地质三维体重构的算法研究及其计算机实现

三维空间建模和可视化技术成为GIS研究的热点之一。可视化技术是当今表达和分析复杂数据的有力工具,将可视化技术引入到DEM和三维地质模型,可以实现三维地形和地质体的生成与仿真。简要介绍了OpenGL三维图形工具包及其与高级语言结合编程方法,探讨了基于多轮廓线的地质三维体的建模方法,以VC++6.0高级程序设计语言为开发平台,结合OpenGL图形库,开发了地质三维体的建模实验系统。     

基于三棱柱的三维地质体建模及可视化研究

建立可视化的三维地质模型是地质信息可视化的一个研究重点,能够为各种地质现象描述提供科学依据。本文主要研究了基于三棱柱的模型构造,提出了三棱柱的改进数据结构和切割的构形以及算法,并且在VC6.0环境下,采用OpenGL作为图形开发工具,实现了三维地质体的可视化,解决了地质体剖切和基坑开挖等问题。     

矢量剪切技术在地质三维建模中的应用

三维地质建模方法是地学三维模拟与可视化系统的核心和难点。基于BSP树的矢量剪切的原理及算法,提出了利用矢量剪切技术快速构建复杂的地质体开挖模型,可视化表达地质体内部信息的方法,并以地质开挖工程及三维地层分析为例,验证了算法的高效性和实用性。     

铁路路基地质三维仿真可视化信息系统研究

利用Skyline强大的模型显示功能,结合C~#和C~(++)开发模块建立了铁路路基地质三维仿真可视化信息系统。在项目规定时间内完成了地质灾害区域三维精细地理环境构建,实现了地质数据的三维展示、管理,并具备查询、量测和刨切等分析功能,为进一步开展三维设计、分析等奠定了三维框架基础。     

基于地质剖面数据的含断层地质体三维建模方法

含断层地质体的三维建模方法充分利用地质剖面数据对现有线框模型进行改进,能够根据地质剖面图的特点半自动化地发现地质断层线,从而构建三维地质断层面和地层面,然后利用OpenGL加以渲染显示。本文以贵州省黔西县龙井煤矿为研究实例,在自主研发的三维地质建模软件中验证了该方法的可行性。实践表明,该方法能有效地利用现有的纸质地质剖面数据实现含断层地质体的三维建模与可视化。     

基于Skyline和IDL平台的地质数据三维可视化研究

地上地下信息三维可视化在地质勘探中具有重要作用。首先研究了地质数据建模的主要方法;在分析和比较当前主要三维可视化平台的基础上,基于Skyline和IDL开发平台进行了详细的系统设计;最后,开发和实现了集地上地形地貌信息和地下地质数据的三维可视化分析系统。结果表明,文中的设计方案能够很好地集成地质勘探中的地上地下信息,实现三维可视化分析。     

移动立方体算法的地质体三维空间形态模拟

针对地质勘察中地质体采样数据离散且不完备,基于这些数据难于构建地质体三维模型的问题,一种基于Marching Cubes算法的地质体三维空间形态隐式模拟方法被提出。此方法首先运用空间插值方法,推断和预测地质体的分布趋势,构建地质体三维空间规则数据场;在此基础上,采用Marching Cubes算法实现由网格离散点到三维等值面的模拟,提取出三维地质体的光滑等值曲面;最后结合OpenGL三维可视化技术,通过计算机图形学中的微小三角面逼近来实现地质体的三维空间形态的可视化。通过实例,将这种方法应用于基于钻孔勘探数据的矿体三维空间形态模拟,快速构建了矿体三维模型,模拟结果接近于传统的手工圈定边界和进行矿体推断而建立的三维模型,证实了该方法的可行性和高效性。     

基于IDL的三峡永久船闸三维可视化的实现

IDL(Interactive Data Language,交互式数据语言)是进行二维及三维数据可视化显示、分析及应用开发的理想工具。详细介绍了IDL语言的特点,并以三峡永久船闸为例,阐述了基于IDL的三维建模方法,利用IDL图形对象提供的接口,建立模型对象与数据库的连接,实现数据的交互式可视化查询以及查询结果的可视化显示,对数据的可视化查询分析做了初步尝试。     

通用三维GIS场数据模型研究与实践

随着三维地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)应用的发展,空中电磁信号场、空气与水体污染场、地下地质属性场等连续、非匀质的三维空间属性场数据进行建模、可视化与分析计算对GIS基础软件提出了新的挑战。已被广泛应用的TIN(triangulated irregular network)与栅格数据属于表面模型,通常用来表达二维场数据,其中由TIN组成的封闭表面可用于表达三维体,但两者都无法描述非匀质、连续变化的三维属性场。探讨了在通用GIS基础软件中基于TIN和Grid进行升维表达,实现不规则四面体网格(tetrahedralized irregular mesh,TIM)和体元栅格(voxel grid)两大类三维空间场数据模型,分析了两类数据模型的特点,探讨了三维场数据在可视化和分析计算方面的关键技术,实现了基于TIM与体元栅格表达和应用三维GIS场数据,完善了GIS三维数据模型体系,实现了空/天、地表、地下全空间的一体化表达、模拟与分析计算。     

