非饱和黄土地基降雨入渗离心模型试验及多物理量联合监测

对非饱和土降雨入渗过程及其致灾机制的深入认识有赖于室内外试验及多物理量联合监测。基于离心机超重力环境下土体响应监测技术,开展了非饱和黄土地基降雨入渗离心模型试验,测试研究了超重力环境对新研制的微型TDR探针及张力计测量的影响规律,并利用TDR、张力计及弯曲元对降雨入渗过程中土体响应进行多物理量联合监测。研究结果表明:在不同离心加速度下微型TDR探针与给定含水率土体实测原始波形重合,说明超重力环境对TDR测试没有影响,含水率的测试误差在2%以内。在离心机加速过程中,张力计所测吸力下降约2.0~2.9 kPa,当离心加速度稳定在40g时,所测吸力在10min内上升并接近常重力下土体初始吸力。在降雨入渗过程中,埋设在同一深度的TDR探针、张力计和弯曲元对湿润锋响应的时间点基本一致,降雨入渗导致土体含水率增加,基质吸力降低,剪切波速降低。这些多物理量监测数据有助于建立非饱和土含水率-吸力-剪切模量之间的关系。     

土坡前端推力对降雨入渗响应的试验研究

降雨入渗可引起坡体前端推力发生显著改变,影响土坡的稳定和安全。利用构建好的降雨模拟和监测系统,对降雨诱发非饱和残积土坡失稳过程进行全方位、多参量的实时监测,着重分析不同位置、坡度、密实度和不同降雨条件下坡体前端推力的时变规律。结果表明:边坡上部土体含水率、吸力、坡体变形和下滑推力变化幅度较大,速度较快,而下部土体变化幅度较小,速度较慢;坡体前端推力变化可分为缓慢增加、加速上升和雨后衰减3个阶段,降雨过程中陡坡和高密实度边坡反映较为强烈,下滑推力峰值大于缓坡和低密实度边坡;降雨作用下新边坡坡体应力状态变化明显,较易失稳,而老边坡则相对比较稳定;高密实度和陡坡坡体内部的高应力区域在二次或多次降雨后可完全释放,边坡具有高水平的雨后剩余下滑力和更显著的土体软化效应。研究成果对进一步揭示闽东南地区降雨入渗对非饱和土坡的影响机制及对非饱和土强度与稳定性的弱化作用具有重要的理论及实际意义。     

降雨条件下土坡饱和-非饱和渗流分析

分析了降雨入渗的过程,提出了降雨概念模型:讨论了如何用饱和-非饱和渗流数值方法分析边坡在不同雨型下的渗流场;分析结果表明:雨水入渗过程受初始渗流场影响很大,初始含水量的大小影响湿润锋的推进。暴雨情形下,雨水入渗缓慢,浅部土体保持一定吸力,雨停后渗流场仍有较大变化。     

降雨条件下土坡饱和-非饱和渗流及稳定性分析

基于非饱和土力学理论,利用有限元法对降雨条件下边坡的饱和-非饱和渗流及稳定性进行了探讨。数值分析表明,雨水入渗使边坡非饱和区土体的基质吸力减小,是导致边坡稳定性降低的主要因素。进而考察了基质吸力的不同取值及裂隙的不同位置对边坡稳定性的影响,结果表明：在降雨初期基质吸力取值越大,得到的边坡安全系数越高,但经过长时间降雨即边坡土体基本达到饱和后,基质吸力的取值不同对边坡安全系数基本上没有影响;裂隙的存在为雨水入渗提供了良好的通道,因而导致边坡稳定性相对于无裂隙状态来说有所降低。降雨初期下游裂隙使边坡稳定性降低较快,但随着降雨历时的增加,即下游土体逐渐变为饱和状态后,边坡的稳定性变化则主要由上游裂隙控制。     

降雨入渗下非饱和坡残积土湿润锋运移试验研究

我国东南沿海地区丘陵山地发育，降雨入渗到土体中的水分是导致滑坡灾害频发的关键因素。以福建省泉州市德化县地质灾害点为主要研究对象，考察典型地质灾害点具有代表性的坡积土与花岗岩残积土的渗透特性。利用自行研制的土体入渗装置，分别在降雨强度为15、30、60 mm/h条件下，考虑降雨历时一致（180 min）与过程降雨量一致（90 mm）两种工况开展一维土柱入渗试验，得到相应的各个土柱含水率、湿润锋、入渗率随时间变化的响应规律。试验结果表明：（1）土体渗透系数越大、雨强越大，土体湿润蔓延距离越深、速度越快。（2）降雨入渗过程中，土体含水率由浅及深逐次对降雨进行响应。不同雨强对含水率的影响主要体现在第一次响应时间以及饱和速度上，雨强越大，响应时间越快，饱和速度也越快。（3）提出可表征在不同雨强作用下，德化县马坪滑坡与崩土岭滑坡的湿润锋入渗公式。该研究成果对台风暴雨型滑坡的孕灾机制分析以及精细化监测预警具有重要的理论及实际意义。     

