量呈现逐年递减的变化趋势．各金属质量浓度及大气干沉降通量均为秋季最高,冬春季次之,夏季最低,这种季节性差异主要与季风和雨水冲刷作用有关．气溶胶中Cu、Ph、Cd和Zn平均质量浓度的较低值出现在2010年夏季．Pb在4个季节的平均质量浓度低值均出现在2010年,平均质量浓度依次为18．9、3．8、56．7、20．2ng／m3,表明加强人为污染物排放的控制,可有效地降低气溶胶中重金属的含量,提高环境空气质量．通过评估金属元素分别从大气和河流进入珠江口海域的输入量,该海域金属物质输送入海仍以河流输入为主,但大气中Pb对该海域的输入具有重要作用．     

台湾海峡西部海域大气中金属的特征──Ⅱ.大气颗粒金属的来源和入海通量

通过因子分析和相关回归分析,台湾海峡海域大气中颗粒物中金属的来源特征为:Fe主要来自地壳风化尘土,少量来自污染物.Pb和Cd主要来自污染源,少量Pb来自尘土和海水.Na主要来自海水,但也有少量来自尘土和次生气溶胶.Cu主要来自尘土,部分来自污染物,少量来自海水.比较台湾海峡西部海域来自大气和来自河流的金属通量,大气中的Cu低于河流,Pb高于河流,Cd略高于河流.     

珠江口海域大气中重金属季节变化特征及其与气象因子的关系

利用2013-2015年珠江口海域代表春、夏、秋、冬4个季节的气溶胶质量浓度资料及同期的气象观测数据,分析得出大气中重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn)质量浓度具有秋季最高,冬季次之,春、夏季较低的季节变化特征,这一特征与气象因子及污染来源关系密切。除春季外,夏、秋、冬季,大气中Cu、Pb、Zn之间具有良好的显著相关性,说明大气中赋存Cu、Pb、Zn的颗粒物一部分来源相同。春、夏季,当主导风向为东南向时,气团较清洁,大气污染物浓度低;秋、冬季,当主导风向为偏东向及北风向时,污染物由内陆源及沿海源输送,大气污染物浓度高。气象条件对大气中重金属含量具有重要的影响,且其相关性随季节变化明显。通过SPSS 19.0软件对大气中Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度与近地面风速、气温、气压、相对湿度等做曲线回归分析,尝试找出各污染物浓度变化与气象因子的定量关系。结果表明,春、夏季,当气温27℃时,Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度与气温呈显著正相关;夏季,Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度与气压、相对湿度(90%)呈显著负相关;秋季,Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度与风速和相对湿度(65%)具有显著负相关;冬季,当气压在1005.0~1015.0 h Pa范围内,Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度与气压呈显著正相关。     

青岛滨海高速公路路面径流金属污染研究

滨海高速公路径流作为沿海城市金属污染源之一受到国内外关注。青岛市青银高速公路路面径流金属Cr、Cu、Zn、Hg及Pb分析表明,青岛高速公路路面径流水质较好,基本符合国家V类水质标准。初期径流水质中污染物浓度较高,随着降雨冲刷强度突然增大,出现"二次冲刷"现象。结合主成分分析推知径流中Cr、Cu、Zn及Cd主要来源于大气沉降,而Hg与Pb主要来源于大气的道路交通污染。     

长江口重金属固液界面过程Ⅲ.水合氧化铁吸附Pb、Cu、Cd的动力学

本文模拟长江口某些环境条件,研究了水含氧化铁吸附Pb、Cu、Cd的动力学,测定了不同体系、不同温度下的正向速率常数,估算了Pb、Cu的吸附活化能分别约为7和11千卡/克分子.结果表明:水合氧化铁对Pb、Cu的吸附能力较强,对Pb、Cu、Cd三元素的吸附速率次序为Pb>Cu>Cd,与热力学平衡常数的次序相一致.论证了表面交换吸附反应是此固液界面过程的控制步骤的动力学机理,从而可对长江口现场调查结果予以理论上的解释.此外,本文探讨了界面吸附的正向速率常数和活化能的估算方法.     

