基于FLO-2D的矿山泥石流运动特征及危险性评价——以甘肃省岷县簸箕沟矿山泥石流为例

岷县簸箕沟金矿因人类开采活动引发了矿山泥石流灾害. 采用FLO-2D软件模拟分析了降雨强度重现期50 a及100 a条件下的簸箕沟泥石流运动特征, 进行危险性评价和分区, 并结合实际发生情况做了精度验证. 结果表明: 簸箕沟泥石流的堆积扇范围、堆积深度以及平均流速等运动特征参数随着降雨重现周期的变长而增大, 堆积扇中部的堆积深度及流速明显大于两翼及前端. 泥石流的危险区集中分布于泥石流沟道以及沟口一定范围内. 随着降雨重现周期的变长, 高危险区面积比例由48%升高至54.0%. 通过精度验证得出模拟结果与实际情况基本相符, 可信度较高.     

基于LAHARZ的泥石流堆积范围预测模型的建立及应用

为了探究泥石流的堆积范围,利用LAHARZ软件,对北京市密云县泥石流沟喇嘛栅子南沟进行了数值模拟。结合泥石流沟小流域1：10 000数字高程模型图,模拟了泥石流的堆积范围。首先利用中国部分地区泥石流体积和堆积范围的数据资料,获得了泥石流体体积与其堆积范围的新的统计模型B=11.42V^0.7156;然后通过模拟沟道与实际沟道的对比,确定了最佳沟道阈值为15 000;再结合现场调查统计和降雨历史资料,确定了10年、20年、50年和100年一遇暴雨条件的泥石流体积值,分别为56 500、72 900、94 200和113 100 m³;最后在此基础上对该条泥石流沟的堆积范围进行了预测。结果表明,100年一遇的暴雨条件下泥石流堆积面积为48 729 m²,到达最远距离约为490 m,已影响下游村庄。     

九—绵高速公路鲁家沟泥石流形成机制与数值模拟分析

拟建九—绵高速公路通过四川省平武县木座乡鲁家沟泥石流堆积扇,经调查对拟建高速公路具有危险性。本文通过对鲁家沟泥石流灾害的现场调查,从物源、地形地貌、水动力条件入手,分析了鲁家沟泥石流灾害的基本特征和形成机制:鲁家沟内基岩风化严重,坡积物丰富,共计有松散固体物源量约6.308 7×106m3,雨量充沛,平均纵坡降424‰,水动力作用强,鲁家沟是在暴雨作用下,顺层斜坡失稳破坏,堰塞沟道并溃决形成的泥石流。本文对鲁家沟泥石流做RAMMS:DEBRIS FLOW数值模拟研究得出:在50年一遇的频率下,泥石流冲出量为5.68×105m3,为防治工程设计提供一定依据。     

四川省泸定县深家沟泥石流特征及危险度评价

2006年7月14日泸定县深家沟暴发了一场灾害性泥石流,平均流速6.3m/s,由于泥石流位于县城,造成了较为严重的财产损失.流域面积小、坡陡、沟道短且比降较大是深家沟的主要特征.深家沟属于中度危险的泥石流沟,该沟一次泥石流最大堆积危险范围10633m2,最大堆积长度为147m,最大堆积厚度为1.45m.其防灾减灾措施主要是植树造林,拦挡排导,提高下游的排导能力.     

泥石流堆积运动特征分析

以云南省东川市深沟泥石流堆积区为研究对象, 根据深沟可能爆发泥石流灾害的区域范围、规模、性质和介质特征, 按爆发20年一遇(频率5%)和100年一遇(频率1%)的泥石流灾害预测规模, 运用数值模拟方法模拟了泥石流爆发历时过程的堆积运动特征及空间分布形态; 分析了不同规模泥石流堆积运动过程中, 泥石流堆积厚度及堆积运动速度在空间上和时间上的变化发展趋势.      

