扎河坝蛇绿混杂岩内富铌玄武(安山)岩的地球化学特征及其地质意义

在新疆北部东准噶尔的扎河坝蛇绿混杂岩中发现的富铌玄武（安山）岩,其SiO₂含量介于46.71%~57.65%,TiO₂含量为1.00%~1.76%,与太古代绿岩带内富铌玄武（安山）岩相似,Na₂O含量为3.86%~6.64%,P₂O₅为0.34%~0.82%,明显高于太古代绿岩带富铌玄武（安山）岩。扎河坝富铌玄武岩铌含量介于7.22×10^-6~21.91×10^-6之间,大于7×10^-6,与典型的富铌玄武岩相同。该岩石轻重稀土元素分馏较明显,其分布模式为无明显铕至弱负铕异常的右倾曲线。尽管铌的绝对含量较高,但由于钍和轻稀土元素更加富集,在微量元素蛛网图中扎河坝富铌玄武（安山）岩仍表现为铌的明显亏损,同时高场强元素Zr、Hf及Ti也表现出一定程度的亏损。微量元素地球化学特征显示,扎河坝蛇绿混杂岩内富铌玄武（安山）岩形成于古亚洲洋的洋内弧,它是被埃达克质岩浆交代的地幔楔橄榄岩部分熔融的产物,同时大洋沉积物及俯冲板块释放的流体对成岩作用也有一定的贡献。富铌玄武（安山）岩作为弧前增生楔定位在扎河坝蛇绿混杂岩体内,与早前报道的超高压变质岩共存表明,该蛇绿混杂岩体至少记录了两次性质不同的古亚洲洋洋壳俯冲,这更进一步证实新疆北部晚古生代新增陆壳是古亚洲洋多次俯冲作用的产物。     

阿尔金山北缘冰沟蛇绿混杂岩中辉长岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年及其地质意义

冰沟蛇绿混杂岩是阿尔金山红柳沟蛇绿混杂岩带的东段部分,岩石组合包括蛇纹岩、方辉橄榄岩、辉石岩和辉长岩等。蛇纹岩具高Mg,Mg/Fe值大于9,低Al、Ca、Na、K为特征,从稀土元素和微量元素特征来看,基性辉长岩和洋壳以及洋中脊玄武岩极为相似,而超基性岩与原始地幔较为接近。辉长岩获得锆石SHRIMP年龄为449.5±10.9Ma。蛇绿混杂岩的围岩为一套巨厚的碎屑岩、火山碎屑岩、火山岩,以及部分碳酸盐岩构成,其中含有具有洋中脊特征的枕状构造玄武岩,以及放射虫硅质岩,放射虫时代为奥陶纪中晚期,与辉长岩的SHRIMP年龄一致。这些证据进一步证实了红柳沟一带存在早古生代洋盆的地质事实。     

拉脊山口蛇绿混杂岩中辉绿岩的地球化学特征及SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄

拉脊山口蛇绿混杂岩是分布于中祁连和南祁连构造带之间蛇绿混杂带的重要组成部分。该混杂带中的岩石种类相对齐全,各岩性间为构造接触;其中辉绿岩以岩块和岩墙两种形式产出。辉绿岩块SiO₂含量为49.80%~50.13%,MgO含量为5.43%~5.64%,FeO^T为10.96%~11.52%,TiO₂含量较高（2.38%~2.62%）;辉绿岩墙SiO₂含量为43.41%~45.74%,MgO含量为9.04%~10.64%,FeO^T为8.39%~9.96%,TiO₂含量较低（0.89%~1.02%）,二者均属拉斑玄武岩系列。其中辉绿岩块ΣREE为135.4×10^-6~150.9×10^-6,（La/Yb）_N=3.51~4.03,具有右倾型稀土配分模式,富集Rb、Ba、K、Sr等大离子亲石元素及Th、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti等高场强元素,呈现洋岛拉斑玄武岩特征;辉绿岩墙ΣREE为36.10×10^-6~43.72×10^-6,（La/Yb）_N=1.12~1.20,稀土配分曲线相对平坦,呈现出与洋中脊玄武岩相似的稀土和微量元素配分模式。这两类辉绿岩样品均缺乏Nb、Ta和Ti负异常,可能分别形成于洋岛/海山和洋中脊环境。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年结果显示,辉绿岩块形成时代为491.0±5.1Ma。这些不同构造属性的辉绿岩可能形成于原特提斯洋向北俯冲消减过程。     