珠江口大万山海域大气总悬浮颗粒物中微量元素富集因子特征及物源解析

利用2014年秋季珠江口大万山海域大气气溶胶样品,分析了总悬浮颗粒物中微量元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Fe、Cr和As)的含量,根据调查结果,利用富集系数法对微量元素的来源进行了分析。结果表明,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Fe、Cr、As来源环境具有相同或相似性。调查海域大气颗粒物中的Pb、Zn、Cd和As含量相对于地壳均表现为强富集,富集系数远远大于10,属于污染元素,主要来自人类活动污染。珠江口大万山海域、辽东湾海域、青岛海域和东海海域这四个海域海洋大气中Pb、Zn和Cu的富集系数依次降低的顺序是一致的。整体而言,珠江口大万山海域Pb、Zn和Cu元素的富集因子相较国内其它海域低,但Cd的富集因子较高,达1000以上,受人类活动影响很大。     

台湾海峡大气微量金属的化学特征及其入海通量

2006～2007年，利用大容量气溶胶采样器在台湾海峡采集79个大气气溶胶样品．采用ICP—MS分析法测定了样品中Pb、Cu、Cd、V、Zn、Fe和Al等金属元素的含量．分析结果显示，台湾海峡大气微量金属含量呈现出明显的季节变化，对大部分元素而言，含量最低值出现在夏季，而最高值出现在冬季，气溶胶中微量金属的含量变化与海峡的气象条件等因素有关．通过富集因子、相关性分析和因子分析，对微量金属的来源进行了判别．台湾海峡大气微量金属的来源特征为：Cu、Pb、Cd、V主要来自污染源，而Al、Fe、Zn则主要来自地壳源．比较和分析了台湾海峡海域微量金属的大气与河流输入，Cu和Zn的大气输入低于九龙江和闽江的输入，而Pb、Cd的大气输入则超过了这2条河流的输入．     

广西廉州湾贝类养殖区重金属的含量变化及潜在生态风险评价

根据2012—2017年每年8月廉州湾贝类养殖区现场监测资料,探讨了重金属(Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd)在其海水和表层沉积物中的含量变化,评价了2种介质中重金属的污染状况和沉积物重金属的潜在危害状况.结果表明:海水中重金属平均含量为Cu Pb Cd Hg,除Cu外,Hg、Pb、Cd的年际变化均呈明显上升趋势,其污染程度顺序为Cu Hg Pb Cd,整体水质状况基本属于本底水平;表层沉积物中重金属平均含量为Pb Cu Cd Hg,除Hg外,Cu、Pb、Cd的年际变化趋势和水相中的变化基本一致,其污染程度排序为Cu Pb Hg Cd,整体处于中等污染水平;表层沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险程度顺序依次为Hg Cd Cu Pb,6次调查结果的综合潜在生态风险指数RI值均低于140,平均值为76. 98,表明该海域属于低潜在生态风险水平.     

厦门贝类养殖区海水、沉积物和养殖贝类体内重金属含量的初步研究

根据2005年4月和10月厦门贝类养殖区的环境调查资料,着重对贝类养殖区海水、表层沉积物和贝类体内重金属的含量分布进行分析,并对贝类养殖区的生态环境进行质量评价及潜在生态危害评价.结果表明,厦门贝类养殖区海水中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的平均含量分别为1.06、1.23、0.05和6.28/μg·L-1;沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、zn的平均含量分别为20.0×10-6、39.5×10-6、0.07×10-6和97.3×10-6.贝类体内Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的平均含量分别为16.3×10-6、0.24×10-6、0.38×10-6和63.9×10-6.生态环境质量评价结果表明,贝类养殖区海水重金属的含量符合第二类<海水水质标准>要求,处于清洁水平;养殖区沉积物重金属的含量符合第一类<海洋沉积物质量>标准,属于较清洁水平.潜在生态危害评价结果,Cu、Pb和Cd的潜在生态危害系数大于Zn,表明Cu、Pb、Cd的潜在危害大于zn,但整个养殖区沉积物中重金属的潜在危害属于轻微,养殖环境良好.菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum、缢蛏Sinonovacula constricta体内Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的含量均未超<无公害食品>,<食品中锌限量卫生标准>和<海洋生物质量>标准,但僧帽牡蛎Saccostrea cucullata体内Cu的含量和泥蚶Tegillarca granosa体内Cd的含量已超标.     

