通量上边界渗透系数随埋深增加指数衰减的地下水流系统

地下水流系统理论是当代水文地质学的核心概念框架,研究不同控制因素对盆地地下水流系统发育模式的影响具有重要意义。近年来的研究表明利用通量上边界能够更好地揭示盆地不同要素对地下水流系统模式转化的影响。基于通量上边界,采用数值模拟方法,研究稳定流条件下,渗透系数随埋深呈指数衰减的非均质含水层对盆地地下水流系统模式转化的影响。结果表明:随着渗透系数随埋深指数衰减程度的加大,盆地潜水面整体抬升,盆地上部地下水流速增大,水力梯度增大;同时,盆地地下水流系统由复杂的多级次水流系统到单一的局部水流系统,顺向局部水流系统占据的空间消减,而逆向局部水流系统占据的空间增大,流速近似为零的局部滞留区域向左下方移动。     

盆地地下水流系统形成与影响因素分析

目前区域（盆地）地下水流系统模拟研究中,常用的定水头与通量两种上边界条件刻画方法与实际条件存在差距。通过对比两种方法的差异和各自适用条件,采用解析法讨论地下水位的形成控制机制,提出了改进后的变通量上边界数值模型,并以鄂尔多斯盆地北部白垩系地下水流系统为例分析了盆地地下水流系统的形成与影响因素。研究表明,鄂尔多斯盆地北部白垩系水流系统地下水位受地形、补给条件和渗透系数三者共同控制,同时特有的气候、地形和岩性组合通过控制地下水位影响地下水流系统的发育演化。采用变通量上边界法探讨上边界条件改变对盆地水流系统的影响,对深刻认识区域地下水流系统形成演化机制,揭示地下水系统与上边界气候变化、植被生态变化之间的相互作用关系具有一定优势。     

盆地地下水流模式及其转化与控制因素

Tóth(1963)在复杂盆地给定上边界水头条件下, 推演出多级次地下水流系统.运用此方法探讨水流模式, 改变盆地介质或盆地深度等条件, 盆地水均衡会同步发生变化; 同时, 给定上边界水头也固化了盆地的势源与势汇的位置与数目, 这与实际条件不相符合, 也限制了地下水流模式的转化研究.在总结实验条件下多级水流系统特征的基础上, 提出了通量上边界的地下水流系统模拟方法(简称CUG-GWFS方法), 并进行了水流系统数值模拟.结果表明: (1)在多个可能势汇的盆地中, 可以发育5种地下水流模式, 即: 简单区域水流系统(RS)、局部+区域两级嵌套水流系统(LS+RS)、局部+中间+区域三级嵌套水流系统(LS+MS+RS)、局部+中间两级嵌套水流系统(LS+MS)和简单局部水流系统(LS).(2)盆地地下水流模式受盆地入渗强度、介质条件、盆地长度与深度比值, 以及盆地可能势汇的多少与位置的影响.(3)保持其他条件不变, 单独加大盆地入渗强度比R_ic, 或加大盆地长深比R_ld, 盆地水流模式按照上述5种模式呈现有序转化.      

改变入渗强度的地下水流模式实验

自Tóth提出地下水流系统理论以来,大多学者基于定水头上边界的解析解或数值模拟研究地下水流系统发育特征,尤其是多级水流系统模式。认为复杂的盆地"地形势"就会发育多级地下水流系统,简单地形发育单一地下水流系统。利用自主研发的地下水流系统砂槽模型进行系列实验发现,实验条件下(模型尺寸、介质和多个河谷不变)水流系统的发育受控于降水入渗强度。得出随着降水入渗强度的增大,水流系统模式由单一的区域水流系统,到复杂的多级次水流系统,再到局部的水流系统的结论;盆地多个势汇中,只有实际成为地下水排泄点的汇势才能影响地下水流系统模式,而其他的势汇只是可能的潜在势汇。实验表明,用定流量上边界(降水入渗强度)能够更好地揭示盆地地下水流系统模式发育与变化机理。     

多级次地下水流系统的最小能耗率原理初探

20世纪60年代初期,Tóth基于定水头上边界条件推导出解析解,得出多级次地下水流系统,是水文地质学里程碑式的突破,成功地解决了一系列理论和实际问题.但T6th解析解存在的缺陷也长期沿袭:单纯重视数学模拟而忽视物理机制;将地形控制地下水位看成是普适性规律;忽视给定水头上边界数学模拟的失真.这些缺陷,尤其是忽视物理机制探...     