考虑降雨的非饱和土边坡稳定性分析方法

降雨往往是引起热带和亚热带的膨胀土、残积土边坡失稳的主要促发因素。地处热带和亚热带的膨胀土、残积土往往是非饱和的，由于吸力的存在，土体抗剪强度较高，土坡是稳定的，一旦发生降雨，雨水将渗入土体，土体饱和度增加，吸力锐减并引起抗剪强度大幅度下降，当持续降雨的历时和强度超过一定程度时，则可导致土坡失稳。采用极限平衡分析方法，建立了一套能考虑水分入渗的非饱和土边坡的稳定性分析方法，该方法考虑在降雨后土坡水分为一分布场及抗剪强度参数为饱和度的函数。给出了一个计算实例。计算结果表明，降雨引起的土坡失稳往往为浅层破坏。     

水-力耦合及干湿循环效应对浅层残积土斜坡稳定性的影响

降雨入渗过程中,土体吸力降低,体积明显改变。天然浅层土体长期受到季节性气候变化的影响,因此,开展水-力耦合及干湿交替对浅层残积土坡稳定性影响的数值分析,分析浅层土坡孔隙水压力、湿润锋及安全系数的时空演变规律,并对水-力耦合及干湿交替条件下的浅层土坡失稳破坏机制进行探讨显得尤为必要。研究结果表明:随着干湿循环次数的增加,水-力耦合分析下孔隙水压力以及湿润锋的迁移速度增加更快,边坡也更易失稳破坏;干湿交替初期,雨水入渗易引起地下水位上升,边坡可因正孔隙水压力的增加而失稳;干湿交替后期,湿润锋的快速推进加剧基质吸力迅速丧失及土体强度下降,边坡安全系数显著降低,发生失稳破坏的时间缩短。因此,可将湿润锋处的安全系数(局部最小值)作为控制边坡长期稳定性的临界值。     

土坡失稳的有效降雨量研究

降雨易引起花岗岩残积土边坡失稳。在分析降雨对边坡土体含水率影响的基础上,通过饱和度和含水率的关系推求出土体从非饱和过渡到饱和的有效降雨量。结果表明：对土质边坡,并非所有的降雨都会引起边坡的失稳,降雨入渗使边坡土体从非饱和向饱和状态发展,当边坡土体饱和度达到一定程度的时候易产生边坡失稳;土坡存在饱和区和非饱和区的临界深度,降雨对边坡的影响即为使得该深度以上的土体从非饱和过渡到饱和的过程,须采取不同的抗剪强度来计算处于临界深度上下两部分土体的稳定状态。研究结果对确定土坡失稳的降雨量阀值、进一步认识滑坡失稳机制,对滑坡的预测预报具有理论及实际意义。     

赣南地区人工切坡降雨致灾机制现场模型试验

赣南地区滑坡等地质灾害频发,降雨和人工切坡是该地区地质灾害的最主要诱发因素,物理模型试验尤其是现场模型试验是揭示滑坡发生机制的最有效手段。以赣南地区某风化变质岩人工切坡为研究对象,自主设计降雨模拟系统,布设有4个含水率、孔压监测孔及两处位移监测点,开展现场人工模拟降雨试验。研究边坡土体含水率、孔隙水压力以及位移与降雨过程的响应关系,探索持续强降雨作用下风化变质岩边坡的入渗规律,并揭示变质岩风化土坡的变形失稳模式。结果表明:降雨后土体含水率的变化存在滞后,雨水开始入渗后含水率持续增加,含水率增大幅度随其深度增大而减小;各测孔浅层土体孔压值降雨入渗过程响应明显,表层1 m以下土体一直处于非饱和状态;监测点位移与含水率变化速率呈明显的正相关,边坡变形主要集中于含水率变化明显的边坡一侧;边坡位移与孔压值变化响应明显,边坡内部土体发生剪胀变形现象使得孔压值降低,边坡变形速率随即减小;强降雨条件下陡峭人工切坡的变形破坏过程可归纳为3阶段:陡峭坡面分散坍滑,平台形成拉裂缝,边坡大范围垮塌。     

