采煤排水对区域水资源的影响——以山西阳武河流域上游煤矿区为例

煤炭资源的大量开采,对水资源造成了严重影响。以山西阳武河流域上游煤矿区为例,分析了采煤对水资源污染和水资源量减少的影响。未经处理的矿坑水直接排放不仅污染了过境河流水,同时也对第四系潜水、深层岩溶承压水造成了严重的污染。采煤排水是区域水资源量的减少和可利用水资源量减少的主要原因。对2个不同开采期水资源量变化进行分析对比,提出了采煤排水引起水资源量减少的主要原因是三水转化关系的变化,而可利用水资源量减少的主要原因是地下水流场变化、开采模数远大于径流模数、隔水层连续性破坏、底板突水、水资源污染等。     

洮河流域近20年径流量偏枯原因分析

洮河流域为黄河流域的一级支流,受全球气候变化、水资源开发利用的复杂性和人类活动的多样性,近年来流域内天然来水量不断减少,年径流持续偏枯。本文以水文实测资料为依据,对流域上、中、下游径流、降水及产流变化趋势、不同时期径流的丰枯变化进行分析,提出近20 a以来洮河流域水资源量偏枯的主要原因是气温不断增高、蒸发量逐渐增大、降水量持续减少、森林植被退化、水电站建设的响超过了水资源的承载能力。实时、准确、全面地掌握洮河流域水文、气象规律和水文地质条件,对洮河流域水资源的统一调度和改善洮河生态环境具有重大意义。     

晋城市延河泉水资源量及动态分析

对延河采域的天然水资源量进行了评价,并对泉水流量动态及其衰减原因进行了分析.     

甘肃境内渭河流域水资源变化趋势预报模型研究

对渭河流域甘肃境内的水资源量进行了分析计算,水资源总量为20.90亿m3.经分析水资源的变化情况,发现水资源量历年呈衰减趋势,主要原因是降水量的减少,其次其受人类活动的影响,流域下垫面条件的改善和水利工程建设也是水资源减少的重要因素.在分析水资源演变趋势的基础上,建立了渭河流域甘肃境内水资源预报模型,经分析验证,预报精度较高,可以为渭河流域水资源调度、保护、评价提供决策依据.     

白洋淀南支水资源及入淀水量研究

自进入60年代以来,白洋淀入淀水量越来越少。不断减少的入淀水量已经严重影响了白洋淀的生态、社会等效益。主要是对白洋淀南支水资源量及南支入淀水量方面做了一些分析和计算,此次分析和计算主要是以水文学和水资源学的基本原理为基础,结合调查到的多年各项用水量的详实资料,应用分项调查法、泰森多边形法、典型年法、频率分析法,得出了白洋淀南支水资源量,南支入淀水量,南支水资源的状况对南支入淀水量的影响及入淀水量的变化规律。     

五台山区地形雨减少对水资源量的影响

海河流域水资源量减少的原因倍受关注,以五台山地区为例分析地形雨减少对水资源量的影响,分析五台山站与山下周边的5个站点年降水量之比——地形强化因子(R_o)的减少趋势以揭示地形雨的减少;并利用水热耦合平衡方程定量评估地形雨减少对该地区水资源量的影响。结果表明,近50年间R_o减少了0.53(27%),即地形雨大幅度减少;导致南庄水文站控制的五台山地区天然年径流量减少了1.9亿m3/a,占径流总减少量的70%,为多年平均年径流量的26%。中国很多地区的降水观测站网都缺少位于山上的雨量站,难以估计山区地形雨的减少,导致根据降水进行径流计算时,会低估水资源的减少量。     

昆明松华坝水源地降水特征及小波分析

对松花坝站1953～2011年降水特征分析表明,昆明市松华坝水源地降水量呈减少趋势,且降水高度集中在主汛期,后汛期降水偏少,不利于水库防洪调度与水库蓄水。小波分析结果表明,松华坝水源地年降水量、汛期、主汛期和后汛期降水量均存在2a短周期,但长周期各异。年降水量、汛期及主汛期降水量在较大时间尺度上分为1977年之前的偏丰期、1977～1993年的偏枯期、1994～2008年的偏丰期、2009～2011年的偏枯期,而后汛期降水量在较大时间尺度上分为1957年前的偏枯期、1957～1968年的偏丰期、1969～1982年的偏枯期、1983～1997年的偏丰期、1997～2011年的偏枯期。由小波分析和趋势来看,2009年之后的降水偏枯期还将延续11a左右的时间。     

汉江中下游水资源特性分析

对汉江中下游降水、径流、蒸发等水文水资源因子进行了分析，给出了它们的年际年内及地域空间上的变化规律。通过区域水资源组成分析、分区水资源量的计算，对汉江中下游水资源特性进行了阐述。     

三峡水库运行下长江中游典型河段水情变化及趋势预测

以1983-2014年长江中游5个水文站实测水文资料为依据,利用Morlet小波和ARIMA模型等方法,系统分析了三峡水库运行下长江中游典型河段水情变化特征及其未来变化趋势.结果表明：三峡水库运行后,长江中游典型河段流量年际变化不显著,年内月分配较明显的趋于均匀化,这是气候波动与以三峡水库为标志的人类活动综合作用的结果;长江中游典型河段径流变化以18~26 a、8~13 a的周期变化较为明显,周期中心分别为22 a和12 a,并存在更小尺度的周期,三峡水库的运行对典型河段径流大尺度的变化周期影响微弱,对小尺度的变化周期产生了一定的影响;总体上,2014年以后典型河段流量将偏丰,并持续若干年.其中枝城站流量将在2014年以后一段时期呈增大趋势,由偏枯期转为偏丰期,大致持续到2017年;沙市、监利、城陵矶、螺山站流量在2011年由偏枯期转入偏丰期之后,一直呈增大趋势,将于2016年左右达到最大值,之后呈减小趋势,但仍将处于偏丰期,大约持续到2018年.     

淮北市区干旱年份缺水机率分析与供水应急对策

对淮北市区偏枯、枯水年与持续干旱年份出现的机率及其缺水程度进行了分析,偏枯年份 7～8 年一遇,枯水年份 11～12 年一遇,持续干旱年每 9～10 年一遇.尽管考虑节水措施,偏枯年份的 2010、2030 水平年,市区缺水分别为 0.89 亿 m3、1.58 亿 m3,枯水年份的 2010～2030 水平年,缺水量 1.40～2.19 亿 m3.持续干旱年末年缺水程度高达 95%～115 %.针对上述干旱缺水的严峻局面,提出干旱期调整用水秩序、强化节水、以及开发建设备用水源地等应急对策.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.