THE DISPERSION RELATION, OF EARTH''S ELECTROMAGNETIC RESPONSE FUNCTIONS AND THE JOINT INVERSION OF DATA

On the basis of the dispersion relations of MT field, the necessity and applied prospects of the joint inversions using a pair of MT response functions which are correlative with the dispersion relations, are infered. A filter coefficient algorithm is made, with which the corresponding impedance phase data can be estimated using a set of apparent resistivities. The tests for the observed MT data show that when comparing the impedance phase estimated using the dispersion relation with the ob served phase, it can be checked whether the dispersion relation between observed apparent resistivity and phase data is satisfied or not, and that the use of the phase data corrected using the dispersion relation in the joint inversion is advantageous to obtain more confident results. It is shown that joint inversions are more advantageous than single parameter inversions, and that in the most case the joint inversion using the apparent resistivities of impedance real and imaginary parts is more advantageous than the jointinversion using the normal apparent resistivity and impedance phase. The existence of the dipersion relations between the ratio apparent resistivity and corresponding impedance phase of the orthogonal electric and magnetic field horizontal Components in the frequency EM sounding with horizontal electric dipole(FEMS) are discussed, the better effect of the joint inversion using the pair of EM response functions is obtained. The problems on the one-dimensional joint inversion for the MT and FEMS apparent resistivities, for which the observed frequency bands partly overlape each other, are studied. It is shown that this joint inversion is applicable and effective:the joint inversions of the practical data for two kinds of EM methods at two sites give the results well corresponding to the drilling data. The simulated MT inversions for the data of two kinds of EM methods are made, and more confident results also are obtained.     

大地电磁测深资料的联合反演研究

本文从大地电磁扬的色散关系出发,阐述了进行大地电磁资料一维联合反演的物理意义。论证了对于以色散关系相联系的一对大地电磁响应函数,特别是阻抗实部和虚部视电阻率进行联合反演的必要性和可能的应用前景。对比研究了大地电磁阻抗各单参量及其联合反演的效果。结果表明,在加快反演迭代速度,限定反演解的非唯一性、保证反演迭代的稳定进行等方面,联合反演比单参量反演具有明显的优越性;在大多数情况下,阻抗实部视电阻率和阻抗虚部视电阻率联合反演的效果要比通常所采用的常规视电阻率和阻抗相位的联合反演效果好。实际大地电磁资料的试验表明,各种不同平均阻抗的利用和综合反演解释将有助于获得更为可靠的结果。     

电偶源频率电磁测深二维阻抗视电阻率计算的源效应校正法

研讨了频率域电磁法中不同源装置的大地电磁测深、线源频率电磁测深和偶极源频率电磁测深阻抗视电阻率的源效应影响特征。在唯象分析的基础上，提出了几种电磁测深法阻抗视电阻率的相互换算法──源效应校正法（大地电磁测深二维ＴＥ极化视电阻率和其它两种电磁法的赤道装置二维阻抗视电阻车）。模型试验表明，利用这一源效应校正法可以由大地电磁二维视电阻率近似地计算出线源频率电磁二维阻抗视电阻率。这一方法被尝试应用于由线源频率电磁二维阻抗视电阻率估算偶极源频率电磁二维阻抗视电阻率。     

大地电磁视电阻率和阻抗相位资料的联合解释

本文叙述了大地电磁视电阻率和阻抗相位资料联合解释的原理与计算方法。通过具体算例的分析,表明该方法是正确有效的,而且在缩小多解性方面,要比单纯的视电阻率资料反演法或阻抗相位资料反演法优越     

大地电磁全张量响应的一维各向异性反演

目前大地电磁(MT)测深资料反演主要基于各向同性介质,但随着MT实际应用的需要,各向异性研究已逐渐引起关注.我们采用广泛应用的广义逆法对一维MT水平层状各向异性介质模型反演进行了探索性研究,并实现了MT全张量响应(即所有的阻抗张量的视电阻率和相位)的一维各向异性反演.理论模型试验表明,无论理论观测值中是否含有噪声,这种方法都能够较好地恢复真实模型,验证了其正确性和有效性.将此方法用于MT实测资料时,能够同时拟合4对视电阻率和阻抗相位曲线,说明本方法可以用于实测资料的处理解释,具有一定的实用价值.     