不同压实度下黄土填方边坡失稳的模型试验研究

黄土填方边坡在降雨入渗下容易发生滑坡。为了探讨降雨入渗下压实度对黄土填方边坡变形破坏机制、失稳模式以及滑动机理的影响,基于室内降雨系统,结合传感器监测和三维激光扫描技术,开展了边坡压实度为80%（低压实度）、90%（中压实度）、95%（高压实度）的降雨模型试验研究,分析了压实度对填方边坡体积含水率、基质吸力以及变形破坏过程的影响规律。结果表明:压实度的不同,边坡首先破坏的位置不一。中、高压实度下的边坡最先破坏发生在坡脚处,表现出滑塌破坏;而低压实度则是在坡顶,为湿陷沉降破坏。边坡压实度越大,其变形破坏过程持续时间越长,所需累积雨量就越大,但滑动距离和滑面深度越小。随压实度的增加,边坡破坏模式由深层整体破坏向浅层多级破坏转变。低压实度边坡为湿陷沉降-深层蠕滑拉裂式,中压实度边坡为深层蠕滑拉裂式破坏,而高压实度边坡则为浅层多级后退式失稳。     

Response parameters for characterization of infiltration

Rainwater infiltration is of particular interest with respect to slope stability hazard management. The process of rainfall infiltration into unsaturated soil is complex due to the number of soil parameters involved and the random nature of moisture flux boundary conditions. In this paper, the effect of rainfall intensity on infiltration is investigated through the use of finite element seepage modeling for a 5 m high soil column subjected to various rainfall intensities. The numerical modeling study identified three response parameters that can be used to describe one-dimensional infiltration into an unsaturated soil. The response parameters are the depth of wetting front, the matric suction reduction depth, and the sectional infiltration rate. The practical application of the rainfall response parameters in slope stability analysis is illustrated.     

Monitored and simulated variations in matric suction during rainfall in a residual soil slope

This research combines field, laboratory and numerical investigations to estimate the development of a wetting front within a 1.2 m residual soil mantle on a steep forested slope during rainfall events. The field-monitored variations in matric suction due to rain-water infiltration during various events revealed that the maximum infiltration rate was much higher when the wetting front resided in the upper 20 cm of soil compared to the case when the wetting front advanced to depths > 20 cm. Laboratory investigations on soil hydraulic properties (i.e., soil water characteristic curve, and hydraulic conductivity) were useful to establish the parameters of a multilayer finite-element model for one-dimensional vertical infiltration. These parameters were subsequently calibrated by matching the predicted and field measured transient pore water pressure responses during actual rainstorms with irregular rainfall patterns. The calibrated simulation model was used to assess the migration of the wetting front under uniform rainfall with different intensities. Based on the numerical results, a hyperbolic equation was developed to predict the duration of uniform rainfall required for the propagation of wetting front to a certain depth for a given rainfall intensity. The proposed equation was subsequently tested against field-monitored advancements of the wetting front during real rainstorms with variable rainfall intensity.     

考虑竖向附加应力作用的一维垂直土柱仪研制与应用

渗透系数是研究实际工程渗水问题的关键参数之一。以往对于非饱和土渗透系数的试验研究中,增湿工况较为单一,极少考虑竖向附加应力的影响。基于此,开发了一套一维垂直土柱试验装置以弥补这一缺陷。该装置主要由试验台架、土柱筒、竖向加载装置、供水装置、水分传感器、张力传感器以及数据采集系统等组成,可模拟竖向附加应力作用下降雨、积水入渗、毛细上升工况,可测定增湿过程中水的入渗量与浸润峰时程线、土柱竖向变形以及不同截面的体积含水率与基质吸力的时程曲线,基于瞬态剖面法可获得不同截面处增湿时土的非饱和渗透系数与吸力关系。最后,以兰州Q3非饱和粉质黄土为例,初步开展了不同竖向附加应力作用下土柱积水入渗试验,分析入渗量、湿润锋、体积含水率、吸力及竖向变形时程线变化规律,获取渗透系数与吸力关系的渗透函数变化规律,通过对比类似试验结果,表明试验结果符合渗水规律,验证了研制土柱仪的有效性,但其可靠性还需进一步研究。本试验装置为不同工况下非饱和土体变形、水分迁移规律及渗透特性研究奠定基础,并获得相应试验参数。     