甘肃北山红石山蛇绿岩锆石U-Pb年代学研究及构造意义

红石山蛇绿岩位于中蒙边境附近,出露于红石山-百合山-蓬勃山蛇绿混杂岩带最西段。岩石地球化学分析表明,红石山蛇绿岩中的玄武岩主量、微量及稀土元素皆显示类似MORB型玄武岩的地球化学特征,表现为低Na₂O+K₂O（2.99%）和P₂O₅（0.08%）,中等含量TiO₂（1.46%）;LREE球粒陨石标准化分配型式具平坦型和轻稀土略微富集的特征。微量元素原始地幔标准化分配型式显示出富集大离子亲石元素（Rb、K）的特征,HFSE变化相对较为稳定。红石山蛇绿岩中的辉长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年结果显示,其形成时代为346.6±2.8Ma,代表该蛇绿岩形成时代,即为早石炭世。结合前人研究成果,笔者认为红石山蛇绿岩可能为石炭纪大陆裂谷向大洋转化的构造环境下形成的初始小洋盆,其向西可与新疆境内的巴音沟蛇绿岩对比,二者同属“红海型”洋盆初始洋壳的地质记录。     

北山造山带白云山地区蛇绿混杂岩结构、组成特征与形成时代

红柳河-洗肠井蛇绿混杂岩带位于内蒙古北山造山带中部,呈北西西向展布,向东延伸至白云山-洗肠井蛇绿混杂岩带,向西延伸至牛圈子-红柳园蛇绿混杂岩带。在白云山地区,蛇绿混杂岩由不同类型的岩块与基质组成,基质具有分带性,南侧以砂板岩基质为主,北侧以蛇纹岩基质及绿泥钠长片岩基质为主,反映了俯冲增生杂岩的特征。其中基性熔岩大面积发育,岩性以绿泥钠长片岩及变质玄武岩为主,TAS及AFM图解显示基性熔岩具有拉斑玄武岩的特征,微量元素蛛网图中具有弱Nb-Ta负异常及弱Sr正异常,稀土元素配分曲线显示了轻重稀土基本未分馏的曲线型式,微量元素系列判别图解显示了类似于MORB-like玄武岩的地球化学特征。由此可见,白云山地区基性熔岩为MORB-like玄武岩,反映了蛇绿混杂岩形成于弧前的构造背景。此外,本次工作获得侵入基性熔岩中的斜长花岗岩锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U加权平均年龄为519.8±2.1Ma,ε_Hf（t）-t图解显示了斜长花岗岩为地幔分异的产物。微量元素蛛网图中Nb-Ta亏损、右倾的稀土配分曲线及Th/Yb-Nb/Yb图解反映了斜长花岗岩具有岛弧岩浆岩的特征。对比研究区晚寒武世岛弧钙碱性辉长岩,我们认为白云山地区早寒武世发育MORB-like玄武岩,中-晚寒武世为岛弧钙碱性辉长岩及斜长花岗岩,反映了初始俯冲-正常俯冲的岩浆作用。     

南秦岭白水江群变基性火山岩块体的形成时代及其地球化学特征

在南秦岭白水江群大堡组中出露的变基性火山岩块体,高精度锆石SHRIMPⅡ U-Pb定年测得年龄值为778Ma、771Ma和667Ma。岩石地球化学分析结果表明具有较高含量的TiO₂和P₂O₅,属于亚碱性玄武岩和碱性玄武岩。轻稀土富集、无δEu 异常,富集大离子亲石元素,无明显的Nb-Ta-Zr-Hf等高场强元素异常,以及具有较低的正ε_Nd(t)(1.13~4.61)值,其特征与来自于富集地幔源区的洋岛玄武岩(OIB)相似,结合在白水江群中发现的早古生代洋岛型玄武岩,揭示了在新元古代和早古生代期间南秦岭地区存在着古洋盆。因此,综合在白水江群基质和不同岩块中获得的最新研究成果,以及勉-略混杂带中的资料,表明南秦岭增生杂岩最终形成于晚古生代。     

西藏波密花岗岩体的年代学、地球化学特征及其意义

波密岩体位于西藏东南部,处于班公湖-怒江蛇绿混杂岩带与印度河-雅鲁藏布蛇绿混杂岩带之间,整体呈NW向延伸,面积约29km²。本文对波密花岗岩体进行了系统的岩石学、地球化学及同位素年代学研究。结果显示,波密岩体主要以黑云母石英闪长岩与黑云母花岗闪长岩为主,两个花岗闪长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为113.1±2.3Ma和113.4±2.1Ma。花岗岩类SiO₂介于64.11%~66.63%,K₂O+Na₂O=6.36%~7.54%,全碱含量较高,属于高钾钙碱系列。稀土元素含量为114.9×10^-6~182.8×10^-6,分配曲线均呈右倾趋势。另外,A/CNK为0.80~0.95,波密岩体有高K,高Si,低P的特点,大离子亲石元素(Rb、K)富集,高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P、Ti)亏损,属于偏铝质I型花岗岩。2件样品37个测点的锆石ε_Hf(t)值不均一,几乎全为负值(-13.72~-0.08),反映岩浆可能源于古老地壳;地壳模式年龄(t_DM^C)集中于891~2047Ma之间。综合分析波密岩体地球化学及锆石年龄数据,均与中冈底斯及弧背断隆带中早白垩世的岩体特征相似。因此本文推断波密岩体的成因为中冈底斯早白垩世带状岩浆大爆发事件在东部的延续。     