Cross-Calibration and Long-Term Monitoring of the Microwave Radiometers of ERS, TOPEX, GFO, Jason, and Envisat

The radiometers on board the satellites ERS-1, TOPEX/Poseidon, ERS-2, GFO, Jason-1, and Envisat measure brightness temperatures at two or three different frequencies to determine the total columnal water vapor content and wet tropospheric path delay, a major correction to the altimeter range measurements. In order to asses the long-term stability of the path delay, the radiometers are calibrated against vicarious cold and hot references, against each other, and against several atmospheric models. Four of these radiometers exhibit significant drifts in at least one of the channels, resulting in yet unmodeled errors in path delay of up to 1 mm/year, thus limiting the accuracy at which global sea level rise can be inferred from the altimeter range measurements.     

Cross-Calibration and Long-Term Monitoring of the Microwave Radiometers of ERS,TOPEX, GFO,Jason, and Envisat

The radiometers on board the satellites ERS-1, TOPEX/Poseidon, ERS-2, GFO, Jason-1, and Envisat measure brightness temperatures at two or three different frequencies to determine the total columnal water vapor content and wet tropospheric path delay, a major correction to the altimeter range measurements. In order to asses the long-term stability of the path delay, the radiometers are calibrated against vicarious cold and hot references, against each other, and against several atmospheric models. Four of these radiometers exhibit significant drifts in at least one of the channels, resulting in yet unmodeled errors in path delay of up to 1 mm/year, thus limiting the accuracy at which global sea level rise can be inferred from the altimeter range measurements.     

The Kuril Earthquakes and tsunamis of November 15, 2006, and January 13, 2007: Observations,analysis, and numerical modeling

Major earthquakes occurred in the region of the Central Kuril Islands on November 15, 2006 (M _w = 8.3) and January 13, 2007 (M _w = 8.1). These earthquakes generated strong tsunamis recorded throughout the entire Pacific Ocean. The first was the strongest trans-Pacific tsunami of the past 42 years (since the Alaska tsunami in 1964). The high probability of a strong earthquake (M _w ≥ 8.5) and associated destructive tsunami occurring in this region was predicted earlier. The most probable earthquake source region was investigated and possible scenarios for the tsunami generation were modeled. Investigations of the events that occurred on November 15, 2006, and January 13, 2007, enabled us to estimate the validity of the forecast and compare the parameters of the forecasted and observed earthquakes and tsunamis. In this paper, we discuss the concept of “seismic gaps,” which formed the basis for the forecast of these events, and put forward further assumptions about the expected seismic activity in the region. We investigate the efficiency of the tsunami warning services and estimate the statistical parameters for the observed tsunami waves that struck the Far Eastern coast of Russia and Northern Japan. The propagation and transformation of the 2006 and 2007 tsunamis are studied using numerical hydrodynamic modeling. The spatial characteristics of the two events are compared.     

Distribution and stoichiometry of Al,Mn, Fe,Co, Ni,Cu, Zn,Cd, and Pb in seawater around the Juan de Fuca Ridge

A central theme of the ongoing GEOTRACES program is to improve the understanding of processes occurring at ocean interfaces with continents, sediments, and ocean crust. In this context, we studied the distributions of Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb around the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR) in total dissolvable (td), dissolved (d), and labile particulate (lp) fractions, which represent a fraction in unfiltered samples, filtered samples through an AcroPak capsule filter, and the difference between td and d, respectively. Al and Fe were dominated by lp-species, while Ni, Zn, and Cd were dominated by d-species with undetectable amounts of lp-species. Major findings in this study are as follows: (1) The continental margin (CM) provided large sources of Al, Mn, Fe, and Co from the surface to ~2000 m in depth. The supply from CM caused high surface concentrations of dMn and dCo, a subsurface (100–300 m depth) maximum of dCo, and intermediate (500–2000 m depth) maxima of lpAl and lpFe. The supply of dFe from CM was ~10 times that from the high-temperature hydrothermal activity at station BD21, which is located at ~3 km from the Middle Valley venting site and ~ 200 km from Vancouver Island. (2) DPb was maximum at the top layer of North Pacific Intermediate Water, probably owing to isopycnal transport of anthropogenic Pb via advection of subducted surface waters. Although dCo and dPb had different sources in the upper water, they showed a strong linearity below 300 m (r ² = 0.95, n = 38), indicating concurrent scavenging. (3) A high-temperature hydrothermal plume occurred at a depth of 2300 m at BD21, accounting for maxima of dAl, dMn, dFe, lpCu, and lpPb and a minimum of dCu. (4) Strong bottom maxima of lpAl, lpMn, lpFe, lpCo, and lpPb occurred above the abyssal plain at the western foot of the JdFR, indicating resuspension of sediments. However, bottom maxima of d-species were apparent only for dAl and dCu.     

