柔性承台下群桩及刚性桩筏基础的竖向振动分析

基于简化的群桩动力计算模型,采用有限元子结构方法和薄层法,提出了与工程实际情况更为接近的完全埋入、部分埋入群桩和刚性桩筏基础的计算方法。分析了层状地基中不同激振频率条件下,承台板厚度、桩间距对于群桩动力阻抗的影响,研究了不同承台板厚度条件下群桩阻抗的分布规律。通过与传统刚性承台下群桩动力特性的比较分析,验证了本模型的合理性。     

二相介质饱和土中群桩动力阻抗分析

用流体饱和多孔介质材料描述土体，由饱和土和群桩及承台系统的位移协调条件和力平衡条件建立饱和土和群桩及承台系统动力相互作用的控制方程，分析饱和土中群桩动力阻抗。结果表明：孔隙流体对饱和土中桩基础动力阻抗有一定的影响；在饱和土具有不同的流体渗透系数时，饱和土中群桩动力阻抗也有一定差别。在地基上与基础结构动力相互作用研究中应该考虑地基土中孔隙流体的影响。     

地震作用下承台桩-土动力相互作用数值模拟分析

基于已开展的非液化场地-群桩基础-结构体系动力响应大型振动台模型试验,进行三维全时程动力数值模拟分析。采用修正的Davidenkov模型反映土体在地震反应过程中的模量衰减,通过“捆绑边界”模拟模型箱的层状剪切运动。通过对比试验中土-结构体系加速度响应时程、土体位移和桩基内力等,验证数值模型的有效性。利用已验证的数值模型,开展承台尺寸对桩-土-上部结构动力响应影响研究。结果表明,承台厚度的增大会导致上部结构和桩顶惯性效应减小;地震作用下沿激振方向前桩大于后桩,随着承台厚度的增大,前桩与后桩峰值弯矩差值率为16.1%～32.1%,群桩效应影响增大;随着承台厚度的增大,承台-土动土压力增大了3～6倍,承台与桩基水平荷载分担比增大,桩基弯矩反弯点位置上移了0.50 m;承台-土的相互摩擦作用会降低结构整体动力响应。     

饱和砂土地基中群桩侧向动力响应试验与数值模拟对比研究

可液化场地中桩基尤其是群桩的横向动力响应特性的研究,一直是国内外岩土地震工程领域关注的热点问题。由于桩-土-承台结构动力相互作用过程的复杂性,基于砂土-群桩-承台结构模型振动台试验,对饱和砂土中群桩侧向动力响应特性进行了分析。在此基础上,通过大型有限元软件OpenSees建立了三维模型,展开了数值模拟研究,并将数值模拟结果与试验结果进行了对比研究。结果表明:在正弦波输入下,无论是干砂还是饱和砂土试验,群桩承台加速度和位移时程与模拟承台加速度和位移时程在曲线趋势和峰值上基本吻合;在El-Centro地震波输入下,干砂和饱和砂土的模拟承台加速度时程曲线峰值和趋势与试验的比较吻合,而承台位移时程曲线频率比试验要高,但承台位移峰值基本一致。     

液化土中斜群桩承台动力响应特性及桩身弯矩分布规律研究

为研究动荷载作用下饱和砂土发生液化前后斜群桩的动力响应相关问题,利用土工离心机振动台进行了饱和砂土场地条件下的斜群桩物理模型试验。通过试验分别对土层响应、桩身弯矩以及桩顶承台加速度和位移等进行了详细分析,得到了如下结论:不同荷载作用下土层液化范围的改变导致了土层加速度峰值出现了不同程度的放大或缩小现象;砂土液化前后桩身动弯矩和残余弯矩对整个桩身的影响程度发生了显著变化,尤其在砂土大范围液化后残余弯矩相比动弯矩的影响明显减弱;当输入加速度峰值较小时,桩顶承台水平加速度峰值与振动台台面比较出现了明显的放大现象。而随着输入加速度峰值的增加,在振动后期承台水平加速度峰值出现了缩小的现象,同时在振动结束后承台产生了明显的动态残余位移。本研究取得的相关结论为液化土中斜群桩的相关研究以及工程设计提供参考。     

