近50年黄河流域夏季降水的时空变化及其与东亚副热带西风急流的关系

基于1959-2008年黄河流域92个测站降水量和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究黄河流域夏季降水的时空变化和周期特征,及其与东亚副热带西风急流的关系。结果表明,黄河流域夏季降水呈现由东南向西北逐渐减少的分布特点,其夏季降水的异常空间型主要有3种:全流域一致型,东南多(少)西北少(多)型,西南多(少)东北少(多)型。当夏季东亚副热带西风急流中心异常偏北(南)时,同期黄河流域中上游地区降水偏多(少),下游降水偏少(多);东亚副热带西风急流中心异常偏东(西)时,黄河流域上游降水偏多(少),中下游地区降水偏少(多)。     

松花江流域盛夏降水分布型的环流差异及影响机制

利用1961-2017年松花江流域盛夏降水资料、NCEP再分析资料和NOAA/CPC遥相关型指数等资料,采用多种统计方法,研究了松花江流域盛夏降水的主要时空分布及环流特征、影响机制。结果表明:松花江流域盛夏降水有全流域一致型、西北-东南反位相型和东北-西南反位相型三个主要模态。第一模态受PEA(Polar/Eurasiol Pattern)遥相关指数影响,PEA遥相关型负位相年,极涡偏弱,流域上空呈东高西低分布特征,西南低空急流加强的水汽输送至松花江流域;PEA和EAP(East Asia-Pacifio Pattern)相互配合共同作用对产生第二模态降水分布型起主要作用,贝加尔湖呈现显著负距平,冷空气沿超极地路径南下,暖湿气流沿异常偏北的副高边缘向流域输送,并在东南部与冷空气交绥;第三模态降水正异常时,贝加尔湖至鄂霍次克海地区呈显著负距平,东亚夏季风偏强导致副高北抬,呈南高北低分布。     

华南前汛期盛期中国东部降水异常模态的环流特征及成因分析

根据1958~2011年中国东部(105°E以东)316站逐日降水观测资料及环流逐日再分析资料,利用统计分析、物理量诊断等方法,探讨华南前汛期盛期(5月21日至6月10日)中国东部降水异常模态及对应大气环流特征和可能成因。分析发现,华南前汛期盛期中国东部降水异常表现为两个相互独立的降水模态:第一模态为华南全区一致型,当其时间系数为正(负)时,整个华南降水偏多(少),黄河中游降水偏少(多);第二模态为华南沿海东部型,当其时间系数为正(负)时,华南沿海东部降水偏多(少),而长江中下游降水偏少(多)。研究发现,造成华南前汛期盛期两个降水型的环流特征有明显差异:全区一致型降水主要受东亚高空西风急流南北偏移、副热带高压脊东西偏移及低层南海北部异常风场影响;沿海东部型降水主要由东亚高空西风急流强弱及位置异常、副热带高压强弱变化、低层日本以南西太平洋异常风场导致。此外,两个降水型对应环流异常的成因也各不相同。第一模态中高层环流异常由丝绸之路遥相关型导致,低层风场异常在5月下旬由阿拉伯海向下游传播的风场异常波列引起,在6月上旬则由西太平洋西移的异常反气旋(气旋)造成。第二模态的中高层环流异常先后由极地—欧亚遥相关型、环球遥相关型引起,低层风场异常由高层环流异常的动力作用造成。两降水型均存在整层深厚的垂直运动,但第一模态的垂直运动在高层闭合且对应显著的辐合辐散异常,第二模态则不具有上述特征。     

松花江流域初夏降水分布型的环流特征及差异

利用1961-2017年松花江流域31个气象站初夏降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用多种统计方法,讨论了松花江流域初夏降水时空分布及影响环流特征。结果表明：松花江流域初夏降水具有全流域一致型、西北-东南反位相型和东北-西南反位相型3个主要分布模态。影响3个分布型的主要环流特征分别为贝加尔湖以东低值系统-鄂霍茨克海阻塞高压（西南低-东北高）、乌拉尔山脊-西西伯利亚槽-外兴安岭脊（两脊一槽型）、渤海/华北低值系统及其东北部高压,东部局地高压或阻塞形势对松花江流域初夏降水的3个模态起到非常重要的作用。东亚-太平洋型和极地-欧亚型是对第一模态降水分布起重要作用的遥相关型。     