基于Java/Java 3D的三维地层结构模拟

随着Internet、3DGIS和VR技术的发展,将三者结合起来在网上实现真实感三维地形和地层结构的显示、漫游、剖切与分析已成为目前GIS在地质领域的一个研究热点。分析了Java3D技术与传统的三维可视化编程技术(如OPENGL,DirectX,VRML)相比较在绘制三维地形和地层结构方面的优势,利用Java3D技术模拟实现了一个三维地层结构的可视化系统,并通过试验证明了其有效性。     

Geothermal area detection using Landsat ETM+ thermal infrared data and its mechanistic analysis—A case study in Tengchong,China

Thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing is an important technique in the exploration of geothermal resources. In this study, a geothermal survey is conducted in Tengchong area of Yunnan province in China using TIR data from Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensor. Based on radiometric calibration, atmospheric correction and emissivity calculation, a simple but efficient single channel algorithm with acceptable precision is applied to retrieve the land surface temperature (LST) of study area. The LST anomalous areas with temperature about 4–10 K higher than background area are discovered. Four geothermal areas are identified with the discussion of geothermal mechanism and the further analysis of regional geologic structure. The research reveals that the distribution of geothermal areas is consistent with the fault development in study area. Magmatism contributes abundant thermal source to study area and the faults provide thermal channels for heat transfer from interior earth to land surface and facilitate the present of geothermal anomalies. Finally, we conclude that TIR remote sensing is a cost-effective technique to detect LST anomalies. Combining TIR remote sensing with geological analysis and the understanding of geothermal mechanism is an accurate and efficient approach to geothermal area detection.     

地形效应校正的遥感地热异常提取

在山地复杂地形条件下,利用热红外遥感获得的地表温度分布显著受到地形的影响,真实的地热异常信息往往难以识别,热红外遥感应用于山区地热勘探受到极大限制。以广东龙川地热勘查区为研究区,初步探讨了山地环境中如何抑制地形效应,以有效提取地热异常。首先,基于Landsat ETM+遥感数据反演地表温度,分析坡向和坡度两个地形因子与地表温度的关系;然后,在此基础上,将研究区的地表温度按坡向分成3个子区(阳坡、过渡坡和阴坡),根据阳坡地表温度与坡向的线性拟合关系将其校正到水平坡度上;最后,结合地质构造分布和地表覆被情况,在3个子区识别了4处地热异常,并与已知地热点进行比较验证。结果表明:坡向分区和阳坡坡度校正能够有效抑制地形效应,提高遥感地热异常识别精度,为山区地热资源的预测评价提供新思路。     

Development of a hybrid model for three-dimensional GIS

This paper presents a hybrid model for three-dimensional Geographical Information Systems which is an integration of surface- and volume-based models. The Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) and octree models are integrated in this hybrid models. The TIN model works as a surface-based model which mainly serves for surface presentation and visualization. On the other hand, the octree encoding supports volumetric analysis. The designed data structure brings a major advantage in the three-dimensional selective retrieval. This technique increases the efficiency of three-dimensional data operation.     

基于杨赤中插值法的DEM的可视化

数字高程模型(DEM)能有效描述地形结构,可视化技术是当今表达和分析复杂数据的有力工具。应用杨赤中插值法,将地形碎部点高程观测值看作一种包含规律性变化和随机性变化的复合变量,求其二项系数加权游动平均,建立估值数学模型,划分格网,求得各格网点高程估值。并阐述利用网格法来实现、分析和显示DEM数据的可视化原理和实例。     

The application of day and night time ASTER satellite imagery for geothermal and mineral mapping in East Africa

There is considerable interest in optimizing geothermal exploration techniques via the mapping of alteration and evaporate mineralisation, as well as of thermal emissions associated with geothermally active areas on the Earth’s surface. Optical and thermal satellite sensor technologies, improvements in processing algorithms and the means for large scale (e.g. 1:250,000) spatial data distribution are required for detecting both these attributes. The extensive visible, -near, -shortwave and thermal infrared (VNIR-SWIR-TIR) data archive acquired by the multi-spectral Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflectance Radiometer (ASTER) provides a rich source of geoscience related imagery for geothermal exploration. Examples of generating large scale mosaicked ASTER imagery to provide province to continental mineral mapping have been undertaken in areas including such as Australia, western USA, Namibia and Zagros Mountains Iran. In addition, ASTER’s thermal infrared imagery also provides night time land surface temperature (LST) estimates relevant for detecting possible geothermal related anomalies.This study outlines existing methods for the application of ASTER data for geothermal exploration in East Africa. The study area encompasses a section of the East African Rift System across the Tanzanian and Kenyan border. The area includes rugged volcanic terrain which has had geological mapping of limited coverage at detailed scales, from various heritages and mapping agencies. This study summarizes the technology, the processing methodology and initial results in applying ASTER imagery for such compositional and thermal anomaly mapping related to geothermal activity. Fields observations have been used from the geothermal springs of Lake Natron, Tanzania, and compared with ASTER derived spectral composition and land surface temperature results. Published geothermal fields within the Kenyan portion of the study area have also been incorporated into this study.     