桥梁在役桩的竖向动力响应特性及损伤识别研究

基于ANSYS LS-DYNA建立桥梁的墩-承台-桩-土有限元显式动力学模型,模拟桥梁的桩基础在承台上表面施加冲击荷载后完整桩和有断裂缺陷桩的竖向速度响应,分六桩-承台和八桩-承台两种桩基础进行数值计算。结果表明：在所要检测的基桩对应的承台上表面施加冲击力,产生的应力波通过承台到达下方的基桩后沿桩身向下传播,类似于低应变反射波法测桩的原理,应力波在到达桩底桩土交界面或者断裂面等阻抗变化较大处会发生应力波反射,在桩头处的竖向速度响应波形曲线中能识别出反射回的应力波,进而判别桩是完整还是存在断裂损伤;数值计算同时记录承台表面的竖向速度响应,发现承台表面的竖向速度响应波形比桩头处的竖向速度响应波形由于应力波在桩承台界面的多次反射而更加复杂,难以准确判断反射波。     

层状地基端承桩扭转动力阻抗研究

本文采用Novak薄层法推导粘弹性地基的扭转动力阻抗,并将其用于考虑桩土相互作用的单桩扭转动力阻抗,又通过传递矩阵法将此公式推广到求取层状地基单桩扭转动力阻抗。而且本文以工程中常用的端承桩为例,推导了层状地基中端承桩扭转动力阻抗的简化计算公式。根据此公式,分析了频率、上覆软土层厚度、上覆软土层刚度等因素对单桩扭转动力阻抗的影响,分析结果表明,随着振动频率提高,层状地基中端承单桩的扭转动力阻抗的实部有缓慢下降的趋势,而虚部则增大;随着上覆土层厚度的增加,层状地基中端承单桩的扭转动力阻抗的实部和虚部均减小;随着上覆土层刚度的减小,层状地基中端承单桩的扭转动力阻抗的实部减小,虚部在低频段减小,而在较高频率段则增大。     

承台型式对可液化场地桥梁桩-柱墩地震响应影响振动台试验

基于相同土层结构地基条件下,分别采用低承台群桩-独柱墩与高承台群桩-独柱墩结构,完成了两次可液化场地群桩-土-桥梁结构地震反应振动台试验,据此研究了承台型式对桥梁桩-柱墩地震反应的影响。研究表明,与高承台桩相比,可液化场地中低承台桩的抗震性能更优;地震中砂层尚未液化或液化不充分时,低承台更多表现出减弱桩尤其桩上段的加速度反应的作用,相反高承台更多起到放大桩的加速度作用,而高承台桩与低承台桩的峰值应变自下而上更多表现出逐渐增大趋势;即使砂层完全液化时,低承台桩的峰值应变自下而上仍以渐增为主;与低承台桩相比,高承台桩更有助于放大墩顶加速度、位移反应,对结构体系整体稳定性产生了不良影响;虽然低承台桩未出现严重破坏,但砂层中部桩的应变却很大,液化砂土-桩运动相互作用对桩的抗震性能影响不容忽视。     

基于扩散虚土桩法的大直径桩纵向振动研究

在考虑大直径桩尺寸效应及桩端土应力扩散效应情况下,进行了非均质土中大直径桩的纵向振动研究。利用Rayleigh-Love杆理论,考虑大直径桩桩身的横向惯性效应;引入扩散虚土桩模型模拟桩端土对桩身的支承作用;桩侧土考虑径向非均质,采用复刚度传递多圈层平面应变模型——以此建立桩-土耦合振动系统的简化模型。结合边界条件、初始条件和连续条件,推导得出大直径桩桩顶速度的频域解析解和时域半解析解。通过各种工况下相关参数对桩顶动力响应的影响分析,得出非均质土中大直径桩的振动规律。     

单桩水平及水平-摇摆耦合振动分析

采用Novak薄层法,分析了单桩的水平及水平-摇摆耦合振动。然后,引进Novak和韩英才的边界层理论,全面分析和对比了匀质弹性、匀质粘弹性和非匀质粘弹性地基中单桩的动力阻抗,考察了各种因素对单桩动力阻抗的影响程度。在推导单桩水平动力阻抗的过程中,采用克雷洛夫函数和初参数法求解单桩的水平振动微分方程,从而能够方便地考虑桩长和桩底土对单桩动力阻抗的影响。计算表明,当桩的长径比较小时,桩底土对单桩动力阻抗有重要的影响。     

Dynamic response of pile groups with different configurations

A general methodology is outlined for a complete seismic soil—pile-foundation—structure interaction analysis. A Beam-on-Dynamic-Winkler-Foundation (BDWF) simplified model and a Green's-function-based rigorous method are utilized in determining the dynamic response of single piles and pile groups. The simplified model is validated through comparisons with the rigorous method. A comprehensive parameter study is then performed on the effect of pile group configuration on the dynamic impedances of pile foundations. Insight is gained into the nature of dynamic pile—soil—pile interaction. The results presented herein may be used in practice as a guide in obtaining the dynamic stiffness and damping of foundations with a large number of piles.     

