渤海海域多源遥感溢油风险评价与长序监测

渤海海域溢油事件频发,所以进行海洋溢油风险时空特征分析,对于开展卫星遥感溢油精确监测具有重要意义.作者采用多源高分辨率卫星遥感数据,提取渤海海域船舶及石油平台两类主要溢油风险源分布状况,结合2015—2020年间渤海海域海上溢油卫星遥感监测结果,分析多种传感器下不同类型溢油的成像特征,通过溢油风险源核密度分析方法,获得...     

浒苔灾害卫星遥感应急监视监测系统及其应用

2008年夏季黄海、东海突发的罕见的浒苔自然灾害直接危及青岛近海环境和2008北京奥运会青岛帆船比赛的举办,国家卫星海洋应用中心按应急与业务运行兼容需求,在"HY-1"卫星地面应用系统、国家MODIS数据共享平台、海上溢油卫星遥感系统等基础上及时构建了浒苔灾害卫星遥感应急监视监测系统,利用国内外有限的17颗遥感卫星数据,实现了对此次浒苔灾害的大范围、全天候、全天时、多频次、多角度动态监测,及时得到了全面、准确、客观的信息,为国家海洋局应对浒苔自然灾害前线指挥部应急响应、决策指挥提供了有力、有序、有效的技术支持。主要描述应急监视监测系统的构建、运行和应用,为今后海洋灾害突发事件的应急提供参考和经验积累。     

The error source analysis of oil spill transport modeling: a case study

Numerical modeling is an important tool to study and predict the transport of oil spills. However, the accu- racy of numerical models is not always good enough to provide reliable information for oil spill transport. It is necessary to analyze and identify major error sources for the models. A case study was conducted to analyze error sources of a three-dimensional oil spill model that was used operationally for oil spill forecast- ing in the National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center （NMEFC）, the State Oceanic Administration, China. On June 4, 2011, oil from sea bed spilled into seawater in Penglai 19-3 region, the largest offshore oil field of China, and polluted an area of thousands of square kilometers in the Bohai Sea. Satellite remote sensing images were collected to locate oil slicks. By performing a series of model sensitivity experiments with different wind and current forcings and comparing the model results with the satellite images, it was identified that the major errors of the long-term simulation for oil spill transport were from the wind fields, and the wind-induced surface currents. An inverse model was developed to estimate the temporal variabil- ity of emission intensity at the oil spill source, which revealed the importance of the accuracy in oil spill source emission time function.     

河口水环境遥感监测研究进展——以赤潮和溢油为例

从河口地区对赤潮和溢油的监测需求出发,阐述了利用遥感技术监测赤潮和溢油等问题的有效性和优越性。回顾了河口地区赤潮和溢油遥感监测的发展历程、探测机理和影响因素,并探讨了历史上不同卫星传感器对赤潮和溢油监测的优势和不足。通过对最新研究成果的总结,讨论了水环境遥感监测存在的问题,并对未来水环境遥感平台发展趋势和新的研究方向进行了展望。     

海上溢油极化特征及其探测研究

The SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) has the capabilities for all-weather day and night use. In the case of determining the effects of oil spill dumping, the oil spills areas are shown as dark spots in the SAR images.Therefore, using SAR data to detect oil spills is becoming progressively popular in operational monitoring, which is useful for oceanic environmental protection and hazard reduction. Research has been conducted on the polarization decomposition and scattering characteristics of oil spills from a scattering matrix using allpolarization of the SAR data, calculation of the polarization parameters, and utilization of the CPD(Co-polarized Phase Difference) of the oil and the sea, in order to extract the oil spill information. This method proves to be effective by combining polarization parameters with the characteristics of oil spill. The results show that when using Bragg, the oil spill backscattering machine with Enopy and a mean scatter α parameter. The oil spill can be successfully identified. However, the parameter mechanism of the oil spill remains unclear. The use of CPD can easily extract oil spill information from the ocean, and the polarization research provides a base for oil spill remote sensing detection.     