电偶源频率电磁测深视电阻率多参量联合反演效果检验

通过大量的数值模拟试验 ,对电偶源频率电磁测深 (FEMS)视电阻率多参量联合反演的效果进行了检验和对比 .结果表明 ,多参量联合反演具有较快的收敛速度和较高的拟合精度     

电偶源频率电磁测深视电阻率多参量联合反演效果检验

通过大量的数值模拟试验，对电偶源频率电磁测深（FEMS）视电阻率多参量联合反演的效果进行了检验和对比。结果表明，多参量联合反演具有较快的收敛速度和较高的拟合精度。     

电偶源频率电磁测深中磁场比值视电阻率与其相位间的频散关系及资料的联合反演

探讨了在电偶源频率电磁测深中利用磁场比值定义的视电阻率ρｚｙ的物理意义及与其相位间的频散关系,给出了在频散关系的基础上电视电阻率资料估算相位的方法,并证明所估算的相位与理论模型计算值是一致的研究了ρｚｙ与ψｚｙ联合反演问题,并研制出具有较好应用效果的实用化软件。     

Solutions of the inherent problem of the equivalence in direct current resistivity and electromagnetic methods through global optimization and joint inversion by successive refinement of model space

The problem of equivalence in direct current (DC) resistivity and electromagnetic methods for a thin resistive and conducting layer is well‐known. Attempts have been made in the past to resolve this problem through joint inversion. However, equivalence still remains an unresolved problem. In the present study, an effort is made to reduce non‐uniqueness due to equivalence using global optimization and joint inversion by successive refinement of the model space. A number of solutions derived for DC resistivity data using very fast simulated annealing global inversion that fits the observations equally well, follow the equivalence principle and show a definite trend. For a thin conductive layer, the quotient between resistivity and thickness is constant, while for a resistive one, the product between these magnitudes is constant. Three approaches to obtain very fast simulated annealing solutions are tested. In the first one, layer resistivities and thicknesses are optimized in a linear domain. In the second, layer resistivities are optimized in the logarithmic domain and thicknesses in the linear domain. Lastly, both layer resistivities and thicknesses are optimized in the logarithmic domain. Only model data from the mean models, corresponding to very fast simulated annealing solutions obtained for approach three, always fit the observations. The mean model defined by multiple very fast simulated annealing solutions shows extremely large uncertainty (almost 100%) in the final solution after inversion of individual DC resistivity or electromagnetic (EM) data sets. Uncertainty associated with the intermediate resistive and conducting layers after global optimization and joint inversion is still large. In order to reduce the large uncertainty associated with the intermediate layer, global optimization is performed over several iterations by reducing and redefining the search limits of model parameters according to the uncertainty in the solution. The new minimum and maximum limits are obtained from the uncertainty in the previous iteration. Though the misfit error reduces in the solution after successive refinement of the model space in individual inversion, it is observed that the mean model drifts away from the actual model. However, successive refinement of the model space using global optimization and joint inversion reduces uncertainty to a very low level in 4–5 iterations. This approach works very well in resolving the problem of equivalence for resistive as well as for conducting layers. The efficacy of the approach has been demonstrated using DC resistivity and EM data, however, it can be applied to any geophysical data to solve the inherent ambiguities in the interpretations.     

Use of magnetotelluric signals from 50 Hz power lines for resistivity mapping of geothermal fields in New Zealand

Electromagnetic (EM) fields radiated from the transmission lines of the New Zealand electricity grid have been digitally recorded at test sites near the Tokaanu geothermal field. Amplitudes and phases of the 50 Hz signals (and the odd harmonics up to 450 Hz) were determined using a software implementation of a phase-locked filter. These data were then analysed to determine the components of the magnetotelluric impedance tensor and the corresponding apparent resistivities and phases. At most sites, there was sufficient variation in the elliptical polarization of the EM fields to enable the impedance tensors to be determined in full. Sites where the EM data had been affected by near-source effects were identified by having large vertical magnetic field components and by being closer to a power line source than about 3–5 skin depths. With the test measurements, the north-eastern part of the Tokaanu geothermal field was successfully delineated giving low resistivities (< 5 Ωm) on the inside and higher resistivities on the outside, in agreement with the Schlumberger array DC apparent resistivities. The small size of the 50 Hz magnetotelluric equipment and its portable nature make this method of resistivity measurement suitable for reconnaissance resistivity mapping in places with difficult access.     

