非饱和土基质吸力对边坡稳定的影响

降雨及浸水往往引起天然土坡及人工土坡的滑坡,其中,土中基质吸力的消失是一个重要原因。通过试验和计算分析,揭示了基质吸力对边坡稳定所起的重要作用。非饱和土边坡稳定计算中的关键参数 的确定,尚有待于进一步研究。     

非饱和膨胀土边坡稳定性分析

Bishop和Fredlund的非饱和土强度公式参数不易工程应用,文中基于双曲线的非饱和土强度公式,采用简化Bishop法建立非饱和土边坡的稳定方程,分析膨胀土边坡的稳定性,讨论了吸力、分层及其边坡表层裂隙对非饱和膨胀土边坡稳定性的影响。通过分析与比较,揭示了膨胀土边坡浅层滑坡的原因。     

降雨对均质各向异性土质边坡稳定性的影响

采用有限元法分析了非饱和均质各向异性土坡中的降雨渗透过程和土水相互作用的变化过程,使用修改的Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则考虑非饱和土的抗剪强度,根据基质吸力变化引起抗破坏强度变化的原理,寻找最危险的滑移面位置,计算最小稳定安全系数,研究了土坡遭受降雨渗透时的安全稳定问题。实例分析结果表明,该法在评判降雨时非饱和土坡的稳定性方面是合理可行的。同时分析数据表明裂隙的存在对土质边坡稳定性的影响是显著的,在对雨水入渗的土边坡稳定性分析时,必须考虑裂隙的影响。     

降雨引起的边坡位移研究

边坡和滑坡的变形是非常复杂的问题,同时也是滑坡灾害预报与预警的一个重要指标。由降雨引起的边坡位移与边坡体中非饱和土体基质吸力变化产生的应变有关。依据实验数据,笔者对非饱和土中基质吸力变化产生的应变进行了研究。建立了非饱和土应变与含水量的变化关系。在此基础上,对降雨引起的边坡位移机制、规律进行了探讨。并对武都古滑坡蠕滑位移进行了分析。     

非饱和膨胀土边坡的稳定性分析

为了提高非饱和膨胀土边坡的稳定,采用了土工膜覆盖边坡表面的方法.基于非饱和渗流理论,采用有限元程序对用膜覆盖和不覆盖的边坡分别进行了降雨蒸发干湿循环条件下的数值分析.在计算结果基础上,采用极限平衡法分析了边坡的稳定性.结果表明,用膜覆盖后边坡能长期保持非饱和状态,土体吸力较高,其稳定安全系数明显高于无膜保护的边坡,用复合土工膜覆盖边坡有利于提高非饱和膨胀土边坡的稳定.     

考虑降雨影响的膨胀土边坡稳定性分析简化法

基于非饱和土一维降雨入渗模型,模拟了膨胀土边坡在降雨入渗条件下的水分运移特征。通过试验,研究了膨胀土抗剪强度随含水量变化的关系,提出了一种考虑降雨入渗影响的膨胀土边坡稳定性分析的简化方法。研究表明,随降雨历时的增加,边坡的安全系数逐渐变小,边坡最危险滑动面有向浅层发展的趋势。这种方法既能避免繁杂的基质吸力测量,同时能够考虑膨胀土的非饱和性,可以基本满足一般中小型工程设计的需要。      

非饱和土边坡稳定分析方法探讨

在对非饱和土边坡进行稳定分析时,应该全面地考虑基质吸力对边坡稳定的贡献。首先,分别探讨了基于Fredlund非饱和土强度表达式和Bishop非饱和土有效应力强度公式将强度折减有限元法推广到非饱和土边坡稳定分析中的具体方法;然后,开发了可以考虑基质吸力两种处理方法的强度折减有限元计算程序;最后,给出了一个非饱和土边坡稳定分析的对比算例,说明了二者的不同特点。     

巴东组非饱和红土强度与变形特性试验研究

宜昌-巴东段高速公路修建中形成了大量的路堑边坡,上覆为巴东组红层残坡积红土。降雨条件下,土体强度急剧下降,导致大量路堑边坡失稳。目前针对巴东组残坡积红土强度与变形特性开展非饱和试验的研究较少,为探索基质吸力对红土强度的影响,对红土进行了土水特征曲线、三轴强度试验,采用GDS三轴系统对红土进行了饱和及非饱和剪切试验,非饱和三轴试验采用了常含水量试验方法。结果表明:基质吸力对巴东红土强度影响很大。土体强度随吸力增大而呈非线性增长; 而基质吸力随着含水量增大而减小,即巴东组非饱和红土强度特性随土体含水量增大而变差。最后拟合出巴东非饱和红土的经验抗剪强度公式。研究成果对该区域工程实践具有一定的参考意义。     