基于MODIS与HJ-1多源卫星的上海海域溢油事故诊断

随着上海港海上运输业和石油产业链的日趋发达,海上溢油事故风险也随之加剧。本文就2012年发生在上海海域吴淞口和九段沙附近的2起重大溢油事故,基于美国NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration)中等分辨率MODIS(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)与国产"环境一号"卫星HJ-1的多源卫星数据,对溢油信息进行对比,通过对油水敏感通道进行波段比值运算,突出油膜与背景海水的光谱反射率差异,再结合重柴油光谱特征,利用图像分割的阈值确定法,从疑似溢油区域中有效提取溢油信息,实现溢油区域定位、溢油面积和溢油量的诊断,为事发后海域应急响应工作提供基础性分析依据。     

基于极化参数的SVM海上溢油识别

溢油对海洋环境造成的危害越来越大,及早发现对于减灾防灾具有重要意义。目前,运用极化SAR进行溢油探测已成为遥感监测的一个重要方面,本文基于SIR-C数据,开展极化SAR的溢油监测,提取极化参数熵H,散射角α和反熵A,运用SVM监督分类方法,进行溢油信息提取。结果表明,基于SVM的分类精度要强于基于H-α分类的分类结果。     

Bohai Sea oil spill model: a numerical case study

An operational Bohai Sea oil spill serving module (BSOSSM) that can provide users with trajectory and movement information of the released oil is developed for the purpose of informing mitigation of oil spill incidents in the Bohai Sea, China. BSOSSM is one of the serving modules that had been integrated in China digital ocean prototype system, a marine information platform for managing, displaying and disseminating all the data investigated by China 908 Program. The oil spill trajectory is calculated by an oil spill model (OSM), which serves as a component in BSOSSM. The impacts of wind, current, as well as Stokes drift on oil spill trajectory are studied by sensitivity experiments conducted using OSM. Simulation results indicate that wind forcing is the most important factor in controlling the oil trajectory at the sea surface in Bohai Sea, whereas current and Stokes drift play relatively less important roles. However, because the direction of waves generally follows that of the wind, Stokes drift does lead to an increase in oil drift and spreading velocity. Case studies of the Penglai 19-3 oil spill incident (June 2011) and Xingang oil spill (April 2005) demonstrate that OSM can generally reproduce the oil spreading, and is therefore capable of supporting the emergency response of future oil spills in the Bohai Sea through BSOSSM.     

海面太阳耀斑区的溢油光学遥感CNN检测方法研究

海面发生大面积溢油事故时,由于太阳耀斑区的存在,海面的油膜在遥感影像上会发生明暗的变化。这对溢油的检测会产生严重的干扰。如何在海面太阳耀斑区准确地检测出溢油是目前溢油检测的难题。针对这一问题,本文利用Landsat7 ETM+多光谱影像数据,开展了基于卷积神经网络(CNN)的海面太阳耀斑区溢油检测方法研究。通过设置对照实验,对比支持向量机、最大似然、随机森林等分类方法,我们发现在相同实验条件下CNN模型的分类精度为95%～99%, Kappa系数为0.92～1,均高于其他三种分类方法,表明了CNN模型在海面太阳耀斑区溢油的检测具有更高的精度与一致性。     

基于多核SVM决策融合模型的海面原油多光谱遥感检测研究

海面溢油事故发生后需要进行精准的溢油检测,从而为溢油事故现场应急响应与海面污染的快速有效处理提供支持。利用哨兵二号(Sentinel-2)多光谱遥感影像,基于最佳指数因子(OIF)构建光谱特征指数提取海面溢油光谱特征,基于灰度共生矩阵(GLCM)提取海面溢油纹理特征,利用巴氏距离法进行特征选择,构建海面溢油空谱特征数据集。提出了多核决策融合支持向量机(SVM)海面原油检测模型,对黄海4.27“交响乐号”油轮溢油事故开展检测研究。实验结果表明,在复杂水色背景下,经过筛选的最佳空谱特征数据集检测结果的总体精度可以达到89.25%,Kappa系数为0.854,F₁分数可达0.889;多核SVM决策融合后的总体精度可以达到90.26%,Kappa系数为0.866,F₁可达0.898,总体精度较单核提高了1.0%~8.2%,Kappa系数提高了0.013~0.122,F₁分数提高了0.009~0.097。实验结果表明,海面溢油检测模型具有较高的溢油检测精度和模型鲁棒性,适用于海面溢油检测研究。     

Progress in Marine Oil Spill Optical Remote Sensing: Detected Targets,Spectral Response Characteristics,and Theories

Different oil spill pollution types could be produced in oil transport and weathering processes. Investigation of these pollution types is beneficial for oil spill recovery and processing. Optical remote sensing techniques play an important role in marine oil spill monitoring and have the ability to identify different oil spill pollution types. Recently, research on oil spill optical remote sensing has made much progress in detecting targets, identifying spectral response characteristics, and formulating theories. Floating black oil, oil slicks, and oil-water mixture in marine oil spill accidents are the main targets to be investigated by optical remote sensors. The visible spectral response differences of these targets are the base of oil spill optical remote sensing research. Bi-directional reflectance distribution function, light interference, absorption, and scattering of targets produce different spectra. Therefore, oil spill optical remote sensing could be used to identify the main oil spill pollution types and estimate oil spill volume.     

