中国干旱区土地沙砾化过程的空气流压场分析

在野外调查和资料分析的基础上,应用空气流压场原理,矢量分析法,分析了我国干旱地区不同地貌类型分区的土地沙砾化过程,及其所导致的风蚀,风积地形的分布规律,高山地区,风蚀风积地形从山顶到山木麓呈带状分布,在平坦地区,随气流强弱,扰动,就地就近起沙,形成了低缓沙丘,河湖淤泥平原,土地干裂迭加风力,形成了残丘雅丹地形,在丘陵地区的迎风坡为土地砾化,背风坡为沙化。     

Water resource formation and conversion and water security in arid region of Northwest China

Climate change and water resource issues are global problems of common concern to the international community, and they are major bottlenecks affecting the eco-environment and sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China. On the basis of results from previous studies, this paper points out that the unique landscape of Northwest China increases the complexity and uncertainty of the climate system. This paper analyzes the key constraints on socio-economic development and ecological security in the region, discusses the impact of climate change on water resources in Northwest China, identifies common themes and the main problems present in research on climate change and water resources in the arid northwest region, and finally, based on the importance and urgency of conducting research on the region’s water resources, proposes scientific problems that need to be addressed: first, the impact of climate change on the formation, conversion and future trends of water resources in the region; second, bidirectional coupling of high-resolution regional climate models and water cycle models of arid region land surface patterns; third, the impact of climate change and human activities on water resources of the arid northwest region. Through consideration and discussion of the above, this paper seeks to further clarify specific areas of research on pressing issues related to climate change and water resources in Northwest China, so as to establish a solid scientific basis for significantly enhancing our ability to respond to climate change and water shortages.     

西北干旱区水资源问题研究思考

 气候变化与水资源问题是各国政府部门、学术界和社会公众普遍关注的焦点,也是西北干旱区实现跨越式发展的重要瓶颈之一。在分析前人研究成果基础之上,指出制约西北干旱区社会经济发展和生态安全的关键因素和气候变化对西北干旱区水资源的影响;进而分析西北干旱区气候变化与水资源研究中的热点和难点问题;最后基于西北干旱区水资源研究的重要性和迫切性提出目前亟待解决的研究任务与核心内容,主要包括3个方面：(1)气候变化对西北干旱区水资源形成、转化及未来趋势的影响;(2)气候变化对西北干旱区水循环过程的影响;(3)气候变化对西北干旱区水资源安全的影响。     

Balancing urban and peri-urban exchange: water geography of rural livelihoods in Mexico

The peri-urban area is the region where there is a more dynamic interaction between the urban and rural. The peri-urban area supplies natural resources, such as land for urban expansion and agricultural products to feed the urban population. In arid and semi-arid lands, such as northern Mexico, these areas may also be the source of water for the city's domestic demand. In addition, scholars argue that peri-urban residents may have a more advantageous geographical position for selling their labour and agricultural products in cities and, by doing so, sustaining their livelihoods. A considerable number of studies have examined the peri-urban to urban natural resources transfer in terms of land annexation, housing construction, and infrastructure issues; however, the study of the effects of the reallocation of peri-urban water resources to serve urban needs is critical as well because the livelihoods of peri-urban residents, such as those based on agriculture and livestock, depend on water availability. In the case of Hermosillo there is a tremendous pressure on the water resources of peri-urban small farm communities or ejidos because of urban demand. Based on interviews and structured surveys with producers and water managers, this paper examines how peri-urban livelihoods have been reshaped by the reallocation of the city's natural resources in many cases caused some ejido members or ejidatarios to lose livelihoods.     

