Q2黄土浸水前后微观结构变化研究

对陕西蒲城电厂Q2黄土浸水前后的试样进行微观结构对比测试,得到了大量珍贵的微观结构图片。浸水前后Q2黄土的微观结构定性、定量分析表明：架空孔隙受力作用影响较大,对水的作用敏感;粒间孔隙对压力和水的作用相对较迟钝;Q2黄土的湿陷峰值压力大于200 kPa。随着压力的增大,Q2黄土的灰度熵、欧拉数和孔隙的面积比例、圆形度、定向度、分布分维减小;而颗粒的面积比例、圆形度、定向度、分布分维将增大;随着水的浸入,各量将继续减小或增大;浸水后孔径大于20 ?m的孔隙含量减少,孔径小于20 ?m的孔隙含量增加,湿陷的过程中大部分孔隙都在发生变化,大孔隙变成中、小孔隙,中、小孔隙则变为更小的孔隙。浸水前后微观结构的变化能较好地解释Q2黄土特殊的湿陷性。     

Neo-rural populations and their relations with local decision makers in rural Québec: collaboration or conflict?

The socio-demographic recomposition of the countryside is affecting local interactions and power relations. Understanding these relationships remains a challenge, as the studies to date are often limited to conflicts between neo-rural populations (newcomers) and long-time country residents over partial issues, without including decision makers. To go beyond this conflictual and fragmentary perspective, the objective of this article is to present an overall picture of both cooperative and oppositional relations between four groups, namely, newcomers, long-time rural residents, leaders of local organizations and municipal officials, in regard to all the issues that concern them. The data are based on interviews with these various actors in two contrasting rural areas of Québec (Canada). After looking at the newcomers’ mixed assessment of their participation in community life, we concentrate on areas of collaboration and/or conflict between all the actors regarding demographic, economic, sociocultural, political, environmental and agricultural issues. Three main trends emerge, revealing unexpected ways of interacting, complex power relations and antagonistic conceptions of rural spaces and their future development.     

区域地质环境质量综合评价及应用研究

在地质环境质量评价研究中,地质环境分析方法的研究有待于进一步深化,需要探索一些更为具体、可操作性的方法。层次分析法是一种定性与定量相结合的多目标决策分析方法,是快速解决地质环境这种目标结构复杂问题的有效途径。文章以广东省恩平市地质环境质量评价为例,运用层次分析法对影响地质环境的因素进行分析,并利用GIS分析与层次分析法进行耦合,探讨其在地质环境质量评价中的应用。研究中选取坡度、岩土体类型、地质构造、年降雨量、人类活动等作为地质环境质量的评价因素,并提出了这些因素的提取与获得途径。通过计算机进行网络剖分及空间分析叠加,计算每个单元的质量评价指数,生成地质环境评价等值线,得出在整个研究区域内地质环境质量评价图。     

地下水脆弱性的概念、评价方法与研究前景

地下水脆弱性概念的发展过程是一个由简单到复杂,由单纯考虑内因到综合考虑内外因,由分歧到趋同的不断丰富、完善与发展的过程.评价方法则相应的由应用图件定性描述发展到应用数学模型定量表达.指出了目前地下水脆弱性评价中存在的若干问题,并指出应用灰色系统理论,模糊数学理论,AHP方法与GIS技术进行地下水脆弱性评价将是地下水脆弱性研究的一个主要的发展方向.     

Use of remote sensing and GIS to determine recharge potential zones: the case of Occidental Lebanon

Water recharge from land surfaces into subsurface media is an essential element in the hydrologic cycle. For a small-scale assessment, experimental approaches are usually followed, however, on a regional scale, this assessment needs to be made into a comprehensive picture where spatial data of the different contributing factors are treated. The case of Occidental Lebanon, with an area of around 5,000 km², was studied by the integration of all factors influencing this hydrologic process. Contributing factors are: lineaments and drainage frequency density, lithologic character, karstic domains and land cover/land use. The determination of these factors was carried out mainly by the application of remote sensing. Satellite images (Landsat 7 ETM &; SPOT) and aerial photos were subjected to several treatment processes using a miscellany of software, mainly ERDAS Imagine and ESRI’s Arc View software. Furthermore, exogenetic data, such as topographic and geologic maps, were utilized. The extracted information for these factors was plotted on maps. The integration of the maps in a GIS allowed deciding their interactive effects. However, each factor had its own degree of effect, i.e., weight, which was also determined in this study. This study is an approach to better estimate and provide qualitative assessments of recharge potential (RP). The resultant map shows the highest recharge potentials towards the elevated regions where karstification is well development. It was found that around 57% of the study area is terrain with very high to high recharge rate values, which a considerable amount of precipitated water is allowed to percolate into subsurface rocks.     