四川布拖县扎台沟泥石流微地貌及成灾特性

扎台沟为一老泥石流沟,历史上曾多次发生过泥石流。通过野外考察、实验分析和理论计算,扎台沟流域面积4.86km2,主沟长4.53km,主沟平均纵比降420‰。共发育5条主要支沟,流域切割密度2.19km/km2,源头海拔3100m,沟口海拔1197m,主沟相对高差1903m,与西溪河以62°交角汇入。扎台沟为中高频率-中大规模粘性泥石流沟,目前已辩明,近1000a内至少发生过3次大规模泥石流,泥石流重度2.0t/m3,沟道堵塞系数1.5。扎台沟50a一遇和100a一遇泥石流流量分别为155.77m3/s和178.19m3/s;50a一遇和100a一遇泥石流固体物质冲出量分别为16.39×104m3及18.14×104m3,是一条中度危险的泥石流沟,对下游水电站其中一处拟选坝址有一定影响。如无法避开扎台沟泥石流对拟选坝址的影响,可考虑对该泥石流沟采取选择性整治工程措施。     

基于RAMMS锄头沟泥石流运动过程模拟

2013年7月,汶川县锄头沟受暴雨影响爆发泥石流灾害,对沟口居民区和交通干线造成严重破坏,造成巨大经济损失。通过对泥石流的发育特征分析和运动特征参数计算,利用RAMMS软件基于Voellmy模型和REK模型对泥石流运动堆积过程进行数值模拟,获得泥石流平均流速、泥深的运动变化特征。模拟结果表明,沟口处沟道泥深约2～6m,平均流速2～4m/s。对堆积范围进行校核,与实地调查结果基本吻合,模拟结果对泥石流运动特征分析及其防治具有积极意义。     

基于RAMMS锄头沟泥石流运动过程模拟

2013年7月,汶川县锄头沟受暴雨影响爆发泥石流灾害,对沟口居民区和交通干线造成严重破坏,造成巨大经济损失。通过对泥石流的发育特征分析和运动特征参数计算,利用RAMMS软件基于Voellmy模型和REK模型对泥石流运动堆积过程进行数值模拟,获得泥石流平均流速、泥深的运动变化特征。模拟结果表明,沟口处沟道泥深约2～6m,平均流速2～4m/s。对堆积范围进行校核,与实地调查结果基本吻合,模拟结果对泥石流运动特征分析及其防治具有积极意义。     

基于RAMMS锄头沟泥石流运动过程模拟

2013年7月,汶川县锄头沟受暴雨影响爆发泥石流灾害,对沟口居民区和交通干线造成严重破坏,造成巨大经济损失。通过对泥石流的发育特征分析和运动特征参数计算,利用RAMMS软件基于Voellmy模型和REK模型对泥石流运动堆积过程进行数值模拟,获得泥石流平均流速、泥深的运动变化特征。模拟结果表明,沟口处沟道泥深约2～6m,平均流速2～4m/s。对堆积范围进行校核,与实地调查结果基本吻合,模拟结果对泥石流运动特征分析及其防治具有积极意义。     

北京延庆地区南湾道豁子沟泥石流发育特征

以北京市延庆地区南湾道豁子泥石流沟为研究对象,通过野外泥石流沟精细调查及历史资料统计,详细了解该泥石流发育特征和形成条件,针对流域内松散堆积物补给条件进行重点分析;综合研究该泥石流的动力学特征,进行泥石流危险区预测评价,提出相应的防治措施建议。研究结果表明:该泥石流沟内松散堆积物动储量为18.47×10⁴ m³,分为冲洪积、残坡积、人工堆积和崩滑塌等4种补给来源,其中冲洪积和残坡积所占比重最大;泥石流发展阶段处于衰退期;经动力学分析,洪峰流量值在10年一遇的降雨条件下为52.53 m³/s,20年一遇的降雨条件下为59.25 m³/s,50年一遇的降雨条件下为68.13 m³/s,100年一遇的降雨条件下为74.85 m³/s,对应的一次固体冲出总量分别为0.77×10⁴ m³、0.87×10⁴ m³、1.00×10⁴ m³和1.10×10⁴ m³;属于中型泥石流,最大危险区面积为0.238 3 km²。通过评价分析,该泥石流沟仍存在爆发中型泥石流的可能性,将对下游南湾村以及千沙公路行车和行人的生命财产安全造成威胁。研究成果可为延庆地区该类泥石流单沟预警模型研究和灾害防治提供科学依据。     