渤黄东海40年温盐流模拟与初步分析

使用ROMS(regional oceanic modeling system)模式模拟了40年的渤黄东海温盐流,数据包括三维的温度、盐度、流速、流向和海表高度,同时包含了逐小时的潮汐信息。将模拟结果与观测资料和卫星反演数据进行对比,检验了模式准确性。整体上,模式模拟的水位与近岸观测值基本一致,能够准确再现风产生的增水;模式较为准确的再现了渤黄东海的温度分布,在深水区模拟的温盐剖面与观测值基本一致;模式模拟渤黄东海区域的海表高度和海表流与卫星反演结果相比偏小,但分布趋势相近。模式结果可以为研究气候变化对水位的影响和黄海暖舌的扩散过程等现象提供数据支持。     

卫星遥感预测南黄海盆地油气远景

为了预测南黄海盆地油气远景,利用卫星遥感对东海陆架盆地进行海面温度测量。东海陆架盆地已知油气远景区与卫星热红外温度异常区具有原地重复性,与水气界面CH4含量曲线及海底化探异常吻合程度很好。南黄海盆地卫星遥感海面温度异常区沿南北向 (123o30′) 呈带状分布,与航磁解释出的南北向分布的东部鼻状隆起吻合较好。由于温度异常区主要分布在南黄海盆地东部鼻状隆起的南北端,故推测东部鼻状隆起的南北端具有较好油气远景。     

Detection of oil spill based on CBF-CNN using HY-1C CZI multispectral images

Accurate detection of an oil spill is of great significance for rapid response to oil spill accidents. Multispectral images have the advantages of high spatial resolution, short revisit period, and wide imaging width, which is suitable for large-scale oil spill monitoring. However, in wide remote sensing images, the number of oil spill samples is generally far less than that of seawater samples. Moreover, the sea surface state tends to be heterogeneous over a large area, which makes the identification of oil spills more difficult because of various sea conditions and sunglint. To address this problem, we used the F-Score as a measure of the distance between forecast value and true value, proposed the Class-Balanced F loss function (CBF loss function) that comprehensively considers the precision and recall, and rebalances the loss according to the actual sample numbers of various classes. Using the CBF loss function, we constructed convolution neural networks (CBF-CNN) for oil spill detection. Based on the image acquired by the Coastal Zone Imager (CZI) of the Haiyang-1C (HY-1C) satellite in the Andaman Sea (study area 1), we carried out parameter adjustment experiments. In contrast to experiments of different loss functions, the F1-Score of the detection result of oil emulsions is 0.87, which is 0.03–0.07 higher than cross-entropy, hinge, and focal loss functions, and the F1-Score of the detection result of oil slicks is 0.94, which is 0.01–0.09 higher than those three loss functions. In comparison with the experiment of different methods, the F1-Score of CBF-CNN for the detection result of oil emulsions is 0.05–0.12 higher than that of the deep neural networks, supports vector machine and random forests models, and the F1-Score of the detection result of oil slicks is 0.15–0.22 higher than that of the three methods. To verify the applicability of the CBF-CNN model in different observation scenes, we used the image obtained by HY-1C CZI in the Karimata Strait to carry out experiments, which include two studies areas (study area 2 and study area 3). The experimental results show that the F1-Score of CBF-CNN for the detection result of oil emulsions is 0.88, which is 0.16–0.24 higher than that of other methods, and the F1-Score of the detection result of oil slicks is 0.96–0.97, which is 0.06–0.23 higher than that of other methods. Based on all the above experiments, we come to the conclusions that the CBF loss function can restrain the influence of oil spill and seawater sample imbalance on oil spill detection of CNN model thus improving the detection accuracy of oil spills, and our CBF-CNN model is suitable for the detection of oil spills in an area with weak sunglint and can be applied to different scenarios of CZI images.     