A Study of Piles during Earthquakes: Issues of Design and Analysis

The seismic response of pile foundations is a very complex process involving inertial interaction between structure and pile foundation, kinematic interaction between piles and soils, seismically induced pore-water pressures (PWP) and the non-linear response of soils to strong earthquake motions. In contrast, very simple pseudo-static methods are used in engineering practice to determine response parameters for design. These methods neglect several of the factors cited above that can strongly affect pile response. Also soil–pile interaction is modelled using either linear or non-linear springs in a Winkler computational model for pile response. The reliability of this constitutive model has been questioned. In the case of pile groups, the Winkler model for analysis of a single pile is adjusted in various ways by empirical factors to yield a computational model for group response. Can the results of such a simplified analysis be adequate for design in all situations?The lecture will present a critical evaluation of general engineering practice for estimating the response of pile foundations in liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils during earthquakes. The evaluation is part of a major research study on the seismic design of pile foundations sponsored by a Japanese construction company with interests in performance based design and the seismic response of piles in reclaimed land. The evaluation of practice is based on results from field tests, centrifuge tests on model piles and comprehensive non-linear dynamic analyses of pile foundations consisting of both single piles and pile groups. Studies of particular aspects of pile–soil interaction were made. Piles in layered liquefiable soils were analysed in detail as case histories show that these conditions increase the seismic demand on pile foundations. These studies demonstrate the importance of kinematic interaction, usually neglected in simple pseudo-static methods. Recent developments in designing piles to resist lateral spreading of the ground after liquefaction are presented. A comprehensive study of the evaluation of pile cap stiffness coefficients was undertaken and a reliable method of selecting the single value stiffnesses demanded by mainstream commercial structural software was developed. Some other important findings from the study are: the relative effects of inertial and kinematic interactions between foundation and soil on acceleration and displacement spectra of the super-structure; a method for estimating whether inertial interaction is likely to be important or not in a given situation and so when a structure may be treated as a fixed based structure for estimating inertial loads; the occurrence of large kinematic moments when a liquefied layer or naturally occurring soft layer is sandwiched between two hard layers; and the role of rotational stiffness in controlling pile head displacements, especially in liquefiable soils. The lecture concludes with some recommendations for practice that recognize that design, especially preliminary design, will always be based on simplified procedures.     

基于动力BNWF法的冻土-桩相互作用模型研究

基于水平循环荷载作用下不同负温冻土环境中单桩动力特性模型试验结果,在已有分析桩-土-结构相互作用的动力BNWF模型的基础上,提出改进的冻土-桩基动力相互作用非线性反应分析模型。在该模型中,利用改进的双向无拉力多段屈服弹簧考虑桩侧冻土的水平非线性力学特性,同时兼顾桩侧与冻土间的竖向非线性摩擦效应、桩尖土的挤压与分离作用以及远场土体阻尼对桩基动力特性的影响。其中桩侧水平多段屈服弹簧参数根据冻土非线性p-y关系获得,该关系曲线以三次函数曲线段及常值函数段共同模拟,并由室内冻土压缩试验结果确定。最后基于改进的动力BNWF模型,提取动位移荷载作用下该桩顶力-位移滞回曲线及桩身不同埋深处的弯矩动响应数值分析结果,并与相应的模型试验结果对比,二者具有较好的拟合度,表明本文所提出的改进模型在分析冻土-桩动力相互作用时有较好的适用性。     

强震状态下黄土中桩基动力性状分析

传统通过p-y曲线法分析强震状态下黄土中桩基动力性状时未进行桩基结构模拟,获取的强震状态下黄土中桩基动力的相关动力参数不准确。本文提出新的强震状态下黄土中桩基动力性状分析方法,依据HS硬化模型设计HSS本构模型,通过模型获取强震状态下黄土中桩基动力的相关参数,以此为基础采用PLAXIS软件构建黄土中桩基有限元模型;通过两种模型从耦合荷载作用下的桩基桩身水平位移响应、桩身内力响应两方面对强震状态下黄土桩基动力性状展开实验分析。实验结果表明,所提方法可对强震状态下黄土中桩基动力性状进行准确分析。     