降雨入渗条件下非饱和土边坡稳定分析

针对降雨入渗土坡的稳定问题,建立一个考虑水力渗透系数特征曲线、土-水特征曲线以及修正的Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则的非饱和土流固耦合有限元计算模型,进行雨水入渗下非饱和土边坡渗流场和应力场耦合的数值模拟,得到非饱和土边坡变形与应力的若干重要规律。研究成果为降雨入渗条件下非饱和土边坡的稳定分析提供了基础。     

降雨入渗条件下非饱和土朗肯土压力分析

传统的土压力分析仅考虑了土体饱和强度对土压力产生的贡献,忽略了基质吸力及其变化对土压力的影响。运用非饱和土有效应力原理和饱和土朗肯土压力公式推导了非饱和土朗肯土压力公式,结合Iverson降雨入渗解析解,推导出降雨入渗条件下非饱和土压力公式。该公式将降雨入渗时的非饱和土压力表示为时间和深度的函数,更符合实际情况。研究结果表明：采用该方法计算得到的土压力值相对于传统计算结果偏大,作用点偏高;此外,随着降雨的发生、入渗和停止,主动土压力呈现“减小-增大-减小-稳定”趋势,被动土压力呈现“增大-减小-增大-稳定”趋势,该现象由降雨过程中基质吸力改变所致。由该公式获得的土压力分布及变化规律可用于挡土工程结构的设计。     

非饱和渗流基质吸力对边坡稳定性的影响

降雨入渗是致使边坡岩土体稳定性下降并最终导致崩滑地质灾害发生最为常见的环境因素。通常对边坡中地下水的影响分析采用的是经典的静水压力假定 ,并考虑适当的折减系数。本文研究了非饱和土强度随基质吸力变化的规律 ,对基质吸力影响边坡稳定性的机制进行探讨 ,并提出了相应的分析方法。运用上述方法分析了某露天矿边坡实例。结果表明 ,该方法十分有效。     

降雨条件下土坡饱和-非饱和渗流及稳定性分析

基于非饱和土力学理论,利用有限元法对降雨条件下边坡的饱和-非饱和渗流及稳定性进行了探讨。数值分析表明,雨水入渗使边坡非饱和区土体的基质吸力减小,是导致边坡稳定性降低的主要因素。进而考察了基质吸力的不同取值及裂隙的不同位置对边坡稳定性的影响,结果表明：在降雨初期基质吸力取值越大,得到的边坡安全系数越高,但经过长时间降雨即边坡土体基本达到饱和后,基质吸力的取值不同对边坡安全系数基本上没有影响;裂隙的存在为雨水入渗提供了良好的通道,因而导致边坡稳定性相对于无裂隙状态来说有所降低。降雨初期下游裂隙使边坡稳定性降低较快,但随着降雨历时的增加,即下游土体逐渐变为饱和状态后,边坡的稳定性变化则主要由上游裂隙控制。     

Performances of two instrumented laboratory models for the study of rainfall infiltration into unsaturated soils

Rainfall infiltration and suction variation in unsaturated soils must be taken into consideration in the analysis of most slope stability problems, particularly in the tropical regions where the annual precipitation is high. The process of rainfall infiltration into unsaturated soils is an extremely complex problem attributed to the non-linearity of the hydraulic property functions of the unsaturated soils. This paper describes in detail two instrumented laboratory models, i.e. one-dimensional soil column, and two-dimensional slope model used to provide experimental evidences for the transient suction variations in the unsaturated soils under certain rainfall conditions. The performances of the laboratory models were tested on four typical types of residual soils, i.e. sand-gravel, silty gravel, sandy silt, and silt (kaolin), and a two-layered soil system, i.e. sandy silt underlain by silty gravel. The results showed that the suction distributions for the single-layered homogeneous soils obtained from the simpler one-dimensional soil column were almost identical to that of two-dimensional slope model. However, the two-dimensional slope model should be employed for the two-layered soil system because of the dominant effect of the lateral flow mechanism. The capillary barrier effect was observed when a less permeable soil layer was underlain by a more permeable soil layer. The minimum suction value in soil is governed by the rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, and the saturated permeability of soil. The infiltration rate of the fine-grained soils that subjected to shrink and crack was independent of the soil permeability, but was significantly governed by the preferential flows developed in the soils.     

Response parameters for characterization of infiltration

Rainwater infiltration is of particular interest with respect to slope stability hazard management. The process of rainfall infiltration into unsaturated soil is complex due to the number of soil parameters involved and the random nature of moisture flux boundary conditions. In this paper, the effect of rainfall intensity on infiltration is investigated through the use of finite element seepage modeling for a 5 m high soil column subjected to various rainfall intensities. The numerical modeling study identified three response parameters that can be used to describe one-dimensional infiltration into an unsaturated soil. The response parameters are the depth of wetting front, the matric suction reduction depth, and the sectional infiltration rate. The practical application of the rainfall response parameters in slope stability analysis is illustrated.     