Seeding nature, ceding culture: Redefining the boundaries of the marine commons through spatial management and GIS

The oceans are not only being transformed through privatization as management moves towards market mechanisms, the oceans are also being “zoned”, with zoning increasingly proposed as the ideal conduit for weighting different uses of the ocean. This is concomitant with a move towards ecosystem-based management that also partakes in a policy environment imbued with the commodification of nature, in which environmental services are ranked and valued according to neoliberal percepts. Crucial to these projects are the utilization of GIS technologies. This paper considers these zones of preservation and sites of conflict through an ethnographic case study of the scallop fisheries of New England, examining conflicts between harvesters, different projects to map the fishery, and ongoing efforts to reseed scallop beds. The paper explores how participants themselves articulate the changing practices of fishing and farming, redefining boundaries of nature and culture. While reseeding projects, for example, arguably participate in the market logic of neoliberalism, at the same time they may resist and redefine the terms, as communities see themselves sowing the seeds of their own sustainability and changing the terms of what counts, literally, as nature.     

Peri-urbanization landuse dynamics: an analysis of evolving patterns and their impacts on Gabane Village,Botswana

This case study investigates peri-urban land-use conflicts and changes, in a typical African setting, for a village located on the outskirts of the capital city of Gaborone-Botswana, in order to explore policy implications for sustainable core-region development. The year 1982 provided the baseline situation that was compared with other dates, namely: 1996; 2006 and 2012 in order to analyze land-use conflicts, competition, and succession. The study tracked the landuse changes using: Geographic Information System (GIS), with 1:50 000 air photos taken in 1982; Landsat images from 1996 and 2006 as well as 2012 Google images of medium resolution. The investigation also relied on a social survey, historical landscape reconstruction approaches, field interviews and direct observations. An analysis of 1982 aerial photographs revealed that Gabane Village had experienced little urban influence from the city of Gaborone at that time. Subsequently, stakeholders with different socio-economic demand emerged. This caused extensive land-use changes over the study period. The residents of Gabane nonetheless employed diverse adaptive strategies to sustain their livelihoods. An analysis of the proposed 2001-2025 Development Plan for Gabane Village, identifies possible future land-use changes and conflicts and proposes tentative policy solutions for the emerging sustainable development challenges.     

The Alta case: Learning from the errors made in a human ecological conflict in Norway

This paper explores the historical, geographical and human ecology aspects of an extreme conflict between development and conservation in northern Scandinavia. Development of hydro-power projects not only affects the physical environment but also conflicts with the culture of a distinct ethnic community, the Sami Lapps. Over one hundred power and mining projects have now been constructed in Sami territory, the cumulative effects of which have focused opposition to the Alta—Kautokeino Waterway. The long- and short-term origins of the conflict are analysed in the light of Sami ecology and Norwegian administrative principles. How the Sami ecology has affected the national frontiers and recent resource management issues are described. Finally, the importance of environmental protests and public hearings in the resolution of fundamental resource/land use conflicts is discussed. The author concludes that the basic aspects of land use conflict may be analysed by using a symbiotic ecology model and applying this to technical human activities.     

Globalized conflicts of discourse: the type of conflict of proxies*

The article describes a new form of transnational environmental conflict that developed in the wake of globalisation. Activist in this new type of conflict still act as proxies of groups under pressure but in contrast to transnational environmental conflicts hitherto the target of their protests is rather their own society at home than the location of the pressured group. Despite these conditions it is claimed that this type of metaphorical conflict is going to become more frequent as alliances are built along the oppostion to a dominant discourse. According to the model, conflicts of values are easier to transfer on stages abroad or across the Atlantic than conflicts of interests and motivation for activists is higher as the return is affecting their home society. Dynamic and features of this type of conflict are explained with help of discourse theory.     

Confronting the uncomfortable: Western militaries and modern conflict

Taking as a starting point the difficulties faced by Western militaries in current conflicts, this paper assesses what is to be done to make forces more relevant to the unpleasant realities confronting them. By examining the character of such conflict, previous experiences, the Western philosophy of war, civil-military relations, and the military's conservatism, this paper is then able to assess current force structures and suggest some guidelines for future development.     

Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and GIS for predictive Cu porphyry potential mapping: a case study in Ahar–Arasbaran Zone (NW, Iran)

Selection of potential areas for mineral exploration is a complex process and needs many diverse criteria. Combining analytic hierarchy process (AHP) modeling with geographic information system (GIS) provides an effective means for studies of mineral potential mapping evaluation. Fuzzy AHP is an extension of conventional AHP and by using fuzzy theory is obtained the advantage rather AHP method. In this paper to provide, potential mapping for Cu porphyry mineralization used fuzzy AHP and GIS in the Ahar–Arasbaran areas, several criteria, such as geology, geochemical and geophysical data, alteration, and faults were used. Each criterion was evaluated with the aid of fuzzy AHP and mapped by GIS. The method allowed a mixture of quantitative and qualitative information with group decision. The results and its validation demonstrate the acceptable outcomes for copper porphyry exploration.     

All about water and land? Resource-related conflicts in East and West Africa revisited

Recent years have seen an upsurge in the numbers of studies investigating the potential link between climate variability and conflict—and particularly so quantitative studies of this relationship—without reaching any consensus on causal pathways or main findings. This study sets out to explore what the main causes of conflict between resource-user groups in arid and semi-arid areas in Sub-Saharan Africa are, with a particular focus on renewable-resource scarcity. We conduct a comparative analysis of eleven high-quality case studies of the escalation into violence of disputes between pastoralists and farmers or pastoralists in the Western Sahel and East Africa. This enables us to identify the mechanisms underpinning the actors’ motivations. Our analysis shows that the nature of these conflicts is complex. They cannot be reduced to a stimulus (resource scarcity)–response (violence) relationship. We find that drought is a contributing factor in four of the conflicts, and that a poor rainy season plays a role in a fifth one. However, resource scarcity is never the most important cause and it does not explain well the differences in conflict intensity. The most important contributor to explaining different levels of intensity is when local autochthonous and exclusionary claims are coupled with national-level political processes.     

流域水资源供需系统演化特征识别

水资源的有限性和稀缺性必然导致水资源供需系统中资源、社会经济和生态环境目标相互制约、相互冲突。在系统识别水资源供需系统协同特征基础上,根据协同学支配原理,分别在水资源供需系统资源、社会经济和生态环境子系统中设置了序参量,并运用有序度、协调度等概念,构建了一种基于协同学原理的流域水资源供需系统演化特征识别模型,并将此模型运用于东江流域,揭示了该流域不同发展时期水资源供需系统的协同异化特征演化规律。结果表明,剧烈人类活动影响下,2000年左右东江流域水资源供、需关系发生明显转变,水资源供需系统逐渐向无序、混乱状态演进。     

Exploring the association between the occurrence of earthquakes and the geologic-tectonic variables in the Red Sea using logistic regression and GIS

Al-Ahmadi et al. (Arab J Geosci doi:10.1007/s12517-013-0974-6, 2013) applied spatial pattern analysis techniques to a seismic data catalogue of earthquakes beneath the Red Sea in order to explore and detect global and local spatial patterns in the occurrence of earthquakes over the years from 1900 to 2009 using a geographical information system (GIS). They found that the techniques of spatial pattern analysis that they applied could detect global and local clusters and broader spatial patterns in the occurrence of earthquakes and concluded that earthquakes with higher magnitudes were notably concentrated beneath the central and southern areas of the Red Sea, while earthquakes with low and moderate magnitudes were concentrated beneath the northern area of the Red Sea. The aim of this paper is to report on the application of logistic regression models to explore the associations between the likelihood of the occurrence of an earthquake beneath the Red Sea and four selected variables, namely: (1) proximity to the boundary of the African–Arabian plates, (2) proximity to transform faults, (3) proximity to the mid-Red Sea ridge and (4) the stage of rift evolution. The study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of logistic regression modelling for research exploring potential associations between earthquakes and geological and tectonic variables. The results revealed that none of the assumptions underpinning the logistic regression models had been violated for the three logistic regression models that were used in this research. The authors inferred that the occurrence of the earthquakes beneath the Red Sea was statistically significantly associated with the proximity to the African–Arabian plate boundary. We concluded that earthquakes of moderate magnitudes occurred in the zone which represents the late evolutionary stage of the Red Sea rift, including the transition zone beneath the central area and the late-stage continental rift zone beneath the northern area of the Red Sea. In contrast, earthquakes with high magnitudes tended to occur in close proximity to the mid-ridges of the Red Sea.     