降雨驱动泥石流危险性评价

“5·12”汶川地震后大量滑坡崩塌体出现,伴随极端降雨极易向泥石流转换,其规模及危害程度远高于预期.2010年8月13日都江堰龙池场镇突发暴雨,导致八一沟泥石流暴发,冲毁拦挡坝,掩埋道路、房屋及农田.为了探索降雨驱动泥石流的危险性,选取八一沟泥石流作为研究对象,通过分析不同降雨频率下的泥石流暴发强度及周期,采用FLO-2D数值模拟方法开展危险性评价.经验证模拟精度可达78%,结合降雨频率（5年、20年、50年、100年、200年）、流速和堆积深度构建八一沟泥石流危险性评价模型并绘制分布图.结果表明,八一沟泥石流危险范围内高危险区占62%,中危险性区占28%,低危险区占10%,该结论为危险范围内重点设施的监测预警提供科学依据.      

Effect assessment of debris flow mitigation works based on numerical simulation by using Kanako 2D

Mitigation works are very essential for mitigation of debris-flow hazards in mountainous areas. Usually, it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of existing mitigation works in a catchment. This paper presented a method for quantitative assessment of debris flow mitigation measures by using Kanako system, a user-friendly GUI-equipped debris flow simulator that allows good visualization and easy interpretation. Kanako 2D (Ver. 2.04) was applied to a case study at Caijia Gully, Sichuan Province, China. Mitigation works including check dams, drainage channel, and deposition basin were constructed in the gully in 2001 and 2006. Kanako 2D can simulate debris flow from steep area to alluvial fan. 1D simulation was applied for assessing the effect of the check dams at the lower part of the gully, and 2D simulation was applied for the effect of the drainage channel and deposition basin on the alluvial fan. The simulation results indicate that debris flow will cause great damage to residential area on the alluvial fan if mitigation measures were not implemented in the gully. For old dams which have been filled up with deposits of previous debris flows, the results show that they still have the function for controlling debris flow due to the gradient reduction of the channel bed in front of the dams by the trapped debris flow deposition. After the comprehensive control of debris flow including trapping, drainage, and deposition in the gully, the simulation results indicate that the risk on the alluvial fan can be reduced to an acceptable level.     

雅鲁藏布江大拐弯典型泥石流全新世以来发育历史及活动特征

雅鲁藏布江大拐弯附近晚更新世末次冰期—全新世发育多期次泥石流, 组合形成了现代大规模扇形堆积体。以派镇蹦嘎沟泥石流为例, 采用地面调查、钻孔及14C测年等方法, 研究泥石流形成年代序列、堆积深度、冲出范围等特征, 分析结果表明: 现代蹦嘎沟依然有小规模的支沟泥石流发育且广泛堆积于沟道内, 现存堆积扇区域尚未发现泥石流堆积; 距今8500年左右为蹦噶沟全新世泥石流活跃期, 单期次累积堆积深度约10.9 m; 滨湖浅水相沉积(河流相)形成的浅灰色粉细砂中的两处碳样表明雅鲁藏布江现代河床在40~100年左右沉积深度约0.4 m, 年平均沉积速率4~10 mm; 海拔2906.1~2896.7 m及2849.4~2848.2 m处钻孔依次揭露厚度为9.4 m和1.2 m饼状青灰色粉质黏土, 推测发生两次堵江事件。上述结果可为该区域全新世以来泥石流活动性特征研究提供参考。      