1975—2018年民勤绿洲沙漠化过程及其驱动机制

根据1975—2018年民勤绿洲土地沙漠化分类体系及遥感影像数据,探究了民勤绿洲沙漠化时空变化过程;选取影响绿洲沙漠化的自然与人为驱动因子,运用主成分分析方法定量评价了民勤绿洲沙漠化过程的主要驱动力。结果表明：1975—2018年沙漠化程度以重度沙漠化为主,轻度、中度、重度和严重沙漠化面积均呈减少趋势,以2000年为界表现为先发展后逆转趋势;1975—2000年,轻度、中度、重度沙漠化重心总体向东北方向迁移,严重沙漠化的重心向西迁移,沙漠化有向绿洲东北部和巴丹吉林沙漠发展的趋势;2000—2018年轻度沙漠化的重心向西北方向迁移,中度、重度和严重沙漠化重心相对稳定,绿洲沙漠化发展得到明显控制。在绿洲沙漠化过程中,人为因素贡献率为39.53%,自然与人为综合贡献率为26.58%,自然因素贡献率为10.77%,人为因素是民勤绿洲沙漠化的主要驱动力。水资源极度匮乏是绿洲沙漠化的决定因素,在以后的防沙治沙工作中,合理调控人类的生产经营活动,优化干旱区水资源配置,可从源头上治理民勤绿洲的沙漠化。     

西北干旱区水资源形成、转化与水安全研究（英文）

Climate change and water resource issues are global problems of common concern to the international community, and they are major bottlenecks affecting the eco-environment and sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China. On the basis of results from previous studies, this paper points out that the unique landscape of Northwest China increases the complexity and uncertainty of the climate system. This paper analyzes the key constraints on socio-economic development and ecological security in the region, discusses the impact of climate change on water resources in Northwest China, identifies common themes and the main problems present in research on climate change and water resources in the arid northwest region, and finally, based on the importance and urgency of conducting research on the region's water resources, proposes scientific problems that need to be addressed: first, the impact of climate change on the formation, conversion and future trends of water resources in the region; second, bidirectional coupling of high-resolution regional climate models and water cycle models of arid region land surface patterns; third, the impact of climate change and human activities on water resources of the arid northwest region. Through consideration and discussion of the above, this paper seeks to further clarify specific areas of research on pressing issues related to climate change and water resources in Northwest China, so as to establish a solid scientific basis for significantly enhancing our ability to respond to climate change and water shortages.     

Changing water regime and adaptation strategies in Upper Mustang Valley of Upper Kaligandaki Basin in Nepal

Recent climate change has brought changes to the water regime that has affected the traditional agro-pastoral production systems and livelihoods in the Upper Kaligandaki Basin of the Nepal Himalayas. Based on fieldwork and available meteorological and hydrological data, this paper examines the changing water regime and various adaptation strategies that local farmers have adopted in this cold arid region. Increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall and snowfall have resulted in a negative water balance. In this scenario, farmers have implemented six major adaptive strategies in the trans-Himalayan Upper Mustang Valley.     

我国西部地区湖泊水资源利用与湖水咸化状况分析

湖泊咸化是指湖水含盐量逐步增加．湖泊由淡水湖向咸水湖、再向盐湖和干盐湖的演化过程,这是我国西部干旱、半干旱地区湖泊普遍存在的一种现象。在大量调查的基础上,分析了我国西部干旱、半干旱地区近几十年来湖泊萎缩咸化的状况,湖泊变化的所产生的原因,并初步提出改善我国西部地区湖泊水资源利用的对策。     

黑河流域张掖市近38 a以来气候变化特征分析

 目前黑河流域气候变化研究多集中于流域系统气候变化与区域水资源变化之间的关系、区域沙漠化、沙尘暴发生的气候动因等研究方面，而对人类活动强度大、活动最为密集的流域绿洲区域张掖市气候变化所作研究较少。通过对张掖市六县（区）6个气象观测站近38 a以来的逐月平均气温、降水、大风频率资料的系统分析，认为张掖市近38 a来气温升高幅度较之全国其他区域更为明显。多年降水变化相对不大，但冬春两季降水出现缓慢增加的趋势，大风天气与沙尘暴发生频数近38 a来出现了明显的下降趋势，这与区域气温升高及冬春两季易发生沙尘暴的期间降水增加有明显的相关性。同时人类对干旱区内陆河流域绿洲开发的加深也一定程度上对这种生态环境敏感地区的气候产生影响。     

