温州市海岸带变迁与风暴潮灾害风险评估

以温州市为研究对象,通过对风暴潮灾害风险性评估,分析了各市县(区)风暴潮灾害风险性等级。基于多层次评价法利用温州统计年鉴社会经济人口信息数据构建社会脆弱性指标,防灾海塘信息、潮位信息与土地利用类型数据构建自然脆弱性指标,得到温州风暴潮灾害风险性等级分布,结合海岸带变迁与风暴潮灾害损失统计,结果表明:温州21个乡镇(街道)处于4级风险区,40个乡镇(街道)处于3级风险区,37个乡镇(街道)处于2级风险区,30个乡镇(街道)处于1级风险区,其中乐清市、龙湾区、瑞安市、苍南县等地风暴潮灾害风险性较高,永嘉县、文成县、泰顺县等地风险性较低,高风险性地区具有海洋经济发达、居民用地集中的特征,风暴潮灾害造成的经济损失与海岸带开发变迁有较大关联。     

气候变化与我国海洋灾害风险治理探讨

本文基于观测数据和文献资料,分析了近几十年来气候变化下我国沿海海平面和海表温度,以及台风、风暴潮和赤潮等主要致灾因子及灾害损失的变化。结果表明,近40年来,我国沿海海平面和海表温度显著上升,上升速率分别为3.3 mm/a和0.016°C/a,高于全球平均和我国的历史变化水平,2017年中国沿海的海表温度达到了1960年有记录以来的最高值,并且自2000年以来,超强台风、风暴潮和赤潮等致灾事件的发生频次呈显著增加趋势;气候变化下,受关键海洋环境要素变迁和超强台风、风暴潮等极端事件的影响,我国沿海地区暴露度明显加大。随着我国海洋防灾减灾水平的提高,近30年来海洋灾害损失出现下降趋势。值得指出的是,每年各类海洋灾害总损失仍高达百亿元量级(年均直接经济损失约120亿元),其中,2005年总损失达到最高值,约332亿元,这与致灾事件的强度以及各致灾事件、灾种的叠加放大效应有密切关系。本文进一步从气候变化综合风险理论角度出发,结合海岸带及沿海地区致灾因子危险性、承灾体暴露度和脆弱性及其相互作用关系,分析了气候变化背景下我国沿海地区海洋灾害风险的特征,探讨了有关海洋灾害的监测、预测预警和风险治理能力建设等若干科学问题,以期为我国沿海地区社会经济的可持续发展提供科学参考。     

一种基于气候适应性的城市风暴潮淹没风险空间评估体系构建研究——以青岛市为例

青岛市是中国北方典型海岸带城市代表,常年受到风暴潮灾害影响。本文以青岛风暴潮淹没风险为例,以适应策略制定为出口,构建一种基于适应的城市气候风险空间评估体系,该体系将风暴潮淹没从风险辩识、风险整合到风险分区有机关联到一起,有效评估基于中长期尺度的海岸带城市风暴潮淹没风险。通过研究发现,在未来各种情景下,淹没风险较高的区域分别为大沽河、洋河、墨水河及其沿岸,对于上述区域在未来中长期时间尺度内,在考虑城市发展的同时也要关注并适应未来气候变化背景下风暴潮淹没带来的风险。从某种程度上基于适应的风险空间综合评估体系,可以将未来不同情景下的风暴潮淹没风险与未来城市发展规划、国家宏观适应方针等有机结合,有效评估基于中长期尺度的海岸带城市风暴潮淹没风险,并为实现从气候风险评估到适应策略制定的转变奠定一定的基础和技术支撑。     

多驱动因素下海岸带脆弱性研究进展

基于大量有关海岸带脆弱性文献的分析梳理,从动态角度构建了海岸带脆弱性概念体系,重点总结了引发海岸带脆弱性问题的驱动因素及其作用机制。在此基础上,深入分析了海岸带脆弱性定量评估方法与其适用范围和优缺点,包括IPCC通用方法、PSR模型、CVI指数等。海岸带极端气候事件和相关风险事件发生机制研究、海岸带自然生态系统的适应能力研究、人地系统要素过程的综合集成研究以及地方性在脆弱性评估中的应用研究将是未来海岸带脆弱性研究的主要方向。     

风暴潮灾害经济预警指标体系研究

在界定风暴潮灾害经济预警概念的基础上,按照风暴潮灾害经济预警主体性原则、逻辑科学性原则,选取风暴潮灾害经济预警评价指标,采用“目的树”层次分析法,从风暴潮灾害危险度、潜在受灾地区易损脆弱度和防灾减灾能力三个层面,构建了我国风暴潮灾害经济预警指标体系,这将为近海青岛地区风暴潮灾害风险区划,以及相关预警模型的准确有效建立与...     