西秦岭太白地区岩湾－鹦鸽咀蛇绿混杂岩的 地质特征及形成时代

岩湾-鹦鸽咀蛇绿混杂岩是秦岭商丹蛇绿混杂岩带的重要组成部分,由变质基性火山岩(玄武岩)、蛇纹岩、变辉长岩、硅质岩、变复理石(云母石英片岩)等构造岩块组成.其中变基性火山岩具有N-MORB的地球化学特征,安山岩具有与俯冲作用密切相关的岛弧火山岩的性质.玄武岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为483 Ma±13Ma,与天水关子镇和丹风蛇绿混杂岩的时代相一致.对岩湾-鹦鸽咀蛇绿混杂岩的岩石组成和形成时代进行研究,可为进一步探讨商丹蛇绿混杂岩带和秦岭造山带的增生造山作用提供重要证据.     

藏南冈底斯岩基东段石炭纪岩浆作用记录

藏南冈底斯岩基记录了大量中生代和新生代以来的岩浆作用信息,虽然晚古生代的岩浆岩报道较少,但对限定拉萨地块在新特提斯洋俯冲之前的构造作用具有重要意义。本文通过综合已有资料,进一步对加查县和朗县晚古生代花岗岩开展了锆石U-Pb地质年代学及全岩元素地球化学组成的研究。加查县和郎县花岗片麻岩的原岩年龄分别为~344.8Ma和344.0~362.0Ma,表明加查和朗县岩体都形成于石炭纪。这些岩石具有较高的SiO₂含量（67.46%~75.33%）,Al₂O₃含量较低（12.66%~15.82%）,CaO含量为0.79%~4.32%,FeO和MgO的含量分别为0.48%~3.00%和0.28%~1.64%。依据它们的K₂O/Na₂O比值,这些岩石可分为富钾和富钠两个演化系列。这些岩石富集轻稀土元素,亏损Nb、Ta和Ti,但Zr和Hf无明显异常。地球化学特征和年代学信息表明：（1）冈底斯岩基东段石炭纪花岗岩形成于弧后伸展环境,可能与古特提斯洋向冈瓦纳大陆北缘的俯冲作用有关;（2）镁铁质岩浆演化形成富钠花岗岩,幔源岩浆和中下地壳岩熔体的混合形成富钾花岗岩;和（3）石炭纪岩浆作用持续时间至少~30Myr。     

大兴安岭牙克石地区新元古代与晚古生代两类岩石组合的构造属性及其地质意义

在内蒙牙克石地区发育两种不同构造属性的岩石组合:一类为乌奴耳-头道桥蛇绿混杂岩,另一类为晚古生代弧属性侵入岩。乌奴耳-头道桥蛇绿混杂岩由辉长岩、辉长辉绿岩、辉绿玢岩(岩墙?)、变玄武岩和放射虫硅质岩组成;地球化学特征显示基性岩类属于拉斑玄武岩系列,具有相似的稀土和原始地幔标准化配分模式,与N-MORB的特征类似,不具有Nb-Ta负异常,Nb/Nb~*值平均1;构造环境判别图显示该蛇绿混杂岩可能形成于扩张脊。晚古生代弧属性侵入岩出露于白井山、乌尔其汗,由中基性单元(辉长岩、辉长闪长岩和石英闪长岩)和酸性单元(花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩)组成;地球化学特征显示中基性单元和酸性单元属于钙碱性岩系列,富集LREEs和LILEs,具有Nb-Ta负异常,高Sr、Sr/Y值,低HREEs和Y,Eu异常不明显;酸性单元显示埃达克质岩的地球化学特征。乌奴耳-头道桥蛇绿混杂岩可能形成于新元古代,与头道桥蓝片岩、吉峰蛇绿混杂岩、新林蛇绿岩构成一条重要的缝合带,暗示本区古洋盆的存在。晚古生代弧属性侵入岩中,辉长岩的结晶年龄为326±1.9Ma,花岗闪长岩的结晶年龄为323.7±1.9Ma;微量元素的组成特征显示,中基性单元和酸性单元的形成与早石炭世洋壳板片的俯冲作用有关,暗示兴安地块和松嫩地块之间洋盆的萎缩。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.