东北亚地区初夏、盛夏和传统夏季降水特征及环流型的异同性研究

本文利用1979~2015年GPCP（Global Precipitation Climatology Project）逐月降水资料,采用经验正交函数（EOF）分解和Morlet小波分析方法,对东北亚地区初夏、盛夏和传统夏季降水的时空分布特征以及环流型开展了系统性的研究,揭示了东北亚地区传统夏季降水表现为盛夏降水贡献占主导,其年际和年代际特征以及环流特征同盛夏降水特征相一致,而初夏降水和盛夏降水特征及形成机制则具有显著差异。空间分布上,初夏的降水EOF第一模态表现为“+－+”的三极型分布,而盛夏和传统夏季则表现为南北相反的偶极型特征;时间演变方面,初夏降水表现为5~6 a振荡周期,盛夏为2~3 a为主的振荡周期,传统夏季则兼具上述两类振荡周期;在年代际调整方面,在1990年代末,盛夏降水和传统夏季降水在华北和东北地区发生了显著的年代际转折。此外,分析降水与环流的联系发现:初夏,由于西太平洋上空异常反气旋将西太平洋等地的水汽向北方地区输送,且受欧亚Ⅱ型（EUII）遥相关的作用,东北亚地区初夏降水异常具有明显纬向特征。盛夏,东北亚地区降水主要受到西太平洋副热带高压西伸北进、孟加拉湾和南海等地水汽加强的影响。欧亚Ⅰ型（EUI）遥相关和亚洲太平洋型（EAP）遥相关与我国东北以西和沿海地区的降水具有显著相关性。EU型遥相关的作用使东北亚夏季降水的异常中心存在西北—东南向的波列特征,EAP型遥相关的作用则使夏季降水存在经向三极型或偶极型特征。     

两类ENSO背景下黑潮及其延伸区海温异常对东北夏季降水的影响：个例对比

利用中国160站月降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,对比分析了在2009/2010年中部型El Ni?o和1997/1998年东部型El Ni?o背景下,黑潮及其延伸区海温异常对东北地区降水的影响。结果表明：东亚沿岸自南向北异常“反气旋-气旋-反气旋”环流的偏移是导致这两年东北夏季降水不同的关键。2010年这一异常环流型比1998年整体偏东偏北,使得太平洋副热带高压、中纬度西风槽以及东北亚阻塞形势也偏东偏北,造成冷暖空气交汇于东北南部,降水西南多而西北少;1998年异常气旋中心位于松-嫩流域,强烈的辐合上升运动配合偏强的水汽输送,降水表现为区域性增强。观测与数值试验结果表明两类El Ni?o事件中黑潮及其延伸区异常海温的差异是形成东亚沿岸异常环流位置偏移的主要原因：(1) 受2009/2010年中部型El Ni?o的异常下沉气流比1997/1998年偏北的影响,前者异常暖海温位于黑潮延伸区,后者位于黑潮区;(2)2010年夏季黑潮延伸区的异常暖海温通过加强Rossby波活动使得东亚高空西风急流北进东扩至日本以北,1998年黑潮区暖延伸区冷的海温分布使得急流偏南、偏弱,对应急流南北两侧的异常反气旋、气旋也随之偏北,东北亚阻塞随之偏北偏东。     