基于韧性视角的福建沿海风暴潮风险综合评估研究

本文基于城市安全韧性三角形模型,构建韧性城市视角下的风暴潮灾害综合风险评价框架,采用2011—2020年福建省33个沿海县(区、市)数据,通过城市适灾韧性评价指标体系,科学评价福建沿海城市适灾韧性水平时空分异特征,借助地理信息分析工具,综合风暴潮灾害危险性、脆弱性和城市韧性的评价结果,实现福建省域尺度风暴潮灾害综合风险区划。结果表明:(1)福建省2020年沿海城市适灾韧性水平从高到低依次为:福州、厦门、漳州、泉州、宁德、莆田;(2)随着各沿海城市适灾韧性水平的稳步提升,福建省风暴潮灾情等级指数呈下降趋势;(3)风暴潮综合风险I级区主要分布在莆田的兴化湾、湄洲湾沿岸;(4)在灾害防御建议方面,应重点关注河口、喇叭型湾口等地区,应重点防范北部路径和中部路径的台风风暴潮,应因地制宜制定海洋防灾减灾对策和韧性城市建设规划。     

海口湾海洋水动力自然灾害评估分析

开展海洋水动力自然灾害评价分析是涉海工程海洋灾害风险评估的重要组成部分,其重在水动力风险因素的识别与风险强度的预估,是有效提高灾害防御能力、控制风险和减少灾害损失的关键技术方法之一。海口湾水域位于海南岛北岸,琼州海峡内、濒临南海,由于其特殊地理位置,对海口湾水域影响最为显著的海洋动力灾害主要包括:风暴潮、海浪和海啸。本文针对上述问题,基于数值模拟方法以及实测数据统计和经验分析等方法,研究确定了该海域所面临的上述各风险因素的成因,并确定了其对应强度大小和危害破坏情况,给出了极端条件下的数值结果,为相关工程的海域使用论证提供参考依据。其中,风暴潮增水主要基于实测台风资料通过随机统计与水动力模型相结合的方法,推求出重现期为50、100以及500 a的极端高水位值。极端大浪主要基于30 a的台风过程与疾风资料,结合后报风场数据,采用SWAN模拟海域波浪场,分别计算给出重现期100、50 a波浪要素,并验证了海域内人工岛护面稳定性情况。海啸波主要依托Nguyen et al(2014)在USGS震源参数基础上导出的震源参数,采用浅水波模型分别对7.0和8.0级地震形成的海啸进行数值模拟,估算对海口湾水域影响情况,还考虑了整个断裂带发生破裂形成的特大地震(9.3级)海啸时极端情况。     

地市级气象灾害预警发布系统

随着极端天气气候事件频发,气象灾害及其次生灾害发生的几率也越来越大,气象灾害的及时预警发布在服务过程中显得尤为重要.以地市级气象灾害预警发布系统为例,从基于卫星资料云顶亮温反演模式的灾害预警、自动站数据监测自动报警、预警信息发布方式等方面阐述了系统的建设使用情况.     

厦门风暴潮淹没风险预警系统研究

为提高厦门防御台风风暴潮灾害风险的能力,辅助政府部门开展海洋防灾减灾工作,文章基于风暴潮数值模型开发厦门风暴潮淹没风险预警系统,并以1521号台风为例模拟其淹没风险。研究结果表明：风暴潮数值模型能较好地刻画影响厦门的台风风暴潮过程,满足风暴潮淹没风险分析需求;厦门风暴潮淹没风险预警系统采用按警戒潮位预警和按高程预警2种方法分析风暴潮淹没风险,可对影响程度不同的岸段采取不同的预警和防御措施;基于数值模型的风暴潮淹没范围与实地调查区域的淹没范围基本一致,可对未开展实地调查区域的淹没范围进行补充;今后须进一步完善厦门风暴潮淹没风险预警系统,同时建立厦门风暴潮风险评价体系。     

