皖东侵入岩矿物Rb-Sr和Ar-Ar年代学及其与氧同位素平衡之间的关系

为探讨花岗质岩石中矿物O同位素平衡与Rb Sr矿物等时线年龄有效性之间的关系 ,测定了皖东屯仓与横山两个石英二长岩体中单矿物的Rb Sr和O同位素组成以及角闪石和黑云母的Ar Ar年龄。屯仓岩体的石英 -角闪石对温度为 5 4 5± 2 5℃ ,石英 -黑云母对温度为 4 6 0± 2 0℃ ,石英 -斜长石对温度 385± 4 0℃。横山岩体的石英 -角闪石对温度为 5 30± 2 5℃ ,石英 -黑云母对温度为 390± 15℃和石英 -斜长石对温度 2 85± 35℃。反映封闭体系中矿物在冷却过程中的退化交换再平衡。矿物间的氧同位素平衡对应于有地质意义的Rb Sr矿物等时线年龄。屯仓岩体的全岩 -角闪石 -斜长石Rb Sr等时线年龄 (12 8.4± 4 .7Ma)与角闪石的Ar Ar年龄 (12 5 .5 1± 0 .5 5Ma)在误差范围内一致 ,全岩 -角闪石 -斜长石 -黑云母Rb Sr等时线年龄 (12 0 .3± 2 .6Ma)与黑云母的Ar Ar年龄 (118.0± 0 .1Ma)一致。横山岩体的全岩 -角闪石 -斜长石Rb Sr矿物等时线年龄 (10 8± 15Ma)比角闪石的Ar Ar年龄 (12 5 .7± 1.8Ma)低 ,全岩 -角闪石 -斜长石 -黑云母Rb Sr等时线年龄 (118.6± 1.2Ma)小于黑云母的Ar Ar年龄 (12 0 .0± 0 .2Ma)。Rb Sr等时线年龄小于Ar Ar年龄是由于长石的蚀变引起的。大的等时线误差是由于Rb/Sr比值变化范围太小     

大别山双河超高压变质矿物Ｏ同位素平衡及其对Sm-Nd和Rb-Sr等时线年龄有效性的制约

对大别造山带双河超高压榴辉岩和片麻岩Sm-Nd和Rb-Sr等时线矿物进行了O同位素地质测温。尽管Sm-Nd等时线给出一致的三叠纪年龄(213~238 Ma)，同一样品Rb-Sr等时线却给出侏罗纪年龄(171~174 Ma)。片麻岩、榴辉岩和榴闪岩矿物对O同位素测温得到600~720℃和420~550℃两组温度，分别对应于约225±5 Ma榴辉岩相变质和约175±5 Ma角闪岩相退变质条件下停止同位素扩散交换的温度。同一样品三叠纪Sm-Nd等时线年龄的保存、侏罗纪Rb-Sr等时线年龄的出现以及有规律的O同位素温度，表明在角闪岩相退变质过程中，Sr和O在含水矿物（如黑云母和角闪石）中的扩散速率在手标本尺度上比石榴石Nd和多硅白云母Sr的扩散速率快。     

苏北东海地区片麻岩的Nd—Sr同位素定年及其地质意义

苏北驼峰、牛山片麻岩的原岩是造山后拉张环境下形成的碱性花岗岩。其全岩Rb -Sr等时线法地质年龄为(80 4 8± 0 39)Ma、(797 7± 1 5 )Ma ,此值代表原岩的形成年龄 ,表明苏胶造山带于新元古代中期 (距今 80 0Ma± )已开始向裂解转化。由此推断碰撞造山运动应发生于新元古代早期 (距今 10 0 0Ma～ 90 0Ma)。其时代可与北美格林威尔造山带相当 ,应是Rodinia超大陆汇聚和裂解的组成部分。此外 ,其Nd模式年龄为 186 9Ma～ 1915Ma、1417Ma～ 144 0Ma ,揭示物质来源于前中元古代地壳重熔岩浆与上地幔物质的不同比例混合。     