地下水流系统理论与研究方法的发展

地下水流系统理论的提出,推动了现代水文地质学的发展。以Tóth经典地下水流系统理论建立方法为基础,综述了基于Tóth方法的地下水流系统的模拟成果,分析了Tóth方法得出的水流模式与控制因素的关系,以及地下水流系统理论从概念到实际应用的发展。同时,对中国地质大学(武汉)提出的地下水流系统通量上边界模拟方法也进行了系统论述,在物理模拟实验与数值模拟基础上,认为通量上边界分析方法是对Tóth方法的改进与完善,有利于对地下水流系统发育的物理机制理解;该方法能够更全面认识地下水流系统模式及其转化,定量出各影响因素对地下水流模式的控制关系。最后指出地下水流系统理论是当代水文地质学的核心概念框架,应该重视地下水流系统理论物理机制和数学模拟方法的研究,加强新技术方法的引入,拓宽其应用领域的研究等。     

泸西喀斯特断陷盆地地表水与地下水流域边界与水动力性质

在详细调查基础上,采用系统科学及水文地质分析方法,依据地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、示踪试验、地下水排泄基准面、喀斯特发育条件及发育规律等剖析论证流域边界,并通过钻探及示踪试验进行验证。研究结果:（1）对泸西喀斯特断陷盆地南东部的水系统边界向北移进行了修正,证实了三塘一带深部不发育的喀斯特是地下水分水岭边界,使得泸西喀斯特断陷盆地流域的径流系统和边界圈化更加准确;（2）泸西喀斯特断陷盆地流域地表水、地下水转化频繁,地表水径流特征主要以小江河在水库、河流、伏流间的径流转化过程为体现,地下水在侵溶山区接受大气降水补给后,上层径流以泉、暗河的形式在泸西盆地底面排泄后转化成地表水,最终汇集于盆地南部、通过工农隧洞及落水洞排向小江,而下层径流则以小江水面为基准,通过深层径流排泄。      

基于砂槽模型研究不同水流密度下盆地地下水流系统

在干旱半干旱地区,沉积盆地是人类生产、生活用水的主要载体,为查明在水流自身密度改变条件下盆地地下水流系统的变化特征,需在变密度条件下对盆地地下水流系统进行模拟研究。本文采用砂槽物理模型,在改变区域性水流密度条件下模拟研究地下水流系统的变化规律。试验结果显示:随着区域性水流密度的增加,区域水流系统的渗流速度和循环量均减少,且流线径流距离和径流深度也随之减小;而局部水流系统的渗流速度和循环量均增加。结果表明区域性水流密度的增加会抑制区域水流系统的发育,对局部水流系统有一定增强作用。本研究着重强调了区域性水流自身密度变化对盆地地下水流系统所产生的影响,并通过物理试验模拟得出在改变区域性水流密度条件下盆地地下水流系统的变化规律。     

多波长水位起伏条件下盆地地下水流系统的水动力学特征

Tóth采用线性函数和正弦函数的叠加刻画潜水面起伏,发现盆地中可以发育局部、中间和区域三个不同级次的地下水流系统。由于实际水位起伏更复杂,潜水面起伏需要用更多波长的函数叠加来刻画。以三波长为例,研究多波长水位起伏条件下盆地地下水流系统的空间分布规律,发现两层不同深度内部驻点的存在,驻点数目与水位起伏频率有关,水位起伏波长对内部驻点深度及对应水流系统的穿透深度有控制作用。     

排泄点对地下水流分异的控制作用

控制发育多级地下水流动系统的因素很多,自József Tóth提出地下水流系统理论以来,理论成果不断丰富。采用GMS软件完成数值模拟并采取物理试验进行实际验证:均质各向同性渗流介质,采取定水头上边界,随着排泄点个数及排泄点强度的改变,可以得从简单区域水流系统到多级次流动系统,再到更复杂的局部水流系统。对于泉域多级地下水流系统的发育,存在一定的理论指导意义。     