上方来水对坡面降雨入渗及土壤水分再分布的影响

在防止土壤侵蚀和雨后抑制蒸发的条件下,利用室内模拟降雨试验,研究了上方来水对坡面降雨入渗、湿润锋运移以及土壤水分再分布的影响。结果表明:对于初始含水量很低的土壤,与上方无来水相比,上方来水时降雨入渗过程中入渗率有一个上升的阶段,但平均入渗率反而降低;在降雨入渗初期,由于上方来水的沿程入渗,上方来水对坡面湿润锋运移的影响较大,但随后几乎没有影响,湿润锋的运移主要与基质势梯度有关;土壤水分沿坡面呈"波浪形"分布是坡面径流的波动性、上方来水(径流)的沿程入渗以及侧向沿坡向下流等综合作用的结果。     

Rainfall-induced landslides by deficit field matric suction in unsaturated soil slopes

Landslides are mainly triggered by decrease in the matric suction with deepening the wetting band by rainfall infiltrations. This paper reports rainfall-induced landslides in partially saturated soil slopes through a field study. A comprehensive analysis on Umyeonsan (Mt.) landslides in 2011 was highlighted. The incident involves the collapse of unsaturated soil slopes under extreme-rainfall event. Fundamental studies on the mechanism and the cause of landslides were carried out. A number of technical findings are of interest, including the failure mechanism of a depth of soil and effect of groundwater flow, the downward movement of wetting band and the increase of groundwater level. Based on this, an integrated analysis methodology for a rainfall-induced landslide is proposed in this paper that incorporates the field matric suction for obtaining hydraulic parameters of unsaturated soil. The field matric suction is shown to govern the rate of change in the water infiltration for the landslide analysis with respect to an antecedent rainfall. Special attention was given to a one-dimensional infiltration model to determine the wetting band depth in the absence of the field matric suction. The results indicate that landslide activities were primarily dependent on rainfall infiltration, soil properties, slope geometries, vegetation, and groundwater table positions. The proposed methodology has clearly demonstrated both shallow and deep-seated landslides and shows good agreement with the results of landslide investigations.     

Correlation of unsaturated soil and dielectric property for monitoring of subsurface characteristics: development of unsaturated dielectric mixing models and its application

The behavior due to rainfall infiltrating the ground plays a role in landslides, groundwater recharge and various other ground responses. Most of these geotechnical behaviors have a correlation between soil pore space and soil volumetric water content in the unsaturated and saturated soil porous media. Therefore, the soil porosity associated with soil pores and the distribution of volumetric water content are significantly important hydrological characteristics. In the case of shallow slope failure such as landslide, the infiltration activity due to the connectivity of soil pore spaces in a porous media is induced. Slope failure may be attributed to the effect of a wetting front with the slope due to liquid infiltration, which changes the volumetric water content, soil matric suction and shear strength of the slope. This study was performed with an unsaturated injection test using a frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) dielectric device which measures the dielectric constant of unsaturated soil and the study then proposed the unsaturated dielectric mixing models to calculate soil porosity and effective porosity of unsaturated soils. From the experimental results the ratio of effective porosity to porosity of soils are measured in a range of 70–85%. These experimental results show a decrease of about 5–10% for unsaturated soil compared to the ratio of effective porosity to porosity of saturated soil. The infiltration passages of tracer material are restricted within the pore connectivity in the unsaturated soil which is caused by dead-pores in the soil. Using the FDR device and the unsaturated dielectric mixing models, we can consider the acquisition of physical properties to detect the infiltration activity, the response of the dielectric constant along with the injected tracer and hydrological parameters for the unsaturated soil porous media.     

压实黄土水分入渗规律及渗透性试验研究

为了研究压实黄土中的水分垂直入渗规律和非饱和渗透系数函数,在实验室内利用一维土柱垂直入渗模型试验装置,对两组压实黄土土柱试样分别进行了常水头入渗和降雨入渗试验。得到主要结论如下:（1）常水头入渗试验中,累积入渗量和湿润锋前进距离都随入渗时间呈幂函数形式增长,累积入渗量和湿润锋前进距离之间存在线性关系。入渗率在入渗初期最大,之后随入渗时间而快速降低,并在土柱试样底部出水以后达到稳定,且与湿润锋前进距离呈反比关系。（2）降雨入渗试验中,得到两组试样入渗过程中土-水特征曲线数据,分别用van Genuchten模型和Fredlund-Xing模型对两组试样进行了特征曲线拟合。并利用瞬时剖面法处理了入渗过程中水分和水势传感器的监测数据,得到两组试样的非饱和渗透系数,并拟合得到非饱和渗透系数与体积含水率之间的指数函数关系式。同时,采用van Genuchten和Fredlund等渗透系数模型分别对两组试样的非饱和渗透系数进行预测,通过对比模型预测结果和瞬时剖面法实测值,发现van Genuchten渗透系数模型预测结果更接近实测值。