Prediction of the run-out distance of the debris flow based on the velocity attenuation coefficient

Our aim is to determine the run-out distance of the debris flow that is crucial in the assessment, prevention and control of the debris flow hazard. Based on the variation characteristic of debris flow velocity in the alluvial fan, this paper proposes the calculation method of the velocity attenuation coefficient of the debris flow. By defining the velocity attenuation coefficient and deducing its calculating formula, this paper puts forward a new method to determine the run-out distance of the debris flow based on the velocity attenuation coefficient, and Gangou debris flow in Luding County, Sichuan Province is selected as a case for calculation and verification. Having 10 m as its measuring spacing, this paper measured 19 sections at the alluvial fan of the Gangou debris flow (among them, 11 sets of data are valid). And based on the measurement, this paper analyzes the characteristic of the velocity attenuation and calculates its velocity attenuation coefficient after the 2005 debris flow. The study indicates that when the velocity of Gangou debris flow at the alluvial fan is greater than 12 % of the initial velocity (at the mouth of gully), the attenuation is quite remarkable. But when the velocity at the alluvial fan is less than 12 % of the initial velocity, the attenuation is quite slow. Besides, when Gangou debris flow rushes out of the gully mouth (the initial velocity is 10 m/s) and when it attenuates to the 32 time, its velocity is less than 0.1 m/s, the debris flow is considered to stop flowing, and the run-out distance of Gangou debris flow is calculated to be 320 m. But the present alluvial fan of Gangou debris flow is measured to be 285 m in length, and the calculated run-out distance is 320 m, which is 35 m longer than its present length. This means when the debris flow runs out in 2005, it blocked up the main river (Dadu River) in some extent. And this finding is generally in accordance with that from the field survey. The findings can be of theoretical and practical significance in the debris flow hazard assessment, as well as its prevention and mitigation.     

四川凉山州美姑县61泥石流灾害研究

四川凉山州美姑县6.1泥石流灾害实例研究表明,该泥石流约为20年一遇的中小规模的泥石流。流域上游短历时强降雨和冰雹天气过程是这次泥石流暴发的诱因,流域内退化的生态环境和中下两岸不稳定边坡以及沟道内大量的松散堆积物为这次泥石流提供了丰富的固体物质来源。泥石流堆积物具有典型的多峰型粒度特征,且有较高的粘粒含量。巨大的泥石流漂砾、石背石现象、龟裂现象、侧积堤和龙头堆积证实了这次泥石流为粘性泥石流。危险度评价表明,采莫洛沟属于高度危险的泥石流沟,危险度为0.67;乃托沟属于中度危险的泥石流沟,危险度为0.58。风险评估结果可知,两沟都属于泥石流高风险区风险度分别为0.52和0.45。高风险区的泥石流灾害给当地的经济社会造成了严重影响并直接造成了较大的人员伤亡和财产损失。     

四川壤塘县石吾陇沟泥石流启动条件与堵河程度分析

阿坝州壤塘县宗科乡石吾陇沟于2014年历经20年一遇强降雨,暴发了较大规模泥石流,泥石流峰值流量35.38m^3/s,冲出约6000m^3固体物堆积于沟口,造成沟口宗科河堵塞约三分之二。本文在对石吾陇沟的发育特征进行分析和对运动特征参数进行计算的基础上,对吾陇沟在不同频率泥石流规模下的堵河特征进行研究。首先利用已有经验公式对石吾陇沟在不同频率下堵河程度进行判断,其次结合流体动力学软件CFX对石吾陇沟堵河情况进行模拟分析。经验公式和数值模拟结果均表明,20年一遇泥石流会造成主河严重堵塞,与2014年实际情况基本一致;50年一遇泥石流会造成主河堵断。此研究结果可为石吾陇沟泥石流治理提供依据。     