福建东山湾八尺门海域水体及沉积物中的重金属污染评价

本研究分析了2013年10月东山湾八尺门海域表层海水和沉积物中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd含量,并基于多种方法进行评价。结果显示,研究海域表层海水中重金属含量符合《海水水质标准》第一类标准,重金属污染指数法评价显示污染风险较低。沉积物中Pb、Cd、Zn含量均符合《海洋沉积物质量》第一类标准,整体污染水平较低;潜在生态风险指数大小顺序为：Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn,沉积物重金属污染整体情况良好,但个别站位的Cd的潜在生态风险指数超过40,应加以关注;地累积指数评价法显示总体污染情况较轻,其地累积指数平均值大小依次为Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd。纵观1990年至2013年的研究结果,东山湾水体中重金属含量总体呈先升高后降低的趋势;与同期相比,东山湾水体中的重金属含量与福建其他海域相差不大,而沉积物中重金属含量比其他海域稍高。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺的检测方法初步研究

研究的目的是探索一种检测双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺含量的方法。以栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)和长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)为实验对象,研究了取样、抗氧化剂、氧化铝用量以及Tris缓冲液用量等对实验结果的影响。结果表明,高效液相色谱电化学检测器法(HPLC-ECD)可以灵敏高效地对双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺进行定性、定量检测。实验表明,取样时间最长不超过1.5min;还原性谷胱甘肽作抗氧化剂效果较好;前处理各试剂与血样量的最适配比为血样量1.5mL,Tris缓冲液(1.5mol/L,pH8.6)1mL和氧化铝25mg;水洗后离心并尽可能吸干氧化铝中的水分。去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺的回收率分别为53%~69%、47%~73%和48%~56%。     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

黄河入海径流对河口海域盐度影响研究

为研究黄河入海径流变化条件下河口附近海域盐度扩散特征,以更好地保护河口海域生物资源多样性,本文以黄河下游利津水文站的长序列实测径流数据资料为基础,利用近海水动力模型FVCOM,分析径流变化对黄河口海域盐度的影响规律。结果表明：黄河口与莱州湾之间存在顺时针的环流系统,在余流作用以及涨落潮方向的影响下,黄河冲淡水长期向莱州湾扩散;丰水期黄河冲淡水几乎影响了整个莱州湾,27盐度锋可以到达莱州湾中部,27等盐线的表层包络面积为2 665.61 km²,占莱州湾的1/4左右,枯水期低盐度水只有向南扩散的趋势,27以下的低盐度水集中分布在黄河口门附近,27等盐线的表层包络面积只有199.65 km²;5月份,随着入海径流量增加,27等盐线扩散的范围、距离、方向都会发生明显变化。在对近海生物资源有迫切保护需求的情景下,适当减少其他用水户供水量以增加入海生态径流量,可以有效改善黄河口海域附近的盐度情况,为生物资源的生长繁殖创造良好条件。     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

The influence of the bottom contour on the deformed state of the ice cover due to the motion of the submarine

The authors have previously determined that the effectiveness and failure pattern of the ice cover caused by flexural-gravity waves generated by a submerged body motion near the bottom ice can greatly depend on the depth of the water area. In its turn, the presence of a ledge on the ice surface may affect a wave propagation pattern. This paper presents an experimental study of the bottom contour influence on the deflection and length of flexural-gravity waves. The authors describe a numerical model for the analysis of the deformed state of ice caused by hydrodynamic loads due to a submarine motion, taking into account the bottom contour. The experiments are carried out in the ice tank. The results of calculations and experiments are compared.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

北黄海海域大气湍流强度特征及风速标准差相似性分析

根据国家海洋局"908"专项北黄海海区海洋气象观测资料,计算了2007～2008年间该海区4个不同季节的大气湍流强度并与其他海区及陆地下垫面大气湍流值相比较.北黄海海区大气湍流强度量级为10-2,比陆地下垫面大气湍流强度低一个量级.由于海洋的特殊性质,对秋季大气湍流强度日变化的分析发现,在大气湍流强度的影响因素中,海洋的热力作用相对较大.对水平方向风速标准差是否满足Monin-Obukhov相似关系进行了探讨,数据显示,在不稳定层结下冬季水平方向无量纲风速标准差与Z/L的关系,基本满足1/3次方律.秋冬在不稳定层结下垂直方向风速标准差满足Monin-Obukhov相似理论.