高光谱特征波段在海洋典型溢油油种识别中的精度评估

溢油种类精准识别对快速有效地治理污染具有重要的意义,高光谱遥感在海面溢油油种识别中至关重要。为探讨海洋典型溢油油种识别的高光谱特征波段范围,通过设计室外模拟溢油实验,在获取原油、燃料油、柴油、汽油和棕榈油等5种油种的实测高光谱数据基础上,运用因子分析和光谱标准偏差分析法遴选溢油油种的光谱特征波段,并利用支持向量机模型开展基于光谱特征波段的油种识别精度评价。结果表明,基于光谱标准偏差分析和因子分析获得的特征波段的油种识别精度分别是83.33%和90.74%,与基于全波段的识别精度相比,整体精度分别提高了3.7%和11.11%。选取的特征波段(360～540 nm, 560～600 nm, 610～630 nm, 640～660 nm)可作为5种油种相互区分的最佳高光谱波段。     

海面溢油无人机高光谱遥感检测与厚度估算方法

海上溢油是海洋国家所面临的共同问题，但至今仍没有一种可靠实用的海上溢油准确识别和油量遥感监测方法。为此，本文以无人机高光谱遥感为手段，开展了海面溢油检测与厚度估算方法研究。实验中，通过搭建室外大型水槽溢油实验装置，获取了模拟真实海洋环境条件下不同溢油量的遥感和现场光谱数据，在此基础上，分析并提取了海上溢油特征光谱波段，给出了海上溢油高光谱检测模型；针对现场实验条件下水面油膜厚度难以测定的问题，设计了3种利用总体溢油量的油膜厚度估算模型。得到如下主要结论:（1）675 nm和699 nm是海上溢油检测的有效特征波段，但对极薄的油膜没有检测能力；（2）提出了归一化溢油指数模型、反比例模型和吸收基线模型等3种海上溢油油膜厚度估算模型，其中对于薄油膜（厚度≤ 5 μm）和厚油膜（厚度>50 μm），反比例模型是溢油厚度反演的首选也是唯一选择。对于中厚度油膜，晴朗天气条件下，归一化溢油指数模型是油膜厚度反演的首选，同时反比例模型和溢油吸收基线模型也都有较好的反演能力，而在多云天气条件下，反比例模型效果最佳。     

南海深水井喷溢油输移扩散的数值模拟研究

文章以假设发生在南海北部深水油气勘探开发海域的1279m深水井喷溢油事故为例,采用深海溢油输移扩散模型,以2020年冬季（1月）和夏季（7月）三维流场和海面风场为主要环境动力,数值模拟研究未实施和实施海底消油剂处理情景下的溢油在海洋环境中的输移扩散全过程。模拟结果显示:不同深度的海流对溢油输移轨迹有着显著的影响;深水环...     

莱州湾环境污染遥感信息提取试验

采用Landsat 图像跨度40 多年数据, 利用遥感手段对莱州湾7 大排污口环境污染状况进行了遥感信息提取试验, 结果显示与多年来分析调查的结果一致, 即通过入海排放口水色变化以及像素分析发现自20 世纪90 年代以来, 莱州湾海水污染逐年加重; 通过MODI 数据和ENVISATASAR数据分析提取了莱州湾2011 年的海温变化、叶绿素浓度分布和海面溢油信息, 结果显示该区域近岸海温和叶绿素浓度偏高, 海上溢油风险加大。研究结果表明, 利用遥感技术能有效地提取海区环境污染信息, 可以作为监控海水污染的有效手段之一。     

蓬莱19-3 油田事故溢油数值模拟

利用FVCOM(Finite-volume coastal ocean numerical model)数值模型和MM5风场预报模式,在对渤海海域水动力场进行数值模拟的基础上,基于"油粒子"的欧拉-拉格朗日跟踪法和随机走动原理,并考虑风对溢油油膜漂移扩散的直接作用,建立了海洋溢油油膜漂移轨迹和扩散的数值预测模型。利用建立的模型对2011年6月蓬莱19-3油田事故溢油进行了数值模拟,模拟结果与RADARSAT卫星遥感监测数据相吻合。研究结果表明:在渤海中部地区夏季事故溢油模拟预测中,风漂移因子取0.024最为合理,模型可用于渤海蓬莱19-3油田附近事故溢油轨迹和扩散的快速预报,从而为该区域的溢油事故应急响应提供科学依据。     

星载SAR监测海洋溢油污染的初步研究

对星载SAR监测海洋溢油的基本原理进行总结并分析了影响溢油监测的SAR参数及干扰SAR海洋溢油监测的各种因素;对搜集到的星载SAR数据进行处理,并给出中国黄海海域的海上溢油分布的初步统计分析,结果表明该海区的溢油主要分布在海上主要航线附近。