金塔绿洲地表特征参数遥感反演研究

TM影像是陆地资源卫星（Landsat）携带的专题绘图仪（Thematic Mapper,TM）扫描计获取的遥感图像,近年来,该数据得到了广泛的应用。本文使用Landsat-5TM数据推算了金塔地区的地表参数,包括标准化差值植被指数NDVI、修正的土壤调整植被指数MSAVI、植被覆盖度、地表反射率及地表温度。并将地表反射率、地表温度的反演值与观测值进行对比,结果表明：地表温度反演结果的相对误差在9％以内,地表反射率反演结果的相对误差在8％以内。     

基于TM卫星影像获取北京市水体密度指数与植被覆盖指数的方法

以北京市为研究区域,分析了该区域的TM(Thematic Mapper;专题制图仪)卫星影像特征,探讨了水域、农田、林地、草地、城市用地以及云和云影在TM的7个波段上的光谱可分性,提出了NDCI(Normalized Difference Cloud Index;归一化云指数),分析建立了基于NDCI、NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index;归一化植被指数)、NDBI(Normalized Difference Built-up Index;归一化建筑指数)、MNDWI(Modified Normalized Difference Water Index;改进型归一化水体指数)和坡度数据的简单决策树模型,对研究区的几类主要地物、云和云影的信息进行了提取,并对结果进行了精度评价.在GIS支持下计算了水域、林地、草地和农田的面积,计算了北京市2005年第3季度的水体密度指数和植被覆盖指数.结果表明:该方法的总体提取效果较好,在分类过程中阈值的选取简单、有效,分类结果能够满足计算水体密度指数和植被覆盖指数的要求,从而将遥感技术运用到生态质量气象评价中去,并取得了较为满意的结果.     

1900年前后中国特大旱灾的旱情及其形成的自然因素

为了深入认识近代特大干旱事件的成因,利用中国1900年前后旱涝等级资料、近500年旱涝分布图集和西北地区近500年旱涝分布图集资料等,分析了1900年前后中国特大旱灾的旱情及其形成的自然因素。结果表明:(1)1900年前后的特大旱灾出现在100年来年代际变暖期,以北方干旱最严重,且多灾并发。(2)1900年前后是年代际夏季风最弱的时期,西太平洋副热带高压位置偏南和西伯利亚高压年代际增强期是特大旱灾发生的直接原因。(3)强厄尔尼诺事件与太阳黑子相对数的低值期,也是1900年前后特大旱灾发生的重要原因。     

山东省汛期降水的变化及其与北极海冰的关系

首先对1951～1999年山东省汛期(7～8月)降水进行了Z指数转换、小波分析和滑动t检验。发现49a来．山东省汛期降水呈明显减少的趋势。在60年代到70年代雨涝出现频繁。而在80年代到90年代以干旱多见。山东省汛期降水在1979年前后发生一次明显的变化．1979年后降水显著减少。山东省汛期降水变化有11a左右的年代际变化周期和2～3a、7a左右的年际变化周期。最后利用相关分析方法分析了山东省汛期降水与北极不同分区海冰面积的相关关系。     

20世纪70年代前后北太平洋海温场气候特征的比较

采用1950——1998年588个月的海表温度SST(Sea Surface Temperature)资料，应用EOF、小波分析等方法，分析了北太平洋海温时空分布特征，指出20世纪70年代中后期北太平洋海温有明显变化：赤道中东太平洋由冷转暖，中高纬西风漂流区由暖转冷，且西风漂流区变化更为显著。厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件在此前后也呈现出不同的特征：1976年前拉尼娜(1976年后厄尔尼诺)事件持续时间长，强度大，事件发展初期厄尔尼诺海区就表现为较强的负(正)距平。海温变化存在2—6a的ENSO循环周期，并迭加着8—9a的年际振荡和22a左右的年代际尺度的变化。另外，还有以1981年前后为转折点的长期变化信号。     

腾格里沙漠内湖泊及湖盆绿洲的动态研究

文章利用遥感与地理信息系统的方法和技术,基于20世纪70年代中期的MSS、90年代初期TM和21世纪初期的ETM遥感影像数据,对腾格里沙漠内湖泊及湖盆绿洲动态变化进行了研究。结果表明:从20世纪70年代到21世纪初的30年里,腾格里沙漠常年积水湖泊的面积和湖泊数量都有所增加,而湖盆天然绿洲面积却表现出明显减少的趋势,沙漠和干湖盆面积有所扩大。     

河西走廊强和特强沙尘暴变化趋势的初步研究

分析了河西走廊1955—2000年强和特强沙尘暴的气候变化。研究表明，河西走廊强和特强沙尘暴自1955年以来主要呈下降趋势；但是从20世纪90年代末期起，有增多的趋势。20世纪50年代和70年代偏多，60年代正常，80年代偏少，90年代最少。强和特强沙尘暴的突变年份出现在60年代后期和1980年前后。     