A study of the human-fatality rate in near-fault regions using the Victim Attribute Database

After the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, the Taiwanese government immediately issued new guidelines prohibiting the construction of structures for human occupancy within the Chelungpu fault zone. However, these guidelines were not based upon an in-depth hazard analysis of the near-fault regions. The positions of more than 80% of the 2,492 victims of the Chi-Chi earthquake were found by our research team. A Victim Attribute Database has been compiled that includes the GPS coordinates of the positioned victims as well as other attribute data associated with the victims. The human-fatality rates in the near-fault regions have been analyzed with regard to distances from the Chelungpu fault, the hanging-wall and footwall areas, as well as building type. The severity at the human-fatality rates in the near-fault regions is inversely proportional to distances from the causative fault, i.e., the closer the distance, the higher the human-fatality rate observed. The human-fatality rate for victims who lived in closer proximity to the hanging-wall areas is also significantly higher than those who lived in closer proximity to the footwall areas, especially in areas on either side of the fault and within 1,000 m of the fault surface trace. In terms of different building types, factors that include the capacity of the buildings to resistant strong shaking and the level of strong ground-motion greatly affected the human-fatality rates in the hanging-wall and footwall areas. Therefore simply prohibiting the construction of buildings within the active fault zone would be an insufficient method of reducing the number of potential victims; a nationwide effort should be undertaken to upgrade the capacity of buildings to resist strong shaking.     

Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability: a small-area analysis

We investigated the validity of Walk Scores and Transit Scores from the Walk Score website using several objective geographic information systems (GIS) measures of neighborhood walkabiltiy and transit availability based on 400- and 800-m street network buffers. Address data come from the 2008 Boston Youth Survey Geospatial Dataset, a school-based sample of public high school students in Boston, MA with complete residential address information (n = 1,292). GIS data were used to create multiple objective measures of neighborhood walkability and transit availability. We also obtained Walk Scores and Transit Scores. We calculated Spearman correlations of Walk Scores and Transit Scores with the GIS neighborhood walkability/transit availability measures as well as Spearman correlations accounting for spatial autocorrelation. Several significant correlations were observed between Walk Score and 400-m buffer GIS measures of neighborhood walkability; all significant correlations were found for the 800-m buffer. All correlations between Transit Scores and GIS measures of neighborhood transit availability were also significant (all p < 0.0001). However, the magnitude of correlations varied by the GIS measure and neighborhood definition. Relative to the 400-m buffer, correlations for the 800-m buffer were higher. This study suggests that Walk Score is a good, convenient tool to measure certain aspects of neighborhood walkability and transit availability (such as density of retail destinations, density of recreational open space, intersection density, residential density and density of subway stops). However, Walk Score works best at larger spatial scales.     

A fine muddle: (Re) Configuring water conflicts?

In this article, we draw upon ongoing research in periurban Gurugram (formerly Gurgaon) in North–West India on the institutional dynamics around and conflicts over wastewater. Prevailing approaches to analysis of conflicts over natural resources pay scant attention to the role of the nature of the resource per se in shaping the possibilities of conflicts. Further, conflict researchers should pay attention to the difference between conflicts of interest and conflicts. In doing so, they should analyse the role of local norms that may prevent conflicts of interest from erupting into conflicts, while pushing people into situations of forced cooperation.     

A subjective and objective integrated weighting method for landslides susceptibility mapping based on GIS

The purpose of this study is to present a weighting method, integrating subjective weight with objective weight, for landslides susceptibility mapping based on geographical information system (GIS). First, the landslide inventory, aspect, slope, proximity to streams of drainage network, proximity to railway, proximity to road, topography, elevation, lithology, tectonic activity and annual precipitation, including their subclasses, were taken as independent landslide causal factors. Second, objective weights of the causal factors were calculated according to the landslide area density based on entropy weighting method, and key factors were selected according to the rank of the objective weights. Third, trapezoidal fuzzy number weighting approach was used to assess the sub-classes of each key factor. Finally, a case study was carried out in Guizhou province, China. A landslide susceptibility map was created using weighted linear combination model based on GIS. Using a predicted map of probability, the study area was classified into four categories of landslide susceptibility: low, moderate, moderate-high, and high.