试论中国荒漠区人工绿洲生态系统的形成演变和可持续发展

绿洲是干旱区特有的生态系统，尤其是通过灌溉发展起来的人工绿洲，成为干旱区人类生存和繁衍的基地，它是由山地、绿洲和荒漠构成的干旱区三大生态系统的核心，发展绿洲是遏制土地沙漠化的重要措施。我国西北干旱区的绿洲形成，经历了三个时期：受到人类轻微干扰的自然水系时期，很多古代绿洲多分布在河流下游；受到人类较强干扰的半人工水系时期，在山前地带形成旧绿洲，下游古代绿洲衰亡；受到人类强烈干扰的人工水系时期，新扩大的绿洲多在旧绿洲边缘和外围。由于绿洲发展改变了水资源的时空分配和消耗方式，使得人工绿洲与沙漠同时扩大，而处于两者之间的自然水域、林地、草地面积和野生动物数量减少，形成沙漠危逼绿洲的态势。所带来的有利影响是水资源利用效益提高，土地生产潜力得到发挥，人工绿洲小气候条件改善，人口承载能力增加；不利方面是水土、水盐平衡失调，生物多样性减少，沙漠与绿洲间过渡带缩小。为了适应西北地区人口和经济增长，预测未来绿洲发展，将以提高现有绿洲生产潜力为主，重点是加强中低产田改造；通过节水及水资源合理调配，适度扩大新绿洲。以保护自然生态来维护人工绿洲生态的稳定性，以发展人工绿洲生态来减轻自然生态的压力，实现可持续发展。     

黑河流域不同类型土地沙漠化驱动力分析

在分析黑河流域土地沙漠化历史和现状的基础上得出造成黑河流域土地沙漠化发生、发展的原因,除了该区脆弱的生态环境:蒸发量大,干旱多风,降水极少,地表组成物质疏松等自然因素外,主要是人类不合理的经济活动,导致流域内有限的水资源不能合理利用,从而使得中上游用水量大幅度增加,造成下游水资源的枯竭,致使地表植被因缺水、过度樵采和放牧而大量死亡,引起土地沙漠化的发生。同时,干旱区绿洲的地形地貌条件对于绿洲的兴衰和发展有重要影响,自然灾害是由于某种作用超出了人类所能承受的能力,对人类的生存与发展造成巨大的威胁和损害。河流改道是绿洲废弃的最直接原因之一。战争导致的农牧业更替也是绿洲演变的一个因素,同时战争对农田水利设施的破坏性也是巨大的。政策导向可以影响到绿洲人口的迁入和迁出,绿洲规模的扩大与缩小,绿洲内部结构、功能、性质的变化,以及对整个流域资源的管理和利用,对于绿洲的影响具有显著的时效性。总之,黑河沙漠化土地形成是在气候暖干化条件下,不合理的人为活动同脆弱的环境、贫乏的水、土、生物资源之间不相协调的产物,是涉及自然、社会、经济等多因子共同作用的综合过程。过度的人为活动是沙漠化的主导驱动因素。     

干旱半干旱地区草原灌丛荒漠化及其 生物地球化学循环

干旱和半干旱地区草地生态系统木本植物入侵及其导致的草原灌丛化已经成为全球范 围普遍发生的现象, 是草地沙化和荒漠化的一个重要标志。干旱生态系统中, 此种类型的植被变 化将对区域和全球生物地球化学循环产生显著影响。过度放牧、区域气候干旱化和自然火过程是 导致灌丛入侵和发展的主要控制因子。草原灌丛化过程中, 草地生态系统分布较为均匀的土壤养 分及相关元素在水平和垂直方向发生分异, 关键生命元素C、N、P 、S 生物地球化学循环的变化 将对全球气候变化产生显著作用。全球气候变化与草原灌丛荒漠化之间存在潜在的反馈机制, 人 类扰动的影响将使这种反馈作用变得更加迅速和灵敏。     