基于遥感技术的长白山火山区地热预测研究

在长白山火山区地热调查研究中,基于ASTER遥感数据,运用比辐射率归一化方法,定量反演了区域地表温度,并在此基础上,通过对地质构造的遥感解译,结合对水热活动及深源气体释放特征等资料的关联分析,预测长白山火山区地热资源存在的有利区.研究发现,六道沟-长白山天池-甑峰山北东向断裂的天池段和长白山火山环形断裂的长白聚龙段是地热勘探的有利区,也是火山监测的最佳场所.     

Developing a web-based spatial decision support system for geothermal exploration at the Olkaria geothermal field

ABSTRACT

Geothermal exploration is a complex process that spans a number of disciplines. Before a decision is made to drill a geothermal well, there is need for an extensive exploration process to determine the most suitable location. The process of evaluating and analyzing data from individual scientific disciplines can be complex and tedious. Attempts have been made at solving this problem using GIS-based tools but the uptake of these tools is often hindered by the limited knowledge of GIS by decision makers. This paper presents an approach for solving the geothermal exploration question through a web-based spatial decision support system (SDSS) that incorporates the various geosciences through a multi-criteria spatial decision analysis model. The results reveal a decision-making gap that is to be filled using a novel, automated exploration SDSS. This approach hypothesizes an easier and faster decision-making process. The research focuses on Olkaria, an active geothermal area in Kenya, East Africa and highlights a pragmatic approach to identifying priority areas for drilling. It evaluates contributions made by many disciplines in identifying potential sites ideal for harnessing geothermal energy and the gaps that emerge in an effort to synergize the results from the different disciplines.     

基于三维地理信息技术的特高压电网工程建设管理方法研究及应用

三维地理信息技术以其数据承载能力强、可视化效果好,以及能够充分表达各种复杂的空间关系等特点已经成为多个行业应用的关键技术。特高压电网工程具有电压等级高、输送容量大、输送距离远等特点,工程建设面临时间紧、任务重等诸多问题,对工程建设管理创新也提出了更高的要求。本文通过对三维地理信息技术和特高压电网工程进行分析,提出了利用三维地理信息技术对特高压电网工程建设进行工程全数字化表达的方法,通过模型实体三维可视化和工程建设数据可视化表现电网工程建设情况,为特高压电网工程建设管理创新提供了一种思路。     

Visualizing population mobility from spatiotemporally aggregated mobile phone data via a 3D gradient approach

Population mobility patterns are important for understanding a city's rhythms. With the widespread use of mobile phones, population-based trajectories can be utilized to explore such mobility patterns. However, to protect personal privacy, mobile phone data must be de-identified by data aggregation within each spatiotemporal unit. In data acquired from mobile phones, population mobility features are still implicit in the spatiotemporally aggregated grid data. In this study, based on image-processing techniques, a two-step 3D gradient method is adopted to extract the movement features. The first step is to estimate the initial movement pattern in each spatiotemporal grid, and then to estimate the accumulated movement pattern within a time period around a geographical grid. This method can be applied adaptively to multi-scale spatiotemporal grid data. Using geospatial visualization methods, estimated motion characteristics such as velocity and flow direction can be made intuitive and integrated with other multiscale geospatial data. Furthermore, the correlation between the population mobility pattern and demographic characteristics, such as gender and age groups, can be analyzed with intuitive visualization. The implication of the visualization results can be used for understanding the human dynamics in a city, which can be beneficial for urban planning, transportation management, and socioeconomic development.     

The visualization of socio-economic GIS data using virtual reality tools

This paper addresses two issues: the use of 'realistic' environments for the visualization of socio-economic data, and the use of virtual reality tools for the exploration of data from existing GIS databases. 'Realistic' is here used in a narrow sense to imply the reconstruction of real-world scenes in which major components of the physical environment are reconstructed to facilitate geographical visualization. A review of visualization techniques for geographically-referenced 3-D data is presented, and the translation of an existing urban GIS database into virtual reality modelling language (VRML) demonstrated for a study area in Cardiff, UK. This work shows that the export of conventional 2-D GIS data into virtual reality toolkits can be relatively straightforward, and offers exciting new avenues for visualization and exploration. We argue that some of the parameters of the true scene such as colour, building shape, and texture may be directly modified in order to represent otherwise unobservable socio-economic characteristics, in the spirit of exploratory data analysis. These issues are of particular importance in the context of current advances towards the dynamic linkage of GIS and virtual reality modelling.