Natural and anthropogenic sources of Hg,Cd, Pb,Cu and Zn in seawater and sediment of Mljet National Park,Croatia

Distributions of Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in seawater and sediment from Mljet National Park, Adriatic Sea are presented for the first time. Natural and anthropogenic factors play an important role in determining resultant trace metals' concentrations in the region. We place particular emphasis on the saline “lakes” of Malo Jezero and Veliko Jezero, which have restricted flows of seawater. In Malo Jezero lake, fresh karstic spring water generated by flooding, and weathering of dolomites are the main sources of naturally elevated Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations (20.7 ± 1.6, 289 ± 19, 1260 ± 0.08 ng L^?1, respectively); anthropogenic input is negligible. In Veliko Jezero lake enhanced Cu and Zn contents originate from anthropogenic input (tourism and agriculture). Distributions of the Pb and Zn in the water columns of both lakes are influenced by natural aragonite precipitation and sedimentation. Exceptionally high total Hg concentrations of 24.2 and 33.7 ng L^?1 in the water column of Malo Jezero, sampled during periods of high rainfall associated with strong eastern winds, suggest an airborne input. Total Hg concentrations in waters of both lakes are elevated because of inefficient mixing. Two different metal distribution patterns exist in the sediment columns. First, Hg, Pb, Cu and Zn show elevated concentrations in recent sediments due to anthropogenic input. Second, Cd content increases with depth due to reprecipitation via a downward redox boundary shift.Described natural processes, as well as anthropogenic influence, enhance levels of trace metals. Careful study followed by suitable interpretation based on geochemical data were necessary to distinguish natural from anthropogenic sources.     

Concentrations of zinc,manganese, copper,cadmium, magnesium and iron in ten species of algae and sea water from Aqaba,Jordan

Concentrations of zinc, manganese, copper, cadmium, magnesium and iron in three species of red, four species of brown and three species of green macroalgae, and also in sea water have been determined at two localities along the coast of Aqaba. Significant differences in metal concentrations were found between the various species (P<0·01). Similar significant differences were found with regard to different metals (P<0·001). Concentration factors ranged between 10² for Cd and 9·2 × 10⁴ for Fe. The difference in levels of metals between the two localities, however, was not significant (P > 0·05). Of the three groups of algae examined, rhodopytes exhibited the highest concentration power of metals.     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

Distribution and Sources of Dissolved and Particulate Heavy Metals (Mn,Co, Ni,Cu, Zn,Cd, Pb) in Masan Bay,Korea

Ocean Science Journal - In this study, we investigated the spatial and temporal distribution and sources of dissolved and particulate heavy metals in Masan Bay, an area that for a long time has...     

Lead, cadmium, copper, nickel and iron in limpets, mussels and snails from the coast of ras Beirut, Lebanon

Samples of Patella coerulea (Linnaeus), Brachydontes variabilis (Krauss), Monodonta turbinata (Born) and surface seawater were collected at eight locations along the coast of Ras Beirut, Lebanon, and analysed for lead, cadmium, copper, nickel and iron. With the exception of cadmium, the metal levels found in the three molluscs appear to be high in relation to levels reported by investigators from other coastal areas. The average values for lead, cadmium and nickel within these animals were quite similar. Concentrations of copper in P. coerulea were lower, but concentrations of iron were much higher than those found in both B. variabilis and M. turbinata. Further studies of metal levels in various other intertidal organisms from Ras Beirut, together with investigations into the possible effects of seasonal changes on metal concentration and distribution, are currently under way.