Land use and disturbance effects on the dynamics of natural ecosystems of the Monte Desert: Implications for their management

The complex interactions between human activity and natural processes determine non-linear dynamics in ecosystems that can difficult their management. Human settlements in arid lands contribute to the modification of disturbance regimes, including the introduction of new disturbances and the elimination of others. In consequence, they can alter the functional mechanisms that allow systems to overcome limiting factors, leading to desertification. In this revision, we evaluated the effects of the changes on disturbance regimes produced by the different forms of land transformation on the structure and function of ecosystems of the Monte Biogeographical Province, in Argentinean arid west. Two approaches were used: the analysis of land use history and the analysis of the effects of the main disturbances on the dynamics of different communities. We concluded that throughout the history of the Monte Desert, the joint action of natural and anthropic agents has resulted in complex dynamics that lead most area of the Monte to a moderate to severe status of desertification. The modification of the disturbance regime had strong consequences for several aspects of the dynamics of communities, such as species composition and diversity, water dynamics, soil conditions, trophic structure and productivity of Monte Desert ecosystems. However, disturbance regimes could be managed to promote favorable transitions in ecosystems and, therefore, could be a tool for optimizing productivity of agro-ecosystems, and recovering and conserving natural ecosystems.     

干旱半干旱地区草原灌丛荒漠化及其 生物地球化学循环

干旱和半干旱地区草地生态系统木本植物入侵及其导致的草原灌丛化已经成为全球范 围普遍发生的现象， 是草地沙化和荒漠化的一个重要标志。干旱生态系统中， 此种类型的植被变 化将对区域和全球生物地球化学循环产生显著影响。过度放牧、区域气候干旱化和自然火过程是 导致灌丛入侵和发展的主要控制因子。草原灌丛化过程中， 草地生态系统分布较为均匀的土壤养 分及相关元素在水平和垂直方向发生分异， 关键生命元素C、N、P 、S 生物地球化学循环的变化 将对全球气候变化产生显著作用。全球气候变化与草原灌丛荒漠化之间存在潜在的反馈机制， 人 类扰动的影响将使这种反馈作用变得更加迅速和灵敏。     

中国干旱、半干旱区近千年来沙漠化对气候变化的响应

过去近千年来中国北方干旱、半干旱区沙漠化对气候变化有明显的响应,但响应的时间和幅度均存在区域差异。在中世纪温暖期,西部沙区温暖干旱,沙漠化表现为正过程;青藏高原地区沙漠化对气候变化的响应则不统一;中东部沙区为暖湿气候,发生逆过程。在小冰期,西部沙区寒冷且相对湿润,沙漠化发生逆转;青藏高原区沙漠化的响应并不明显;中东部沙区气候寒冷干燥,沙漠化加速。在20世纪暖期,西部沙区和青藏高原区总体上气候呈现暖干化特征,沙漠化发展;而中东部沙区沙漠化则在逆转,但在末期沙漠化有发展的趋势。总体上,西部沙区在暖期沙漠化发生明显的正过程,冷期逆过程明显;东部沙区在暖期沙漠化发生逆转,冷期正过程加速;青藏高原区沙漠化正逆过程主要表现为振荡形式。     