中国西北干旱、半干旱区春季地气温差的年代际变化特征及其对华北夏季降水年代际变化的影响

利用我国1951~2000年夏季降水观测资料分析了我国夏季降水的年代际变化特征,表明了我国夏季降水在1976年前后发生了一次明显的气候跃变,在1976年之后华北地区和黄河流域夏季降水明显减少,出现了严重持续干旱,而西北地区从20世纪70年代后期开始,降水增多,且西北地区降水振荡位相要超前于华北地区降水振荡位相5~8年。并且,本文从1960~2000年我国西北干旱、半干旱区的地温、气温观测资料分析了我国西北干旱、半干旱地区的地气温差(Ts-Ta)的变化特征,其结果表明了在20世纪70年代后期以前,我国西北干旱、半干旱地区的地气温差大部分年份偏低,低于平均值,而从70年代后期之后到2000年,我国西北干旱、半干旱地区的地气温差偏高。此外,本文还分析了西北干旱区地气温差变化的最大地区新疆西部春季地气温差与我国夏季降水的相关关系,其正相关区分别位于西北地区、东北地区和长江流域,而负相关区分别位于华北地区东部和西南地区,这表明我国西北干旱、半干旱区春季地气温差可能是华北地区夏季降水年代际变化的原因之一。     

西太平洋副热带高压强度和东亚地表热通量的年代际变化特征及关系

利用NCEP/NCAR的月平均再分析资料以及中国国家气候中心的西太平洋副热带高压(副高)强度资料,分析了西太平洋副高强度、500hPa环流场以及东亚地表感热、潜热通量场的年代际变化特征,发现各个季节的西太平洋副高强度及其环流形势均存在一定的年代际变化,变化发生的时间为1978年前后,20世纪70年代中期以后副高强度有所增强。副高强度在季节间的延续性也发生了一定的年代际变化,1978年以后季节间的延续性增强,全时段的延续性受后一时段的影响较大。东亚地表感热、潜热通量场也存在明显的年代际变化,感热通量的变化关键区在大陆上,主要为青藏高原东、西部,其发生年代际变化要早于西太平洋副高强度变化的时间(20世纪60年代中后期),但它们发生差异变化的时间则接近西太平洋副高强度发生年代际变化的时间,在20世纪60年代中后期以前,高原感热通量体现为稳定的西高东低,而20世纪70年代中期以后则转为稳定的东高西低,其中,近10年时间为调整过渡期,因此,它们各自的年代际变化所造成的影响会有所滞后。潜热通量的变化关键区则位于海洋上,主要是西太平洋地区,1978年以前春季地表潜热通量距平为南正北负,之后转为南负北正,而夏季潜热通量距平则...     

20世纪80年代以来黑龙江气候变暖的初步分析

利用观测资料,分析了黑龙江120年以来气候变暖的特征.研究指出,20世纪80年代以来,全球气候变暖已成为人们关注的焦点,黑龙江地处中高纬气温明显变暖,近120年来年平均气温上升1.4℃;冬春季升幅最大为1.8℃,气温突变在1990年前后.从年、季平均气温变化趋势与全国及北半球、全球气温变化的比较得出,年、冬季我国增暖中心在黑龙江,春季在内蒙古北部及黑龙江,夏秋增暖不明显,但仍有上升趋势.20世纪50～70年代黑龙江及全国各大区域普遍增暖不明显,80年代黑龙江增暖幅度开始增大,三北(东北、华北、西北)地区次之.90年代黑龙江增暖更加显著,而全国及其他区域上升已达到80年代北方增温幅度.研究还指出黑龙江气温与北半球、全球气温变化趋势基本一致,尤其80年代至今气温都有显著的上升.     

Near-surface air temperature retrieval from satellite images and influence by wetlands in urban region

Near-surface air temperature (NSAT) directly reflects the thermal conditions above the ground and has been considered as a relevant indicator of resident health in urban regions. The rapid retrieval of NSAT data is necessary to assess urban environments. In this paper, a method of NSAT retrieval is developed that employs Landsat Thematic Mapper images using an Energy Balance Bowen Ratio model. This model is established based on the energy balance over land and the Bowen ratio. The degree of retrieval error obtained when using this model is determined on the basis of a comparison with the observed values obtained from weather stations; the mean error is approximately 2.21 °C. Moreover, the spatial relationship between NSAT and urban wetlands is analyzed using Geographical Information System technology. The results show that wetlands have an obvious influence on atmospheric temperature and that this influence decreases as the distance from the wetland increases. When that distance is less than 300 m, its influence on the NSAT is significant.     