Numerical modeling of rainstorm-induced shallow landslides in saturated and unsaturated soils

For the assessment of shallow landslides triggered by rainfall, the physically based model coupling the infinite slope stability analysis with the hydrological modeling in nearly saturated soil has commonly been used due to its simplicity. However, in that model the rainfall infiltration in unsaturated soil could not be reliably simulated because a linear diffusion-type Richards’ equation rather than the complete Richards’ equation was used. In addition, the effect of matric suction on the shear strength of soil was not actually considered. Therefore, except the shallow landslide in saturated soil due to groundwater table rise, the shallow landslide induced by the loss in unsaturated shear strength due to the dissipation of matric suction could not be reliably assessed. In this study, a physically based model capable of assessing shallow landslides in variably saturated soils is developed by adopting the complete Richards’ equation with the effect of slope angle in the rainfall infiltration modeling and using the extended Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion to describe the unsaturated shear strength in the soil failure modeling. The influence of rainfall intensity and duration on shallow landslide is investigated using the developed model. The result shows that the rainfall intensity and duration seem to have similar influence on shallow landslides respectively triggered by the increase of positive pore water pressure in saturated soil and induced by the dissipation of matric suction in unsaturated soil. The rainfall duration threshold decreases with the increase in rainfall intensity, but remains constant for large rainfall intensity.     

湘西陈溪峪滑坡变形机理及稳定性评价

浅层滑坡在我国广泛分布,但在区域范围内分布规律性较差,且具有突发性、隐蔽性和破坏性强等特点。湘西武陵山区地质条件复杂、降雨丰沛、人类工程活动强烈,突发性地质灾害频发,尤以降雨诱发的浅层滑坡为主。文章以湘西地区慈利县陈溪峪滑坡为例,开展了降雨量、基质吸力、地下水位和地表变形等的监测;结合滑坡的现场调查及监测成果,分析滑坡的形成条件和变形机理;在此基础上,考虑基质吸力对边坡稳定性的贡献,将强度折减有限元法推广到非饱和土边坡,计算得到了不同降雨工况下滑坡稳定性。结果表明:当强降雨降落到滑坡体上时,坡内基质吸力值均迅速减小,直至一定值后（9.5 kPa左右）不再变化;坡内地下水位受季节性降雨影响显著,短时强降雨引起地下水变化幅度不如长时间降雨对地下水位造成的影响大;陈溪峪滑坡的地质力学成因为蠕滑推移式土质滑坡,运动形式为沿基覆界面的浅层滑坡;短时强降雨是诱发滑坡变形的最关键因素。陈溪峪滑坡在持续降雨条件下的降雨量预警值约为280 mm,在短时强降雨条件下的降雨强度预警值约为240 mm/d。     

降雨入渗影响下边坡中的非饱和渗流特性

为了分析降雨入渗影响下非饱和土坡渗流特性,利用自制降雨模拟系统和实时监测系统,对降雨诱发非饱和土坡失稳过程进行全方位、多参量的实时监测,研究不同降雨条件下,不同坡度、不同压实度边坡坡体不同位置雨水入渗率和湿润峰的实变规律.结果表明:降雨入渗条件下,陡坡和高压实度土体不利于雨水入渗,而缓坡和低密实度土体入渗率变化快;实际土体吸力和含水量实时变化规律不同步,提出试验湿润峰概念,含水率（吸力）湿润峰点可按含水率（吸力）实时曲线的过渡区和雨后残余含水率（吸力）的线性交叉点确定;考虑单向吸湿或脱湿路径下土体含水率和吸力具有唯一对应关系,含水率湿润峰点与吸力湿润峰点的绝对值时差即为形成湿润峰所需时间;对比湿润峰实测值与Lumb半经验值散点分布规律,基于Lumb湿润峰深度计算公式提出非线性修正表达式.      

降雨过程中边坡临界滑动场

降雨入渗过程中孔隙水压力的升高与基质吸力的降低引起边坡稳定性的下降,是导致边坡滑塌的主要诱导因素。利用饱和-非饱和渗流有限元计算得到的孔隙水压力场,基于Fredlund提出的非饱和土抗剪强度理论,对边坡临界滑动场进行改进,提出可以考虑降雨过程的边坡临界滑动场数值模拟方法,能够方便、快速地计算出边坡局部、整体安全系数和相对应的临界滑动面在降雨过程中的变化历程。将该法用于一个典型均质边坡和一个非均质边坡在降雨过程中的稳定性计算,分析降雨持续时间、降雨强度和非饱和强度参数取值等因素对边坡稳定性的影响,并将计算结果与其他方法进行比较,结果表明临界滑动场方法能搜索任意形状最危险滑面,计算的安全系数合理。