Investigating the role of hydromechanical coupling on flow and transport in shallow fractured-rock aquifers

Fractured-rock aquifers display spatially and temporally variable hydraulic conductivity generally attributed to variable fracture intensity and connectivity. Empirical evidence suggests fracture aperture and hydraulic conductivity are sensitive to in situ stress. This study investigates the sensitivity of fractured-rock hydraulic conductivity, groundwater flow paths, and advection-dominated transport to variable shear and normal fracture stiffness magnitudes for a range of deviatoric stress states. Fracture aperture and hydraulic conductivity are solved for analytically using empirical hydromechanical coupling equations; groundwater flow paths and ages are then solved for numerically using groundwater flow and advection-dispersion equations in a traditional Toth basin. Results suggest hydraulic conductivity alteration is dominated by fracture normal closure, resulting in decreasing hydraulic conductivity and increasing groundwater age with depth, and decreased depth of long flow paths with decreasing normal stiffness. Shear dilation has minimal effect on hydraulic conductivity alteration for stress states investigated here. Results are interpreted to suggest that fracture normal stiffness influences hydraulic conductivity of hydraulically active fractures and, thus, affects flow and transport in shallow (<1 km) fractured-rock aquifers. It is suggested that observed depth-dependent hydraulic conductivity trends in fractured-rock aquifers throughout the world may be partly a manifestation of hydromechanical phenomena.     

Climate and irrigation scenario analyses using three-dimensional numerical modelling: a case study of the Nasia sub-basin in the White Volta Basin,Ghana

A groundwater resource characterisation and assessment model was developed for Nasia river sub-basin in the White Volta Basin, Ghana. The model is useful to policymakers for planning and sustainable management of groundwater resources in the basin for domestic and irrigation purposes. A conceptual model was constructed that characterized boundary conditions and hydrostratigraphy, and estimated recharge rates and hydraulic and storage parameters. From current understanding of the hydrogeological dynamics, three hydrostratigraphic layers were delineated. The conceptual model was converted to a three-dimensional steady-state groundwater flow model using MODFLOW. Recharge rates estimated from the base model indicate a minimum of 1.1% and maximum of 6.2% of the total rainfall. The hydraulic conductivity ranged between 0.20 and 15 m/day. Four possible scenarios were simulated: (1) increased population, (2) climate variations (reduced recharge), (3) increased abstraction for irrigation, and (4) worst-case scenario which is a combination of the first three scenarios. Results from scenarios 1 and 2 indicated that, under such conditions, the groundwater resources could be sustained and no significant effect on any of the water budget indicators was observed. For scenario 3, there was significant drop in hydraulic head in the central portions of the study area. The scenario 4 simulation indicated that there was significant reduction in groundwater levels and groundwater discharge into streams under these stressors. Such reduction can affect stream levels in the basin and, subsequently, the ecosystem. These findings are valid within the limits of uncertainty in the hydrogeological data that were used in this study.

     

氢氧同位素在地下水流系统的重分布：从高程效应到深度效应

大气降水的氢氧同位素含量具有高程效应,降水入渗后参与地下水循环,其高程效应如何受地下水流系统的影响转化为地下水氢氧同位素的深度效应？现有研究对于这个问题缺少定量认识。文章构建单向倾斜盆地和双峰波状盆地的稳态地下水循环理论模型,采用MODFLOW模拟剖面二维地下水流场、采用MT3DMS模拟重同位素分子的对流-弥散过程,得到地下水D和¹⁸O含量的空间分布,探讨了氢氧同位素高程效应在地下水流系统转化为深度效应的机理。结果表明：在单斜盆地,补给区大气降水D和¹⁸O含量的高程效应转化为排泄区地下水δD和δ¹⁸O值随埋深增大而指数型衰减的深度效应;在双峰波状盆地,当含水层渗透性相对入渗强度较大时(K₀/w=1 000),仅发育一个区域地下水流系统,在区域地下水的排泄区δD和δ¹⁸O随埋深增大呈现S形曲线分布;当含水层渗透性相对入渗强度较小时(K0/w=250),双峰波状盆地发育多个局部地下水流系统,区域地下水的排泄区δD和δ¹⁸O随埋深增大呈现S形曲线,而局部地下水排...     