广义S变换及其在大地电磁测深数据处理中的应用

广义S变换是一种优于短时窗傅立叶变换和小波变换的时频分析方法,利用广义S变换能够准确定位大地电磁资料中存在的噪声,通过定义时频窗对噪声进行滤除,从而明显提高阻抗视电阻率与相位的估算质量.本文基于S变换和大地电磁测深资料处理的基本原理,研究了基于广义S变换的大地电磁测深资料的处理流程和方法.对理论模拟信号及实测大地电磁场时间序列数据的处理,证实了方法的有效性.     

A field test of imaging properties of rotational invariants of the magnetotelluric impedance tensor

A part of the Békés Basin (an extensional sub‐basin of the Pannonian Basin, where the basement under thick Pannonian sediments is well known from deep boreholes and from seismic measurements, and where many magnetotelluric (MT) soundings have been carried out for frequencies ranging from 1 to 10^?3 Hz) was selected as a test area to assess the imaging performances of various apparent‐resistivity definitions computed with rotational invariants of either the real part of the complex impedance tensor, or its imaginary part, or both. A comparison (based on earlier 3D numerical studies) has been made between the magnetotelluric images obtained in this way and the depths to the high‐resistivity basement, as known from boreholes and seismic investigations. The correlation coefficient between the series of basement depth values at 39 MT sites and the apparent‐resistivity values was found to be stronger and high correlation appeared at a shorter period when it was computed with apparent resistivities based on the real tensor rather than with apparent resistivities based on the imaginary tensor. In the light of our studies, ρ_{Re Z} and the impedance phase seem to be more informative than any other combination of magnetotelluric interpretation parameters.     

3-D inversion of MT data from the Sabalan geothermal field,Ardabil, Iran

Since the true Earth is 3-D in nature, a three-dimensional (3-D) inversion has clear advantages over lower dimensional inversions. We utilized a 3-D magnetotelluric (MT) inversion code, WSINV3DMT, to obtain a realistic resistivity model using a long period MT data set collected in the Northwest Sabalan geothermal field in Ardabil, Iran. The apparent resistivity and phase curves, the magnetic induction vectors, the impedance polar diagrams and the rotational invariant of impedance tensor, indicate a complex 3-D conductivity structure. After setting up the model parameters and designing the appropriate block discretization, we performed the 3-D inversions for two sets of observed data; one set includes the full MT impedance tensor and another set contains only off-diagonal elements of the MT impedance. The final model was selected according to the relative magnitude of the data misfit and the model norm with respect to various Lagrangian multipliers. The results of this study illustrate the 3-D inversion of the off-diagonal elements of MT impedance tensor is precisely enough to explain the structures related to the geothermal source. The obtained results were compared with the results of available 2-D models and they are then interpreted using all of the geological and drilling data of the area. The main outcome of this study is the precise delineation of the geometry of geothermal source that is located at the center of the study area with a surface coverage of about 7 km².     

二维水平电偶极变频测深阻抗视电阻率的有限元正演计算

在二维地电断面情况下,电偶源变频测深阻抗视电阻率的有限元计算,存在着两个困难:一个是对源的处理;另一个是边界条件的确定。本文提出了解决这两个问题的方法,构成了含源波动方程的边值问题,用有限元法求出了相应的电磁场分量,从而计算出二维地电断面的阻抗视电阻率。对各种地电断面计算的结果表明,计算方法是正确的,可对实际地电断面进行有限元模拟,求得其电磁响应。     

Comparisons, processing and interpretation of the surveyed data by GMS-06 and other magnetotelluric sounding systems

In recent years, the data collecting and processing of magnetotelluric sounding （MT） have progressed greatly. How to improve the quality of field surveyed data and obtain the high quality parameters such as apparent resistivity and phase is the most important link during the overall flow. It is closely related to the signal-to-noise ratio of magnetic sensors, the resolution of data collecting units and relevant processing methods as well. Produced by Germany Metronix Measurement Instruments and Electronics Ltd., the new type multi-channel geophysical measurement system GMS-06 was already adopted and used by domeslic units such as Institute of Geology and Geophysics of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Tongji University. Based on the brief introduction of GMS-06, this paper will give the comparisons and analyses of the synchronous surveyed MT data by GMS-06, MMS-03 MT system which was also produced by Metronix and V5-2000 MT system produced by Canada Phoenix Geophysics Ltd.. Then the preliminary processing and interpretation results of the long period MT data observed by GMS-06 in the area of Shanghai and Zhejiang are also discussed in the paper.     