内蒙古夏季降水变率的优势模态及其环流特征

本文基于1961～2013年的中国气象局降水资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,针对内蒙古地区夏季降水,利用经验正交函数分解法（EOF）和合成分析法,考察了年际尺度上内蒙古地区夏季降水分布的不同类型,并分析其前两个模态的典型环流形势以及相关的春夏季节转换特征。内蒙古夏季降水在年际尺度上主要分为整体一致型和东西反向型。整体一致型模态以贝加尔湖北侧和南侧对流层中上层环流的反位相变化、源于伊朗北部-中亚地区的中纬度遥相关型波列以及东亚地区“东高西低”或“西高东低”的环流形势为主要特征。而东西反向型模态以东欧平原-乌拉尔山东侧-内蒙古东部及东北地区为异常中心的波状环流以及东亚沿岸中高纬地区偶极子环流异常（“北高南低”或“北低南高”）为主要特征。这两种夏季降水模态的正负位相分别对应着亚洲中高纬环流春夏季节转换提前和滞后的情形。这些结论有助于进一步认识内蒙古地区夏季降水异常及其典型环流特征,从而为其预测提供参考依据。     

前期西太平洋暖池热含量异常对中国东北地区夏季降水的影响

利用日本气象厅历史海温资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、哈得来环流中心海表温度资料和降水资料,研究了1951—2010年中国东北地区夏季降水与前期西太平洋暖池(简称暖池)热含量异常的关系,并对可能影响途径进行了探讨。结果表明,中国东北地区夏季降水与前期暖池热含量有密切的负相关,前期10—11月暖池关键区(15.5°—20.5°N,125.5°—135.5°E)0—200 m热含量高(低)是预报中国东北地区夏季旱(涝)的一个很好的指标。前期暖池热含量异常激发的夏季东亚-太平洋型遥相关(EAP)和中纬度高层沿亚洲西风急流东传波列的存在,可能是影响中国东北地区夏季降水的主要原因。当前期10-11月暖池区热含量为负异常时,菲律宾反气旋异常持续存在,夏季东亚-太平洋遥相关型出现,导致西太平洋副热带高压西伸加强,中国东北地区局地异常低气压和鄂霍次克海阻塞高压形成。同时,高空存在沿西风急流传播的遥相关波列,使得中国东北地区局地异常低气压和西太平洋副热带高压在日本附近增强,有利于中国东北地区夏季降水偏多;反之亦然。     

长江流域夏季降水异常主模态变化特征及其成因分析

利用1961-2014年长江流域202个地面观测站日降水量、中国地面降水格点数据集(V2. 0)及JRA-55再分析资料,分析了长江流域夏季降水异常主模态变化特征及其可能成因。结果表明,长江流域夏季降水存在两种空间分布型:第一模态为流域一致型变化,具有显著的年际变化特征,对应长江流域典型旱涝年份;第二主模态在空间上为南北反向型变化,年际变化与显著的年代际尺度相叠加。进一步分析表明,长江流域夏季降水第二主模态与斯堪的纳维亚半岛附近的反气旋式环流异常相联系,并通过200 h Pa波列将异常信号传递到东亚,使得南亚高压向西收缩,西北太平洋副热带高压减弱东退,东亚地区夏季水汽输送偏东、偏南,有利于水汽在长江流域南部辐合,北部辐散,使得长江流域夏季降水呈南北反向变化。     

东北夏季降水分型及其大气环流特征

利用1961—2010年中国东北122站逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及中国国家气候中心整理的160站月平均温度资料,对东北6月、7月、8月的降水进行分型,在此基础上分析各类降水型对应的环流形势。结果表明:东北6月、7月、8月降水均可划分为两大类四小类,6月与8月的分型结果相同,为全区一致型(同多型、同少型)和南北反位相型(南部型、北部型),7月可分为全区一致型(同多型、同少型)和东西反位相型(东部型、西部型)。6月东北降水主要受东北冷涡影响,冷涡越强,降水越多,且当鄂霍次克海阻塞高压出现明显异常时,6月东北降水将呈现南北反位相特征;7月、8月降水主要受东亚夏季风影响,其中东北降水全区一致型与西太平洋副热带高压的位置以及沿亚洲西风急流东传的波列有关,而降水南北(东西)反位相型则与西太平洋副热带高压的强度有关。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on