北大别主簿源花岗岩和片麻岩矿物的

对大别造山带北部主簿源中生代花岗岩侵入体及其围岩片麻岩进行了矿物氧同位素分析，同时对同一样品进行了矿物 Rb- Sr内部等时线定年。结果表明，花岗岩和片麻岩矿物的氧同位素温度大小顺序为：角闪石 >磁铁矿 >榍石 >石英 >黑云母 >长石，遵循缓慢冷却条件下扩散控制的氧同位素交换封闭顺序，指示这些岩石没有受到后期热液蚀变的扰动。根据黑云母-长石-磷灰石-全岩内部 Rb- Sr等时线测定，花岗岩的年龄为 (118± 3) Ma，代表了岩浆侵位冷却年龄；片麻岩的年龄为 (122± 1) Ma，代表了片麻岩受大面积燕山期岩浆侵位热烘烤达到高温同位素平衡后的冷却年龄。因此，矿物之间的氧同位素平衡与否 ,能够对矿物 Rb- Sr体系封闭后平衡状态的保存性以及矿物内部等时线定年的有效性予直接制约。     

大别山高级变质岩云母Rb—Sr等时线年龄测定及其地质意义

应用云母Rb Sr等时线法对大别山高级变质岩的后期改造历史进行了初步的探讨。采用重液变温技术将云母按比重的区别 ,分成若干组分 ,然后用常规的Rb Sr方法测定。应用这种技术对大别山黄土岭太古代麻粒岩相岩石中的黑云母和产于超高压变质带内的石马含石榴石片麻岩的白云母进行了Rb Sr等时线年龄测定。黄土岭太古代麻粒岩相片麻岩中的黑云母 全岩Rb Sr等时线年龄为 12 7± 9Ma ,与该区片麻岩中的角闪石的K Ar和Ar Ar年龄 ,及燕山期花岗岩的Rb Sr年龄一致 ,说明这一太古代下地壳岩石受到了燕山期深熔 岩浆事件的影响 ;大别山东南部石马含石榴石片麻岩 (榴辉岩相 )中的白云母Rb Sr等时线年龄为 191± 10Ma ,反映了印支 早燕山期区域性低级变质事件的时代。研究表明 ,大别山区的不同构造单元中产出的不同类型的高级变质岩自中生代以来有不同的后期演化历史。     

山西铝土矿Rb-Sr同位素定年

采用Rb Sr全岩与粘土矿物等时线年龄方法测得山西五台剖面 (RS0 1) ,临县剖面 (RS0 2 )和孝义剖面 (RS0 3)的 3个含矿粘土岩的Rb Sr同位素年龄分别为 :316 .9± 1.2Ma ,87Sr/86Sr为 0 .710 5 4± 14 ;315 .5± 1.3Ma ,87Sr/86Sr为 0 .710 86±18;317.3± 1.1Ma ,87Sr/86Sr为 0 .710 5 0± 14。它们代表了铝土矿和含矿系列成矿的同位素年龄 ,相当于晚石炭世早期     

阿尔金山巴什考供地区斜长角闪岩的岩石地球化学和Sm-Nd,Ar同位素特征

阿尔金山地区巴什考供以北、阿尔金山北缘断裂以南为一套变质程度达角闪岩相的片岩、大理岩夹少量斜长角闪岩。地球化学研究表明 ,这些斜长角闪岩原岩为玄武质成分 ,具有拉班玄武岩的特点。斜长角闪岩全岩Sm -Nd同位素等时线年龄为 1185± 130 (2σ)Ma ,其INd=0 .5 114 0 ,εNd(t) =+5 .8± 0 .6 ,表明原岩形成于中元古代晚期 ,源自亏损地幔。斜长角闪岩中角闪石4 0 Ar - 39Ar同位素分析显示变质作用发生在 6 12± 5 .8Ma之前 ,进一步表明其原岩应该形成于前寒武纪。这些年龄的确定 ,为探讨阿尔金山地区中晚元古代的古构造格局提供了重要的证据     