安宁河流域典型沟谷泥石流危险性评价

冕宁县安宁河流域为地质灾害密集分布区,安宁河断裂穿越于此,构造复杂,冷渍沟在上游左岸发育。在强降雨条件下,该沟就会暴发泥石流,堵塞安宁河流域和掩埋杀叶马村房屋和道路。冷渍沟泥石流具有流域面积小,主沟长度短,沟床纵比降大等特征,为了研究安宁河流域内泥石流的危险性,以冷渍沟为例,分析不同降雨周期下的泥石流暴发强度,模拟泥石流的运动过程并进行危险性评价。模拟的最大流速、最大堆积深度和降雨强度三者结合建立冷渍沟泥石流危险性评价模型。研究结果表明,冷渍沟泥石流危险范围内高危险区域占27%,主要集中在松散固体物质较多的沟道,中危险性区域和低危险区域各占56%和17%,该结论为危险范围内的居民和重点设施的风险管控提供参考。     

Debris-flow simulations on Cheekye River, British Columbia

Cheekye River fan is the best-studied fan complex in Canada. The desire to develop portions of the fan with urban housing triggered a series of studies to estimate debris-flow risk to future residents. A recent study (Jakob and Friele 2010) provided debris-flow frequency-volume and frequency-discharge data, spanning 20-year to 10,000-year return periods that form the basis for modeling of debris flows on Cheekye River. The numerical computer model FLO-2D was chosen as a modelling tool to predict likely flow paths and to estimate debris-flow intensities for a spectrum of debris-flow return periods. The model is calibrated with the so-called Garbage Dump debris flow that occurred some 900  years ago. Field evidence suggests that the Garbage Dump debris flow has a viscous flow phase that deposited a steep-sided debris plug high in organics in centre fan, which then deflected a low-viscosity afterflow that travelled to Squamish River with slowly diminishing flow depths. The realization of a two-phase flow led to a modelling approach in which the debris-flow hydrograph was split into a high viscosity and low viscosity phase that were modelled in chronologic sequence as two separate and independent modelling runs. A perfect simulation of the Garbage Dump debris flow with modelling is not possible because the exact topography at the time of the event is, to some degree, speculative. However, runout distance, debris deposition and deposit thickness are well known and serve as a good basis for calibration. Predictive analyses using the calibrated model parameters suggest that, under existing conditions, debris flows exceeding a 50-year return period are likely to avulse onto the southern fan sector, thereby damaging existing development and infrastructure. Debris flows of several thousand years return period would inundate large portions of the fan, sever Highway 99, CN Rail, and the Squamish Valley road and would impact existing housing development on the fan. These observations suggest a need for debris-flow mitigation for existing and future development alike.     

基于数值模拟的耳阳河流域泥石流灾害危险性评价

洮河流域中游位于甘肃省南部,属泥石流高发区。耳阳河是洮河流域中游的一条重要支流,泥石流灾害尤其严重。为研究甘肃省南部小流域泥石流灾害的危险性,以耳阳河流域为研究对象,选取流域内居民相对集中的6条泥石流沟,用FLO-2D模型模拟了2012年5月10日实际降雨条件下的泥石流运动特征和堆积特征,得到了泥石流流量随时间的变化曲线、泥石流流体深度和流速在沟谷不同地段的空间分布,对“5·10”泥石流灾害过程进行了重现。模拟结果表明:泥石流爆发15～30 min后达到洪峰,约3 h后流量逐步回落;泥石流流动速度在流通区快,到沟口迅速下降,固体物质淤积阻塞河道。通过野外现场调查和遥感解译,发现模拟得到的泥石流发生过程、堆积区分布、泥石流影响区与现场调查和访问得到的实际情况基本相符。进而,采用相同的方法和参数,对2.0%和0.2%降水频率下泥石流的堆积范围、深度和流速进行了模拟分析,分别制作了上述工况下的泥石流危险性分区图,圈定了潜在威胁较大的人口聚集区,为耳阳河流域泥石流灾害的预防和治理提供了依据,也为类似泥石流提供了一种危险性分析的技术方法。