地震与大地电磁测深数据的自适应正则化同步联合反演

在传统的联合反演研究中,地球物理学者往往更多地关注数据拟合,很少涉及正则化理论.本文在电阻率和速度随机分布的大地电磁测深(MT)与地震联合反演研究的基础之上,将正则化思想引入到同步联合反演中,加入先验信息进行模型约束,选取最小模型为稳定泛函,并首次采用自适应正则化算法来确定联合反演的正则化因子.根据以往研究成果,采用非...     

Joint three-dimensional inversion of magnetotelluric and magnetovariational data

The problem of quantitative three-dimensional interpretation of the magnetotelluric (MT) data ranks among the most difficult problems in electromagnetic (EM) geophysics. Our paper presents a new rigorous numerical method for MT inversion, based on the integral equations technique. An important feature of the proposed method is the calculation of the Frechet derivative with the aid of a quasi-analytical approximation with an inhomogeneous background. This approach simplifies the algorithm of inversion and requires only a single forward modeling on each iteration. We have also developed a method for a joint inversion of MT and magnetovariational (MV) data. We show in the present paper that the joint inversion of MT impedances and the Wiese-Parkinson vectors can automatically allow for the static shift in the observed data, which is caused by the geoelectric inhomogeneities contained in the near-surface layer.     

海岸效应对近海地区大地电磁测深数据畸变作用研究

在近海地区采集的大地电磁测深数据通常受到海岸效应的影响,使得大地电磁测深数据发生畸变,因而很难利用大地电磁测深资料较为可靠地获得地下深部的电性结构.本文通过正演模拟方法,分析和总结海水深度变化和海底地形变化对近海地区大地电磁测深数据的畸变影响.当测区与海岸线的距离小于目标频率的大地电磁场趋肤深度时,高导海洋的存在会严重影响测区内电磁场的分布.由于海岸效应的影响,大地电磁测深视电阻率曲线和相位曲线均会发生不同程度的畸变,在低频部分,这种畸变作用尤为明显.大地电磁测深一维Occam反演方法和二维非线性共轭梯度反演方法,对近海地区浅部地层具有较好的反演效果.随着海水深度的增加和海底地形的复杂变化,两种反演方法均会出现不同程度的假异常,为地质解释工作造成了影响.近渤海地区的实测大地电磁测深数据在低频部分可能受到海岸效应的影响而导致视电阻率曲线的严重畸变.     

大地电磁一维连续介质反演的曲线对比法

根据电磁波的传播特性，把视电阻率随周期变化的曲线转化为电阻率随深度变化的曲线，并以此作为初始反演的地电模型．通过初始地电模型得到的视电阻率曲线与真实模型的视电阻率曲线的对比，对初始地电模型的电阻率值进行校正．校正后的反演模型的视电阻率曲线与真实模型的视电阻曲线的拟合程度有所提高．然后如此反复进行多次校正，获得与真实模型更为接近的反演模型，反演的拟合误差一般小于ｌ％．模型试验和实际例子表明，该方法的拟合程度优于Ｂｏｓｔｉｃｋ法．     

电阻率和速度随机分布的MT与地震联合反演

在已有研究成果的基础上,为了适应物性参数剧烈变化的复杂模型并满足联合反演的要求,开发了速度和电阻率随机分布共网格单元模型的建模技术.基于这种统一的物性随机分布的网格介质模型,利用有限元方法和改进的射线追踪法分别正演计算大地电磁场和地震走时,结合改进的模拟退火算法,研究实现了电阻率和速度随机分布条件下的大地电磁与地震资料的同步联合反演.对物性界面不完全一致和物性变化剧烈的带地形复杂模型的试验,表明了该方法在精细反演复杂电阻率和速度结构方面的效果,克服了以往研究局限于简单模型的不足.对地震资料品质差的地区开展的实际资料联合反演,表明了方法的适用性,先验信息约束下的联合反演提高了反演精度.