Local surface temperature change due to expansion of oil palm plantation in Indonesia

A high world demand for crude palm oil has caused a reduction in the area of Indonesia’s tropical rainforests over the past several decades. Our hypothesis is that the expansion of the area devoted to oil palm plantations at the expense of primary and secondary tropical rainforests will increase the local surface temperature. While similar studies of other crops have been reported, this is the first time this particular hypothesis has been investigated and reported using the remote sensing methods described in this paper. In this study, we used remotely sensed data to quantify land use changes from tropical rainforests to oil palm plantations, calculated the surface temperature from thermal infrared data supplied by band 6 of the Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), examined the correlations of surface temperature to foliage cover, and conducted field work to verify the results obtained using the remotely sensed data. For this study, we used a new spectral index, Principal Polar Spectral Greenness (PPSG), that is potentially more sensitive than other index to small changes in foliage cover at high cover levels. The outcome of satellite image processing is only 0.2 °C different from direct temperature measurement in the field. Our study indicated that less density of the closed-canopy composition of oil palm trees resulted in higher surface temperature.     

The Surface Albedo Of The Vatnajökull Ice Cap, Iceland: A Comparison Between Satellite-Derived And Ground-Based Measurements

The temporal and spatial variations in the surface albedo of the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland, are investigated. A time series of the surface albedo is composed for the summer of 1996 using satellite radiance measurements from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). This time series is compared with ground measurements carried out during a glacio-meteorological experiment during the same summer on the ice cap. The AVHRR is able to reproduce the development in time of the surface albedo fairly well. The large systematic differences found for some of the stations on the ice are attributed to sub-pixel-scale variations in the albedo. An attempt is made to confirm this hypothesis using satellite radiance measurements carried out by the Thematic Mapper (TM) and measurements made with a portable albedometer. The TM has a pixel size of 30 × 30 m whereas the pixel size of the AVHRR is 1 × 1 km. Although the TM measurements show greater variability in the albedo than do the AVHRR measurements, the large systematic difference remains. Measurements with the portable albedometer show a large spread in the albedo at sites with large systematic differences. This implies that the scale of the albedo variations is smaller than the scale of the AVHRR and TM pixels.     

用第二代陆地卫星的热红外资料解译亚热带丘陵山区热量资源的方法

本文用LANDSAT探测的福建北部山区1984年12月26日白天幅和1985年10月29日夜间幅的TM热红外资料,探讨了解译东亚热带热量资源的原理及定量方法,并分析了遥感上瞬时气象值在气候上的意义。认为只要有不同季节的遥感资料,用其解译当地热量资源在方法上是可行的。     

Estimates of surface soil water content using linear combinations of spectral wavebands

Summary Surface reflectance factors from bare field soil were measured to determine the relationship between surface soil water content and spectral reflectance. Reflectance in the six reflective Thematic Mapper (TM) bands plus a 1.15 to 1.30 µm bandpass (referred to as MMR 5) was measured using a groundbased radiometer across a soil water gradient provided by a line source sprinkler system. A spectral index of soil brightness (Brightness) derived using the Gram-Schmidt process and utilizing reflectance information was calculated for each band and for combinations of bands. The results of this study show that TM band 7 (2.05–2.30 µm) provided improved estimates of surface soil water content (0–0.5 cm depth) over estimates using reflectance information from all seven bands. Good correlations were also found between band ratio spectral indices of TM 5 (1.55–1.75 µm) / TM 7, MMR 5/TM 7, and MMR 5/TM 5 and surface soil water content. Results indicate that surface reflectance factors within bandpasses that partially overlap water absorption regions, such as TM 7, are most highly correlated with surface soil moisture. Band ratios utilizing a bandpass partially overlapping a water absorption region such as TM 7 and a non-water-absorbing bandpass such as MMR 5 yield close correlations with surface soil water content.Contribution from the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, Tucson, AZ 85721. Journal Paper No. 7040.With 6 Figures     

Assessing the Ecological Quality of Nanjing during Its Urbanization Process by Using Satellite,Meteorological, and Socioeconomic Data