新疆大陆基底分区模式和主要地质事件的划分

在同位素年代学和地球化学研究的基础上，概括了1982～2000年间的同位素年代学和地球化学研究成果，特别是1987～2000年"305"项目的研究成果。展现了近年来对新疆大陆前寒武纪基底同位素年代学研究的新成果塔里木北缘灰色片麻岩锆石U-Pb年龄为2600Ma，西昆仑基底石榴黑云母片麻岩中的锆石U-Pb一致年龄则为 （2048±20）Ma，阿尔金灰色片麻岩锆石U-Pb上交点年龄为（1820±277）Ma，测定了东天山星星峡群片麻岩的锆石U-Pb上交点年龄为（1404±18）Ma，与1986年的结果一致（1400±42）Ma，获得西天山温泉群、那拉提群和木扎尔特群混合岩化片麻岩中锆石U-Pb年龄分别为（821±11）～（798±8）Ma，（882±83）Ma和（707±7）Ma；基于Sm-Nd模式年龄统计结果，将新疆大陆基底分为5个区域，即塔里木大陆太古宙－古元古代（3.2～2.2）Ga基底区，昆仑-阿尔金造山带古元古代基底区（2.0～1.8）Ga，天山古中元古代基底区（2.1～1.7）Ga，准噶尔为年轻地壳基底区（1.4～0.7）Ga和阿尔泰古元古代、中新元古代复合基底区（≤2.6～2.4Ga,1.5～0.9Ga）；基于多年研究的积累，并综合了国内外一些可以应用的同位素年代学研究结果，提出以塔里木太古宙大陆地核向南、北逐步增生的新疆大陆地壳基底演化模式；确定了新疆大陆地壳构造演化中15次主要地质事件的时限为（3000～3200）Ma；2800Ma；2600～2500Ma；2200Ma；2000～1700Ma；1400Ma；1000Ma;；800Ma；700～>500Ma；520～480Ma；450Ma；360～300Ma；300～250Ma；210～135Ma；65～5Ma。这些同位素年代学和Nd同位素示踪研究结果无疑将成为进一步探讨新疆大陆地壳构造演化的一些重要依据。     

苏北踢球山榴辉岩演化的同位素年代学证据

采用Sm Nd同位素定年方法 ,测得江苏北部新沂地区踢球山三个榴辉岩岩体时代为 :2 2 1.6± 8.4Ma ,2 13.6± 9.2Ma和 2 16 .6± 8.1Ma;εNd(t)分别为 - 2 .9,- 2 .9和 - 3.0。采用Rb Sr定年方法得到其中一个榴辉岩的年龄为 2 0 1± 2 1Ma ;87Sr/ 86Sr =0 .70 5 35± 37。Sm Md年龄被看作为踢球山超高压变质之后板块折返过程中的高压榴辉岩相重结晶阶段年龄。Rb Sr年龄反映了踢球山榴辉岩体的板块折返过程中的角闪岩相退变质阶段开始年龄。为中朝板块与扬子板块碰撞时代主要发生在晚三叠世的观点提供了依据     

安徽月山石英闪长岩氧同位素分馏、Rb-Sr等时线定年与矿物蚀变之间的关系

受热液蚀变影响的侵入岩能否给出合理的矿物Rb-Sr等时线年龄是同位素年代学研究的一个重要课题。对月山岩体中的一个石英闪长岩样品进行了研究,对蚀变程度不同的矿物进行了氧同位素分析以及Rb-Sr等时线定年。各未蚀变矿物与石英构成的矿物对氧同位素表观温度的大小为:石英-角闪石对(470±15℃)>石英-黑云母对(340±10℃)>石英-斜长石对(265±20℃),表明了岩石在冷却过程中的氧同位素退化平衡。与此相应,3个未蚀变矿物(黑云母,角闪石,斜长石)的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为137.6±1.2Ma(MSWD=0.07),等时线的线性非常好,且与前人得到的Ar-Ar年龄在误差范围内一致。而石英-蚀变黑云母对的氧同位素表观温度(310±10℃)和石英-蚀变钭长石对的表观温度(325±25℃)与相应石英-未蚀变矿物对的相比,发生了显著改变,表明这两种矿物的氧同位素体系在蚀变过程中受到了扰动。但是未蚀变和蚀变共6个矿物的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为136.81±0.77Ma(MSWD=0.81),此等时线的线性也很好,且年龄与未蚀变矿物的在误差范围内一致。由于蚀变的影响,蚀变黑云母和斜长石的Rb、Sr含量和Sr同位素比值都发生了变化,但是蚀变矿物的~(87)Rb/~(86)Sr和~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值沿着等时线移动,因此等时线年龄不变,指示了蚀变时相当于全岩成分的内部流体与矿物之间的同位素交换。这表明受内部流体影响使花岗岩发生低温热液蚀变时,即使氧同位素体系受到扰动,Rb-Sr等时线仍可以有地质意义。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the