How water use of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salix</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">psammophila</Emphasis> bush depends on groundwater depth in a semi-desert area

To investigate the groundwater levels changes effects on the transpiration of Salix psammophila (S. psammophila) bush, systemic measurements of meteorological conditions, sap flow of S. psammophila, soil water contents and groundwater levels were conducted in the Hailiutu River catchment, NW of China. Based on the collected field data, Hydrus-1D software package was used to calibrate water movement for root uptake in the saturated–unsaturated zone. The soil hydraulic parameters and root uptake function parameters were calibrated. The simulated results of soil water contents and sap flow fitted well with the observed ones. Based on the calibrated hydraulic parameters, different groundwater levels were imposed at the low boundary to simulate the groundwater levels changes effects on the transpiration. The relationship between ratio of actual transpiration and potential (T/T _p) and groundwater water table depth was established. The results shows that the ratio of actual transpiration and potential transpiration decreases with groundwater table depth increase as inverse ‘S’ shape. And the turn point is corresponding to the extinct depth, i.e., no groundwater contribution to S. psammophila transpiration. To further verify this phenomenon is universal, the soil hydraulic parameters were replaced with the other five groups in the calibrated forward model. The results confirmed the similar changes of T _a/T _p with the groundwater levels changed, i.e. inverse ‘S’ shape. However, the extinction depth is different corresponding to different soil hydraulic parameters. So, the research results indicated the relationship between transpiration and groundwater levels is non-linear function.     

Hydrogeological classification of municipal solid waste landfill sites in China and correlation with groundwater contaminant migration

Tens of thousands of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill sites worldwide hold a high risk of contaminating groundwater. This study aimed to establish a practical hydrogeological classification system for MSW landfill sites and explores the correlation between the classification and the risk of groundwater contamination. Hydrogeological information and groundwater contamination data from 80 MSW landfill sites in China were collected and analyzed, and a general hydrogeological model was proposed. The key hydrogeological parameters in the model were identified and analyzed, including the relative depth to the water table, the ratio of the length of the MSW site’s recharge boundary to the combined length of the discharge boundary and hydrobalance boundary, the hydraulic conductivity of the bearing layer, and the background hydraulic gradient. On the basis of the general model, hydrogeological conditions at the landfill sites were categorized into seven subtypes. By using chloride, ammoniacal nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand as the characteristic contaminants, the migration features of groundwater contaminants within the seven subtypes of landfill sites were revealed. It was found that the maximum contaminant migration distance could be 2,000 and 300 m at the landfill sites with ‘plain and intensive runoff’ type and ‘valley and weak runoff’ type, respectively, and the corresponding concentration gradients of the characteristic contaminants were less than 10 mg/(L × m) and greater than 10 mg/(L × m). This work provides a guide for implementing cost-effective site investigation and environmental risk management at landfill sites with different types of hydrogeological conditions.

     

Modeling groundwater/surface-water interactions in an Alpine valley (the Aosta Plain,NW Italy): the effect of groundwater abstraction on surface-water resources

A groundwater flow model of the Alpine valley aquifer in the Aosta Plain (NW Italy) showed that well pumping can induce river streamflow depletions as a function of well location. Analysis of the water budget showed that ～80% of the water pumped during 2 years by a selected well in the downstream area comes from the baseflow of the main river discharge. Alluvial aquifers hosted in Alpine valleys fall within a particular hydrogeological context where groundwater/surface-water relationships change from upstream to downstream as well as seasonally. A transient groundwater model using MODFLOW2005 and the Streamflow-Routing (SFR2) Package is here presented, aimed at investigating water exchanges between the main regional river (Dora Baltea River, a left-hand tributary of the Po River), its tributaries and the underlying shallow aquifer, which is affected by seasonal oscillations. The three-dimensional distribution of the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer was obtained by means of a specific coding system within the database TANGRAM. Both head and flux targets were used to perform the model calibration using PEST. Results showed that the fluctuations of the water table play an important role in groundwater/surface-water interconnections. In upstream areas, groundwater is recharged by water leaking through the riverbed and the well abstraction component of the water budget changes as a function of the hydraulic conditions of the aquifer. In downstream areas, groundwater is drained by the river and most of the water pumped by wells comes from the base flow component of the river discharge.