岩溶地区人类活动的水文效应研究现状及展望

在全球气候变化背景下,加之岩溶生态系统的脆弱性及敏感性,地表水与地下水交换迅速,岩溶水动力系统对人类活动及其造成的生态环境变化反馈敏感。岩溶地区人类活动导致的植被退化、石漠化等环境问题已对岩溶地区的水文水循环过程造成了严重影响,水资源问题已成为岩溶地区发展的重要限制因素。本文在对岩溶生态系统及水文环境特性分析的基础上,从土地利用变化的水文效应,人类活动对降水—径流的影响、岩溶水资源的开发利用、岩溶地下水污染及水文模型在岩溶地区的应用等方面,概述了岩溶地区人类活动水文效应的相关研究现状与不足,总结了未来岩溶地区人类活动水文效应的5个研究趋势,并探讨了研究中的重点及难点问题。     

中国北方典型沙漠化地区沙漠化的对比研究

选择了中国北方极端干旱、干旱和半干旱三个地带的沙漠化典型地区, 即, 新疆塔里木河下游阿拉干、内蒙阿拉善盟吉兰泰和河北省丰宁县坝上等地区进行对比研究, 以阐明不同地带沙漠化过程的成因、发展趋势及其防治措施, 并探索建立预测沙漠化发展趋势的数学模式。     

基于改进层次分析法的干旱扬水灌区水土环境变迁响应评估

受大量的外调水资源和人工灌溉的影响,干旱扬水灌区的水土环境变迁过程具有独特性,其对区域环境要素的响应是长期、潜在而缓慢的,该过程可通过科学的评估与分析描述其发展的趋势。评价过程是否合理,评价结果是否准确是灌区可持续发展的关键。通过应用改进的层次分析法,对干旱扬水灌区水土环境变迁响应进行了评价。结果表明:干旱扬水灌区水土环境变迁响应因子都属于"微敏感"因子;地表水对水土环境的变迁响应相对较为强烈,其次为地下水、区域气候,而土地利用最为迟缓; 18个响应因子中最为敏感的是灌区提水量及灌溉用水量,次之为地下水水位及回归水水质。该评价模型的评价结果与当前灌区水土环境变化现状相吻合,验证了改进层次分析法在干旱扬水灌区水土环境变迁响应评价中的有效性和可操作性,可为灌区的建设和管理提供科学合理的参考依据。     

景观生态学原理在沙漠化研究中的应用

景观生态学的主要研究对象是景观的结构、功能、变化和景观规划管理,其基本原理包括:景观结构和功能原理、生物多样性原理、物种流动原理、营养再分配原理、能量流动原理、景观变化原理和景观稳定性原理等。沙漠化发生发展的过程实际上是指在自然和人为因素的作用下,生态系统结构遭受破坏、功能过程受阻和演变发生异化的过程。所以,景观生态学原理在沙漠化的研究和治理实践中有着重要的意义。本文从沙漠化与生态系统结构、功能变化、沙漠化与生物多样性、沙漠化生态系统的物质循环和能量流动以及沙漠化生态系统的稳定性等方面论述了景观生态学原理在沙漠化研究中的应用。     

Evaluating Environmental Sensitivity of Arid and Semiarid Regions in Northeastern Rajasthan,India

Arid regions of Rajasthan in India are characterized by harsh environments, fragile ecosystems, and limited water resources and arable lands. Desertification is one of the major land‐degradation problems in these regions. Recent changes in the regional climatic regime and the low availability of water in this northwestern state of India, pose the threat of desertification in the agriculturally productive part of the state. This study aims to delineate the environmentally sensitive areas to desertification in the districts of Jhunjhunun and Sikar in Rajasthan, India. It uses geospatial data from various sources, and combines them to calculate an environmental sensitivity index (ESI), which will allow the quantification of the area's vulnerability to desertification. The study uses the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) to assign respective weights to individual factors for each index calculation. Land‐cover maps and socio‐economic data have been used to understand their relationship with ESI. Results showed that 13 percent and 45 percent of the study area are under highly sensitive and moderately sensitive zones, respectively. Mapping and monitoring of environmentally sensitive areas in such arid regions are critical to sustainable use and planning of natural resources namely water and land‐cover and are helpful in determining priority actions and their successful implementation.