Assessing the ecological status of different districts within a city undergoing urbanization is challenging given their complex surface types and fast pace of development. In this study, we utilized satellite data obtained from Landsat 5/TM (Thematic Mapper) and Landsat 8/OLI (Operational Land Imager) images in conjunction with meteorological and socioeconomic data to construct a remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) for monitoring the ecological quality of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. A higher RSEI value corresponded to better ecological quality. Five ratings were associated with RSEI values of city districts: very poor, poor, average, good, and excellent. In Nanjing, the percentage of areas evidencing good RSEI ratings decreased from 55.9% in 2000 to 48.0% in 2018, whereas there was a slight increase in areas with very poor RSEI ratings during this period. Of the 11 city districts, 16.8%, 21.8%, and 61.4% respectively evidenced the increasing, decreasing, and stable ecological quality relative to their quality in 2000. Of the 11 administrative districts in Nanjing, the main urban districts evidenced increased RSEI values in 2018 compared with those in 2000, with the improved areas exceeding the ones that had deteriorated in these districts. However, the ecological quality of new urban and ed because of the urban expansion, with areas that had deteriorated exceeding the improved ones. Of the three protected ecological zones, the quality of Zijin Mountain National Forest Park was considerably better than that of Laoshan and Jiangxinzhou. Overall, the urbanization rate and RSEI evidenced a high negative correlation coefficient value (−0.76). The urbanization process of Nanjing induced a declining trend for the ecological quality, indicating the need of strong protection measures for the maintenance or improvement of its ecological environment.     

Assessing the Ecological Quality of Nanjing during Its Urbanization Process by Using Satellite,Meteorological,and Socioeconomic Data

Assessing the ecological status of different districts within a city undergoing urbanization is challenging given their complex surface types and fast pace of development.In this study,we utilized satellite data obtained from Landsat5/TM(Thematic Mapper)and Landsat 8/OLI(Operational Land Imager)images in conjunction with meteorological and socioeconomic data to construct a remote sensing ecological index(RSEI)for monitoring the ecological quality of Nanjing,Jiangsu Province.A higher RSEI value corresponded to better ecological quality.Five ratings were associated with RSEI values of city districts:very poor,poor,average,good,and excellent.In Nanjing,the percentage of areas evidencing good RSEI ratings decreased from 55.9%in 2000 to 48.0%in 2018,whereas there was a slight increase in areas with very poor RSEI ratings during this period.Of the 11 city districts,16.8%,21.8%,and 61.4%respectively evidenced the increasing,decreasing,and stable ecological quality relative to their quality in 2000.Of the11 administrative districts in Nanjing,the main urban districts evidenced increased RSEI values in 2018 compared with those in 2000,with the improved areas exceeding the ones that had deteriorated in these districts.However,the ecological quality of new urban and ed because of the urban expansion,with areas that had deteriorated exceeding the improved ones.Of the three protected ecological zones,the quality of Zijin Mountain National Forest Park was considerably better than that of Laoshan and Jiangxinzhou.Overall,the urbanization rate and RSEI evidenced a high negative correlation coefficient value(-0.76).The urbanization process of Nanjing induced a declining trend for the ecological quality,indicating the need of strong protection measures for the maintenance or improvement of its ecological environment.     

An approach to the estimation of surface net radiation in mountain areas using remote sensing and digital terrain data

Summary An approach is proposed to estimate the net radiation load at the surface in mountain areas. The components of the radiation balance are derived using a radiative transfer model combined with remotely sensed and digital terrain data. Integrated shortwave (0.28–6.00 µm) and longwave irradiances (3.00–100.00 µm) are computed using a modified version of the Practical Improved Flux Method (PIFM) of Zdunkowski et al. (1982) which makes use of digital topographic data in order to account for slope, aspect, and shading effects. Surface albedo and thermal exitance estimates are obtained using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and digital terrain data combined with the LOWTRAN 7 atmospheric model (Kneizys et al., 1988). LOWTRAN 7 is utilized together with a set of terrain modeling programs to compute direct and diffuse sky irradiance for selected TM bands, and to remove atmospheric effects within the visible, near-infrared, mid-infrared, and thermal infrared bands of Landsat TM. Model testing in the Colorado alpine show a generally good correspondence between estimated values and field measurements obtained over comparable tundra surfaces during several field campaigns. The method is finally used to produce 1) maps of the components of the radiation balance at the time of Landsat TM overflight and 2) maps of daily totals of shortwave irradiance and net shortwave radiation on a typical summer day in the Colorado Rocky Mountains (i.e. including cloud cover effects). The results indicate that the proposed approach is particularly suitable for obtaining estimates of net radiation at the surface from the toposcale to the regional scale.With 6 Figures     

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON SETTING UP THE OBSERVATIONAL STATION IN HEIFE(SUMMER)

Using a modified numerical model with higher resolution both horizontal and vertical directions,the surface fluxesof the sensible and latent heat in the HEIFE(Heihe Field Experiment)region were diagnosed.Based on statistical analy-sis for the diagnostic fluxes,the representativeness and location of observational stations in the HEIFE region were inves-tigated,a concrete scheme for setting up the observational stations in the HEIFE region with different underlying sur-faces are obtained and the general principle of choosing the locations of observational stations with betterrepresentativeness is proposed.