大直径扩底灌注桩的抗震性能研究

深入分析土-大直径扩底灌注桩体系动力相互作用机理是地震工程的重要研究内容。本文采用快速拉格朗日FLAC~(3D)有限差分程序建立地震荷载作用下扩底桩-土和等直径桩-土动力相互作用体的三维数值模型,分析大直径扩底桩与普通等直径桩地震反应的差异。桩周土采用Mohr-Coulomb弹性模型以考虑土体的非线性,桩体采用线弹性模型,桩与桩周土之间采用"切割模型"法设置桩土间接触面。输入5·12汶川地震波,对两种桩基的地震反应进行了数值计算与分析。结果表明:扩底桩的抗震性能优于等直径桩;与具有显著差异的加速度时程曲线相比,扩底桩对位移动力响应并不敏感。     

Influence of dynamic soil-pile raft-structure interaction: an experimental approach

Traditionally seismic design of structures supported on piled raft foundation is performed by considering fixed base conditions, while the pile head is also considered to be fixed for the design of the pile foundation. Major drawback of this assumption is that it cannot capture soil-foundation-structure interaction due to flexibility of soil or the inertial interaction involving heavy foundation masses. Previous studies on this subject addressed mainly the intricacy in modelling of dynamic soil structure interaction(DSSI) but not the implication of such interaction on the distribution of forces at various elements of the pile foundation and supported structure. A recent numerical study by the authors showed significant change in response at different elements of the piled raft supported structure when DSSI effects are considered. The present study is a limited attempt in this direction, and it examines such observations through shake table tests. The effect of DSSI is examined by comparing dynamic responses from fixed base scaled down model structures and the overall systems. This study indicates the possibility of significant underestimation in design forces for both the column and pile if designed under fixed base assumption. Such underestimation in the design forces may have serious implication in the design of a foundation or structural element.     

Dynamic stiffness of deep foundations with inclined piles

The influence of inclined piles on the dynamic response of deep foundations and superstructures is still not well understood and needs further research. For this reason, impedance functions of deep foundations with inclined piles, obtained numerically from a boundary element–finite element coupling model, are provided in this paper. More precisely, vertical, horizontal, rocking and horizontal–rocking crossed dynamic stiffness and damping functions of single inclined piles and 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 pile groups with battered elements are presented in a set of plots. The soil is assumed to be a homogeneous viscoelastic isotropic half‐space and the piles are modeled as elastic compressible Euler–Bernoulli beams. The results for different pile group configurations, pile–soil stiffness ratios and rake angles are presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Horizontal dynamic stiffness of pile groups: Approximate expressions

A number of solutions and computer programs are already available to determine the dynamic stiffness of complete pile foundations, assuming linear elastic soil behavior and perfect bonding between the piles and the surrounding soil. These are assumptions that would be generally valid for properly designed machine foundations where very small strains should be expected. A number of approximate formulations have also been developed. Among these the most commonly used one is that proposed by Poulos (1971) [12] for the static case, computing interaction coefficients between the heads of two piles considered by themselves, then forming a matrix of these coefficients to obtain the interaction between the heads of all the piles in the group. Additional approximations have been suggested, particularly for the computation of the interaction coefficients, using closed form expressions. In this paper, approximate expressions that can be used for preliminary estimates, at the very early stages of the design, without the need of computers, are presented. They are intended for pile groups with pile spacing of the order of 3 diameters, typical relations between the modulus of elasticity of the piles and that of the soil between 100 and 1000, and very small amplitude vibrations.     

Nonlinear 3D finite element analysis of soil–pile–structure interaction system subjected to horizontal earthquake excitation

The dynamic response of a seismic soil–pile–structure interaction (SSPSI) system is investigated in this paper by conducting nonlinear 3D finite element numerical simulations. Nonlinear behaviors such as non-reflecting boundary condition and soil–pile–structure interaction modeled by the penalty method have been taken into account. An equivalent linear model developed from the ground response analysis and the modified Drucker–Prager model are separately used for soil ground. A comparison of the two models shows that the equivalent linear soil model results in an underestimated acceleration response of the structure under this ground shaking and the soil behavior should be considered as a fully-nonlinear constitutive model in the design process of the SSPSI system. It was also observed that the dynamic response of the system is greatly affected by the nonlinearity of soil–pile interface and is not sensitive to the dilation angle of the soil. Furthermore, the effect of the presence of pile foundations on SSPSI response is also analyzed and discussed.